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The current study evaluates the antibacterial activity of Camponotus compressus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) body crude extracts. The increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria has prompted the world to turn its attention towards insects in the search for new sources of antibacterial compounds. The body crude extract obtained with different solvents were tested against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae). Standard disc diffusion method was used to perform the activity. The extracts of C. compressus were investigated for their effectiveness against all resistant pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most susceptible, exhibiting a high average growth inhibition, while Bacillus subtilis showed a lower average growth inhibition zone. Our findings regarding the inhibitory effect of C. compressus extracts show the presence of a broad-spectrum antibacterial compound. This will be helpful in the search for novel natural antibiotics against robust pathogenic bacterial strains.
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Antibacterianos , Hormigas , Bacterias Gramnegativas , Bacterias Grampositivas , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Hormigas/efectos de los fármacos , Mezclas Complejas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A search is presented for baryon number violating interactions in top quark production and decay. The analysis uses data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb^{-1}. Candidate events are selected by requiring two oppositely charged leptons (electrons or muons) and exactly one jet identified as originating from a bottom quark. Multivariate discriminants are used to separate the signal from the background. No significant deviation from the standard model prediction is observed. Upper limits are placed on the strength of baryon number violating couplings. For the first time the production of single top quarks via baryon number violating interactions is studied. This allows the search to set the most stringent constraints to date on the branching fraction of the top quark decay to a lepton, an up-type quark (u or c), and a down-type quark (d, s, or b). The results improve the previous bounds by 3 to 6 orders of magnitude based on the fermion flavor combination of the baryon number violating interactions.
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OBJECTIVE: Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is one of the most frequent causes of shoulder pain. Evidence supported the use of conservative treatment for SIS. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) indicated that physical therapy interventions, including therapeutic exercises, manual therapy, patient education, and advice, were recommended for the treatment of SIS. This study's purpose was to investigate physical therapists' adherence to the CPGs for treating SIS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Physical therapists in Saudi Arabia were invited to participate in an online survey via the Saudi Physical Therapy Association between May and December 2022. The developed online survey consisted of 36 questions, divided into five sections: eligibility, demographics, clinical practice regarding the treatment of SIS, barriers, and facilitators for the use of CPGs. Descriptive and logistic regression analysis were employed to analyze study data. RESULTS: A total of 313 physical therapists completed the entire survey. In general, physical therapists were aligned with CPGs. Physical therapists advised their patients, utilized therapeutic exercises and manual therapy techniques, and used electrotherapy modalities despite being not recommended. Key challenges indicated by physical therapists for the use of CPGs include low patient adherence to therapists' instructions, lack of adequate knowledge, and limited clinical time. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, physical therapists in Saudi Arabia followed the CPGs for treating SIS. Therapeutic exercises combined with manual therapy were the most common treatment options. However, further research should consider exploring adherence to such guidelines over time.
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Fisioterapeutas , Síndrome de Abducción Dolorosa del Hombro , Humanos , Síndrome de Abducción Dolorosa del Hombro/rehabilitación , Arabia Saudita , Modalidades de Fisioterapia , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The utility of Adaptive Radiotherapy (ART) in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) remains to be ascertained. While multiple retrospective and single-arm prospective studies have demonstrated its efficacy in decreasing parotid doses and reducing xerostomia, adequate randomized evidence is lacking. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: ReSTART (Reducing Salivary Toxicity with Adaptive Radiotherapy) is an ongoing phase III randomized trial of patients with previously untreated, locally advanced HNSCC of the oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the standard Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) arm {Planning Target Volume (PTV) margin 5 mm} vs. Adaptive Radiotherapy arm (standard IMRT with a PTV margin 3 mm, two planned adaptive planning at 10th and 20th fractions). The stratification factors include the primary site and nodal stage. The RT dose prescribed is 66Gy in 30 fractions for high-risk PTV and 54Gy in 30 fractions for low-risk PTV over six weeks, along with concurrent chemotherapy. The primary endpoint is to compare salivary toxicity between arms using salivary scintigraphy 12 months' post-radiation. To detect a 25% improvement in the primary endpoint at 12 months in the ART arm with a two-sided 5% alpha value and a power of 80% (and 10% attrition ratio), a sample size of 130 patients is required (65 patients in each arm). The secondary endpoints include acute and late toxicities, locoregional control, disease-free survival, overall survival, quality of life, and xerostomia scores between the two arms. DISCUSSION: The ReSTART trial aims to answer an important question in Radiation Therapy for HNSCC, particularly in a resource-limited setting. The uniqueness of this trial, compared to other ongoing randomized trials, includes the PTV margins and the xerostomia assessment by scintigraphy at 12 months as the primary endpoint.
