The anatomy of the extensor tendon insertion in the arthritic distal interphalangeal joint: a cadaveric study.

Dissection of arthritic cadaveric digits revealed an expanded extensor tendon footprint involving the dorsal osteophyte on the terminal phalanx. Osteophyte attachments can be safely released up to the width of a number 15 scalpel blade without risking the integrity of the extensor tendon.

Marine Penetrating Injury to the Shoulder of Uncertain Origin.

Penetrating injuries from marine animals are rare events; however, published case reports have detailed critical injuries including death occurring as a result of such incidents. We present a case of a marine penetrating injury to the right posterolateral shoulder of a 10-y-old boy. The patient underwent open surgical debridement and a course of oral antibiotics before returning to normal function. Clinicians should have an appreciation of various clinical patterns of marine penetrating wounds, the need for prompt imaging to exclude foreign bodies, and appropriate antibiotics to cover gram-negative bacteria and Vibrio species, which are commonly found in marine-related injuries.

Posterior interosseous artery pedicle flap: an anatomical study of the relationship between the posterior interosseous nerve and artery.

The anatomical relationships of the posterior interosseous artery and nerve are not well described. To characterize these relationships, ten cadaveric forearms were dissected and the relationships between the posterior interosseous nerve, its branches, and the posterior interosseous artery documented. The dissection of the posterior interosseous artery flap can be conceptualized in three zones with decreasing risk to the nerve as the dissection proceeds from proximal to distal. Provided fine motor branches of the posterior interosseous nerve are protected during the dissection of the nerve and artery, this flap can be harvested with safety.

Repair of the acutely unstable elbow: use of tensionable anchors.

Acute ruptures of the medial or lateral collateral ligaments of the elbow associated with elbow dislocations have traditionally been repaired back to their respective epicondyles using suture anchors or transosseous sutures. Tensioning of those ligaments using conventional techniques had been difficult because of the need to maintain tension while tying and securing sequential knots. Tensionable anchors are a new generation of anchors that have been used for rotator cuff repair, but can be employed for the repair of collateral ligaments and capsular tears. It allows fine control and sequential tensioning of the ligament repair, and on-table assessment of stability before locking the anchor. We present a modified surgical technique for the repair of collateral ligaments repair using tensionable anchors in acute elbow dislocations or fracture dislocations.

Axillary artery pseudoaneurysm after plate osteosynthesis for a clavicle nonunion: A case report and literature review.

Neurovascular complications have been reported from both plate osteosynthesis and intramedullary fixation of midshaft clavicle fractures. We wish to report a case of limb threatening ischemia from screw penetration of the axillary artery after plate osteosynthesis for a clavicle nonunion. A literature review of vascular trauma from midshaft clavicle fractures is presented.

WITHDRAWN: Interventions for treating acute Achilles tendon ruptures.

BACKGROUND: There is lack of consensus on the best management of the acute Achilles tendon (TA) rupture. Treatment can be broadly classified into operative (open or percutaneous) and non-operative (cast immobilisation or functional bracing). Post-operative splintage can be with a rigid cast (above or below the knee) or a more mobile functional brace. OBJECTIVES: To identify and summarise the evidence from randomised controlled trials of the effectiveness of different interventions in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched multiple databases including the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group specialised register (to September 2003), reference lists of articles and contacted trialists. Keywords included Achilles Tendon, Rupture, and Tendon Injuries. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing different treatment regimens for acute Achilles tendon ruptures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three reviewers extracted data and independently assessed trial quality by use of a ten-item scale. MAIN RESULTS: Fourteen trials involving 891 patients were included. Several of the studies had poor methodology and inadequate reporting of outcomes.Open operative treatment compared with non-operative treatment (4 trials, 356 patients) was associated with a lower risk of rerupture (relative risk (RR) 0.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11 to 0.64), but a higher risk of other complications including infection, adhesions and disturbed skin sensibility (RR 10.60, 95%CI 4.82 to 23.28).Percutaneous repair compared with open operative repair (2 studies, 94 patients) was associated with a shorter operation duration, and lower risk of infection (RR 10.52, 95% CI 1.37 to 80.52). These figures should be interpreted with caution because of the small numbers involved.Patients splinted with a functional brace rather than a cast post-operatively (5 studies, 273 patients) tended to have a shorter in-patient stay, less time off work and a quicker return to sporting activities. There was also a lower complication rate (excluding rerupture) in the functional brace group (RR 1.88 95%CI 1.27 to 2.76).Because of the small number of patients involved no definitive conclusions could be made regarding different operative techniques (1 study, 51 patients), different non-operative treatment regimes (2 studies, 90 patients), and different forms of post-operative cast immobilisation (1 study, 40 patients). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Open operative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures significantly reduces the risk of rerupture compared to non-operative treatment, but produces a significantly higher risk of other complications, including wound infection. The latter may be reduced by performing surgery percutaneously. Post-operative splintage in a functional brace appears to reduce hospital stay, time off work and sports, and may lower the overall complication rate.

Treatment of acute achilles tendon ruptures. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of consensus regarding the best option for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture. Treatment can be broadly classified as operative (open or percutaneous) or nonoperative (casting or functional bracing). Postoperative splinting can be performed with a rigid cast (proximal or distal to the knee) or a more mobile functional brace. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify and summarize the evidence from randomized, controlled trials on the effectiveness of different interventions for the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. METHODS: We searched multiple databases (including EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) as well as reference lists of articles and contacted authors. Keywords included Achilles tendon, rupture, and tendon injuries. Three reviewers extracted data and independently assessed trial quality with use of a ten-item scale. RESULTS: Twelve trials involving 800 patients were included. There was a variable level of methodological rigor and reporting of outcomes. Open operative treatment was associated with a lower risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment (relative risk, 0.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.64). However, it was associated with a higher risk of other complications, including infection, adhesions, and disturbed skin sensibility (relative risk, 10.60; 95% confidence interval, 4.82 to 23.28). Percutaneous repair was associated with a lower complication rate compared with open operative repair (relative risk, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 7.62). Patients who had been managed with a functional brace postoperatively (allowing for early mobilization) had a lower complication rate compared with those who had been managed with a cast (relative risk, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.76). Because of the small number of patients involved, no definitive conclusions could be made regarding different nonoperative treatment regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Open operative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures significantly reduces the risk of rerupture compared with nonoperative treatment, but operative treatment is associated with a significantly higher risk of other complications. Operative risks may be reduced by performing surgery percutaneously. Postoperative splinting with use of a functional brace reduces the overall complication rate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I.