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Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Radioterapia de Intensidad Modulada , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello , Xerostomía , Humanos , Radioterapia de Intensidad Modulada/métodos , Radioterapia de Intensidad Modulada/efectos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeza y Cuello/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/radioterapia , Xerostomía/etiología , Masculino , Femenino , Traumatismos por Radiación/prevención & control , Dosificación Radioterapéutica , Glándulas Salivales/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
The increasing number of new cases and death related to Covid-19 poses a major challenge in Bangladesh. People obtain information on the Covid-19 from different sources of information. Appropriate information sources aids in proper implementation of health education program on the disease and its preventive practices. The study aimed to identify the sources of information and corresponding knowledge level related to Covid-19 among residents of Sylhet, Bangladesh. This cross sectional study was conducted in Sylhet division of Bangladesh from September 2020 to November 2020 involving the residents irrespective of sex, age ≥18 years old. A pre-structured questionnaire having twelve validated knowledge questions and five practice questions regarding Covid-19 was used to assess the knowledge and practice. Knowledge level was categorized as good (>6) and poor (≤6). Pearson Chi-square test and Logistic regression was employed to determine whether sources of information were related to respondents' knowledge on Covid-19. Television was popular source for obtaining information on Covid-19 among study participants (55.8%). Majority (86.3%) had 'Good' (>6) level of knowledge. Most of the participants (93.9%) were found to wear mask in outdoor. The association of information sources with knowledge level was statistically significant (p= 0.000). Participants seeking information from Television (AOR: 9.873, 95% CI 0.147-0.838) were more likely to have good level of knowledge than the other sources. The policymakers need to consider mostly utilized source: Television for dissemination of information and design awareness program to increase knowledge and preventive practices related to Covid-19 in Bangladesh.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Adolescente , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Escolaridad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Fuentes de Información , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en SaludRESUMEN
Hypoplastic asymmetry due to hemifacial microsomia (HFM) often represents the most difficult reconstruction in the craniomaxillofacial clinic. Although autogenous grafts are generally used for temporomandibular joint reconstruction (TMJR), the use of TMJR prostheses is not well established. The aim of this review was to identify, collect and analyse the use of extended TMJR (eTMJR) prostheses in patients with HFM, describing clinical features, surgical procedures and postoperative complications. Online searches of all major databases were performed according to PRISMA guidelines. All studies with HFM patients treated with the eTMJR prostheses were included. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. A total of 19 studies, including 08 case studies, 06 case series and 05 retrospective cohort studies, met the inclusion criteria, where a total of 42 HFM patients were reported from 18 countries, mostly from the United States (05; 26%). Fifteen of the 42 cases (~36%) were male. The mean ± SD (range) age of patients in all studies was 19.79 ± 5.81 (9-36) years. The mean ± SD (range) of patient follow-up was 41.30 ± 35.50 (6-136) months. A total of 5 (10.6%) patients were implanted with bilateral eTMJR prostheses. The Pruzansky classification was used in 18 (~89.5%) studies, OMENS classification in 01 (~5%) study, whereas no classification was reported in one study. Only 01 (7.1%) study had documented the eTMJR classification for the prosthesis used. In growing patients with or without a history of failed autogenous tissues, TMJR prostheses may provide a viable alternative. Randomized studies with large cohorts are warranted to validate these preliminary results.
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Síndrome de Goldenhar , Prótesis Articulares , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Joven , Asimetría Facial , Síndrome de Goldenhar/cirugía , Síndrome de Goldenhar/complicaciones , Prótesis Articulares/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Articulación Temporomandibular/cirugía , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular/cirugía , NiñoRESUMEN
Candies are frequently consumed sweetened food products among children, and their consumption can expose them to potential toxins and contamination. The present study employed calibration-free-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) as a steadfast diagnostic technique to analyze the presence of nutritional and heavy metals in candies from various brands available in local markets in Haripur, Pakistan. A pulsed Nd-YAG laser was used to create a microplasma on the target surface. The emitted light was collected using a dedicated spectrometer to analyze and quantify the species present in the candies. The analysis revealed the presence of micronutrients, macronutrients, and trace toxic metals such as Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Na, Al, Pb, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni. The optimization of our LIBS system was achieved through a parametric dependence study. The confirmation of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium was achieved by assessing McWhirter's criterion and considering the relaxation time and the diffusion length of atoms in plasma. The highest concentrations (measured in mg/kg) of Pb, Cr, and Mn were determined to be 15 mg/kg, 340 mg/kg, and 880 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of Pb and Cr were found to be well above the maximum accepted limit set by the WHO. Similarly, the concentration of Mn in S-4 and S-5 exceeded the permissible limits set by the WHO. However, Zn, Cu, and Ni were found within safe limits in all the collected samples. In addition, the abundance obtained through CF-LIBS was compared to the concentration of similar (duplicate) candies samples analyzed using a standard analytical technique like inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Excellent harmony could be seen in both outcomes. Moreover, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was also utilized to confirm the presence of detected toxins. The significance of our findings lies in creating awareness among the public about the health risks associated with consuming toxins through candies, thereby protecting numerous human lives.
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Splenic cysts are rare; their absence of an epithelial wall determines whether they're real cysts or pseudocysts. Spontaneous nonparasitic actual tumors are those that develop early in life at the anterior pole of the splenic and are typically epidermoid, dermoid, or endodermal. Surgical therapy is suggested for symptomatic, large (more than 5 cm) cysts or complicated. Inhaling splenic excision is a substitute for surgery, depending on the quantity, location, connection to the hilus, and dimension of the tumors. With an emphasis on less invasive treatments that preserve the spleen, laparoscopic methods have already established themselves as the accepted method for treating numerous disorders, including splenic cysts. They describe the effective decapsulation of a massive epidermoid spleen tumor under a prolonged, partially endoscopic technique. Laparoscopy, an operation commonly referred to as surgery with minimally invasive or keyhole surgery, is a technique that makes many tiny incisions in the belly to carry out different surgical procedures.
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Quistes , Quiste Epidérmico , Laparoscopía , Enfermedades del Bazo , Humanos , Quistes/diagnóstico por imagen , Quistes/cirugía , Enfermedades del Bazo/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades del Bazo/cirugía , Esplenectomía/métodos , Laparoscopía/métodos , Quiste Epidérmico/diagnóstico por imagen , Quiste Epidérmico/cirugíaRESUMEN
This research describes the preparation of mixtures of new halogen-substituted phenol derivatives and their effects due to linkages with a fatty amide (pentanamide). The molecules were optimized using DFT, and the vibrational and electronic analysis was done subsequently. The energies of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) were used to estimate the global chemical reactivity parameters as we suggest that hydrogen-bonded networks may have contributed to the stability and reactivity of the compound. In addition to the experimental investigation, dielectric parameters were calculated. Fukui functions were analyzed to study the chemical reactivity. To get insight into interactions of σ â π* orbitals, natural bond orbital calculations were done. Additionally, surface analysis of the MEP and Hirshfeld charges were performed at the equivalent DFT levels. The research also indicated that both (interaction region indicator) IRI and (electron delocalize range) EDR would proficiently identify chemical-bonding and weak interaction regions, providing a significant advantage in exploring diverse chemical systems and reactions. This indicated that compounds could diffuse through noncovalent interactions, including intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Dielectric relaxation studies taken at five distinct molar ratios identified significant dielectric properties such as ε', εâ³, ε0, and ε∞. The PA with FP, CP, BP, and IP molecules has potential antiviral and antioxidant benefits for carbonic anhydrase, with favorable drug-like features and diverse biological benefits. Pharmacological effects were forecasted using the PASS server, and these molecules exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties.
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Morphometric measurement and roosting ecology of Pteropus medius were aimed to find out in Mansehra district of KP, Pakistan. Total 3149 numbers of bats were found in eight biological spots visited; Baffa Doraha, Darband, Dadar, Jallu, Hazara University, Garhi Habibullah Chattar Plain and Jabori, in total 299 numbers of different species of trees including; Morus alba, Pinus raxburghi, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus nigra, Grevillea robusta, Brousonetia papyrifera, Platanus orientalis, Ailanthus altissima, Hevea brasiliensis and Populus nigra. Morphometric features were measured and found vary according to sex of the bats. The average wing span, wing`s length from tip of wing to neck, from thumb to tip of wing and the body`s length from head and claws were recorded to be 102.98 cm, 49.07cm, 28.7 cm and 22.78 cm respectively in males while 93.67 cm, 44.83cm, 24.78cm and 22.78 cm respectively in female bats. Mean circumference of the body including wings and without wing were measured as 22.78 cm and 17.29 cm in males and that of female were 20.07 cm and 16.9 cm. Average length of thumb 3.64 cm, ear`s length 3.1 cm, snout 5.62cm, eye length were 1.07 cm for both sexes and length between the feet in extended position were16.3 cm. Generally different measurement of males bodies were found to be greater than female such as mean body surface area, mass, volume and pressure were found to be 2691.79 cm2, 855.7gm,1236.4 ml and 295.77 dyne/ c m 3 for male and 2576.46 cm2, 852.71gm,1207 ml and 290.2 dyne/ c m 3 respectively for female. While weight and density for both males and females bats were same with mean of 8.59 newton and 0.701 g/m3. Findings of current reports can add valued information in literature about bats, which can be used for species identification and conservation.
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Quirópteros , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Pakistán , Alas de AnimalesRESUMEN
Plants evolve stress-specific responses that sense changes in their external environmental conditions and develop various mechanisms for acclimatization and survival. Calcium (Ca2+ ) is an essential stress-sensing secondary messenger in plants. Ca2+ sensors, including calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calmodulins (CaMs), CaM-like proteins (CMLs), and calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), are involved in jasmonates (JAs) signalling and biosynthesis. Moreover, JAs are phospholipid-derived phytohormones that control plant response to abiotic stresses. The JAs signalling pathway affects hormone-receptor gene transcription by binding to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. MYC2 acts as a master regulator of JAs signalling module assimilated through various genes. The Ca2+ sensor CML regulates MYC2 and is involved in a distinct mechanism mediating JAs signalling during abiotic stresses. This review highlights the pivotal role of the Ca2+ sensors in JAs biosynthesis and MYC2-mediated JAs signalling during abiotic stresses in plants.
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Calcio , Plantas , Calcio/metabolismo , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico , Estrés Fisiológico , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The conidial Ascomycota fungus Wilsonomyces carpophilus causing shot hole in stone fruits is a major constraint in the production of stone fruits worldwide. Shothole disease symptoms appear on leaves, fruits, and twigs. Successful isolation of the pathogen from different hosts on synthetic culture medium is a time consuming and tedious procedure for identification of the pathogen based on morpho-cultural characterization. METHODS AND RESULTS: The present research was carried out to develop a successful PCR based early detection protocol for the shot hole disease of stone fruits, viz., peach, plum, apricot, cherry, and almond using the pathogen specific SSR markers developed from the Wilsonomyces carpophilus genome using Genome-wide Microsatellite Analysing Tool package (GMATA) software. Diseased leaf samples of different stone fruits were collected from the SKUAST-K orchard and the pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and maintained on Asthana and Hawkers' medium with a total of 50 pathogen isolates comprised of 10 isolates each from peach, plum, apricot, cherry and almond. The DNA was extracted from both healthy and infected leaf samples of different stone fruits. The DNA was also extracted from the isolated pathogen cultures (50 isolates). Out of 2851 SSR markers developed, 30 SSRs were used for the successful amplification of DNA extracted from all the 50 pathogen isolates. These SSRs were used for the amplification DNA from shot hole infected leaf samples of different stone fruits, but the amplification was not observed in the control samples (DNA from healthy leaves), thus confirming the detection of this disease directly from the shot hole infected samples using PCR based SSR markers. To our knowledge, this forms the first report of SSR development for the Wilsonomyces carpophilus and their validation for the detection of shot hole disease directly from infected leaves. CONCLUSION: PCR based SSR makers were successfully developed and used for the detection of Wilsonomyces carpophilus causing shot hole disease in stone fruits including almond in nuts for the first time. These SSR markers could successfully detect the pathogen directly from the infected leaves of stone fruits namely peach, plum, apricot and cherry including almond from the nuts.
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Ascomicetos , Prunus domestica , Frutas/microbiología , Ascomicetos/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Prunus domestica/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy, a neurodegenerative disorder, continues to throw challenges in the therapeutic management. The current study sought to ascertain if the therapeutic interactions between piracetam and diethylstilbestrol may prevent grand-mal seizures in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Piracetam (PIR; 10 and 20 mg/kg) and diethylstilbestrol (DES; 10 and 20 mg/kg) alone as a low-dose combination were administered to rats for 14 days. The electroshock (MES; 180 mA, 220 V for 0.20 s) was delivered via auricular electrodes on the last day of treatment and rats were monitored for convulsive behavior. To elucidate the mechanism, hippocampal mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6 and tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were quantified. Hippocampal histopathology was conducted to study the neuroprotective effect of drug/s. In vitro studies and in silico studies were conducted in parallel. RESULTS: To our surprise, the low dose of the combination regimen of PIR (10 mg/kg) and DES (10 mg/kg) unfolded synergistic anti-seizure potential, with brimming neuroprotective properties. The mechanism could be related to a significant reduction in the levels of hippocampal mTOR and proinflammatory cytokines. The docking scores revealed higher affinities for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in co-bound complex, and when docking DES first, while better affinities for protein kinase B (Akt) were revealed when docking PIR first (both drugs bind cooperatively as well). This indicated that the entire PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is intercepted by the said combination. In addition, the % of cell viability of HEK-293 cells [pre-exposed to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)] was increased by 327.29% compared to PTZ-treated cells (toxic control; 85.16%). CONCLUSIONS: We are the first to report the promising efficacy of the combination (PIR 10 mg/kg + DES 10 mg/kg) to restrain seizures and epileptogenic changes induced by electroshock by a novel mechanism involving inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Piracetam , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt , Animales , Humanos , Ratas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dietilestilbestrol/farmacología , Células HEK293 , Interleucina-6 , Pentilenotetrazol/farmacología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasa/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Piracetam/farmacología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transducción de Señal , Sirolimus/farmacología , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
The study identifies potential carcinogenic health risk-zone of Chattogram city for the occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) at its water distribution network. The EPANET-THMs simulation model along with an empirical model have been adopted in the study to predict THMs content of supply water of the distribution network of the city's Karnaphuli service area. The empirical model has estimated THMs level of supply water based on influential water quality parameters, and few of these have been used as pre-set values for subsequent EPANET simulation. The simulation (R2= 0.7) shows that THMs' concentrations throughout the network vary from 33 to 486 µg/L. Around 60% of total junctions showed THMs concentrations above 150 µg/L, while that is above 50 µg/L for most (99%) of the junctions. Residual Free chlorine, one of the precursors for the THMs formation in distribution line, has also been simulated by EPANET considering varying applied chlorine dose at the water purification unit and wall (Kw) and bulk (Kb) decay constants. The simulated free residual chlorine peaks are found to be closer to the actual values with chlorine dose of 2 mg/L, and decay constants, Kw = 1 d-1 and Kb = 1 d-1. A mean lifetime total risk of cancer due to the presence of THMs has been found to be very high. Spatial distribution of carcinogenic risk shows that the central zone of the service area is the most vulnerable zone, followed by the western and northern zone. The first ever zone wise risk identification could be used as baseline data for operational and regulatory purposes and may raise awareness among the city's inhabitants. Furthermore, the application of EPANET in combination with an empirical model could be an effective tool for predicting THMs' concentration in water distribution networks in developing countries like Bangladesh to minimize the expenses of measuring THMs.
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The presence of microplastics in aquatic environments has raised concerns about their abundance and potential hazards to aquatic organisms. This review provides insight into the problem that may be of alarm for freshwater fish. Plastic pollution is not confined to marine ecosystems; freshwater also comprises plastic bits, as the most of plastic fragments enter oceans via rivers. Microplastics (MPs) can be consumed by fish and accumulated due to their size and poor biodegradability. Furthermore, it has the potential to enter the food chain and cause health problems. Evidence of MPs s ingestion has been reported in >150 fish species from both freshwater and marine systems. However, microplastic quantification and toxicity in freshwater ecosystems have been underestimated, ignored, and not reported as much as compared to the marine ecosystem. However, their abundance, influence, and toxicity in freshwater biota are not less than in marine ecosystems. The interaction of MPs with freshwater fish, as well as the risk of human consumption, remains a mystery. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the impacts of MPs on freshwater fish is still very limited. This study detailed the status of the toxicity of MPs in freshwater fish. This review will add to our understanding of the ecotoxicology of microplastics on freshwater fish and give subsequent research directions.
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Microplásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Humanos , Microplásticos/toxicidad , Plásticos/toxicidad , Ecosistema , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces , Agua DulceRESUMEN
We provide an overview of the latest evidence on computer-aided detection (CAD) software for automated interpretation of chest radiographs (CXRs) for TB detection. CAD is a useful tool that can assist in rapid and consistent CXR interpretation for TB. CAD can achieve high sensitivity TB detection among people seeking care with symptoms of TB and in population-based screening, has accuracy on-par with human readers. However, implementation challenges remain. Due to diagnostic heterogeneity between settings and sub-populations, users need to select threshold scores rather than use pre-specified ones, but some sites may lack the resources and data to do so. Efficient standardisation is further complicated by frequent updates and new CAD versions, which also challenges implementation and comparison. CAD has not been validated for TB diagnosis in children and its accuracy for identifying non-TB abnormalities remains to be evaluated. A number of economic and political issues also remain to be addressed through regulation for CAD to avoid furthering health inequities. Although CAD-based CXR analysis has proven remarkably accurate for TB detection in adults, the above issues need to be addressed to ensure that the technology meets the needs of high-burden settings and vulnerable sub-populations.
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Inteligencia Artificial , Tuberculosis , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Lectura , Rayos X , Radiografía , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
This study is a comparative analysis of the biochemical, hormonal, and mineral compositions of follicular fluid in preovulatory and cystic follicles of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In total, reproductive tracts from 215 buffalo along with intact ovaries were collected randomly from an abattoir. The incidence of cystic conditions found in this study was 3.72% (8/215), involving the right ovary in 62.5% of instances and the left ovary in 37.5% of instances during the non-breeding season. Follicular fluid was aspirated from preovulatory follicles (12-15 mm diameter, oestrogen-active, follicular phase or stage IV corpus luteum on one of the two ovaries, n = 10) and cystic follicles (at least 20 mm diameter, no corpus luteum on any one of the two ovaries, n = 8). The follicular fluid samples were assayed for biochemical components (uric acid, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, total protein, glucose, ascorbic acid, and alkaline phosphatase), hormones (progesterone, estradiol, and insulin), and minerals (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, and cobalt). Cystic follicles had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, progesterone, copper, zinc, and cobalt, and lesser (P < 0.05) concentrations of uric acid, glucose, ascorbic acid, estradiol, insulin, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus compared with preovulatory follicles. These results indicated the marked differences in follicular fluid composition between preovulatory and cystic follicles in buffalo. Some of the changes were indicative of oxidative stress and disturbed steroidogenesis, two important mechanisms shown to be associated with cystic ovarian disease in various species. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether these differences are directly or indirectly involved in the formation of cystic follicles or are mere manifestations of the condition.
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Búfalos , Folículo Ovárico , Animales , Femenino , Folículo Ovárico/metabolismo , Búfalos/metabolismo , Progesterona/metabolismo , Calcio/metabolismo , Cobre , Magnesio/análisis , Magnesio/metabolismo , Estaciones del Año , Creatinina/análisis , Creatinina/metabolismo , Ácido Úrico/análisis , Ácido Úrico/metabolismo , Líquido Folicular/metabolismo , Estradiol/metabolismo , Insulina/análisis , Insulina/metabolismo , Colesterol/análisis , Colesterol/metabolismo , Minerales/análisis , Minerales/metabolismo , Ácido Ascórbico , Zinc , Glucosa , Cobalto/análisis , Cobalto/metabolismo , Fósforo/análisis , Fósforo/metabolismoRESUMEN
Heart and blood vessel disorders, such as coronary heart disease, brain vessel disease, rheumatic heart disease, and others, are together referred to as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we sought to determine how mitochondrial Leucine Transfer RNA genes and CVDs are related (MT-L1 and MT-L2). From CVD patients in Peshawar, a total of 27 saliva samples were taken. Leu-tRNA genes expressed by mitochondria were amplified using polymerase chain reaction after DNA was removed. Ten samples were sent for sequencing after PCR and gene cleaning. We obtained all of the sequenced results, which were subsequently aligned and evaluated against the mitochondrial revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). However, in our sequenced samples, Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes were determined to be unaltered. Thus, it is suggested that a large population be taken into account while screening for mutations in the mitochondrial encoded Leu-tRNA MT-L1 and MT-L2 genes of cardiac patients in areas of Pakistan. Additionally, it is recommended that patients with cardiac problems should also have other mitochondrial encoded genes checked for potential mutations. This could result in the identification of genetic markers that could be used for early CVD screening in Pakistan.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Pakistán , Encéfalo , Mutación/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genéticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We investigated bacterial propagation through multifilament, monofilament sutures and whether sutures coated with triclosan would exhibit a different phenomenon. METHODS: One centimetre (cm) wide trenches were cut in the middle of Columbia blood Agar plates. We tested a 6 cm length of two Triclosan-coated (PDS plus®, Vicryl plus®) and two uncoated (PDS ®, Vicryl ®) sutures. Each suture was inoculated with a bacterial suspension containing methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at one end of each suture. The plates were incubated at 36C for 48 h, followed by room temperature for a further 5 days. We established bacterial propagation by observing for any bacterial growth on the Agar on the opposite side of the trench. RESULTS: Bacterial propagation was observed on the opposite side of the trench with both suture types, monofilament PDS and multifilament Vicryl, when tested with the motile bacterium (E. coli). Propagation was not observed on the other side of the trench with the monofilament PDS suture following incubation with MSSA and S. epidermidis, and in 66% of MRSA. With multifilament suture Vicryl, propagation was observed on the other side of the trench in 90% (MSSA), 80% (S. epidermidis), and 100% (MRSA) of plates tested. No bacterial propagation was observed in any of the triclosan-coated sutures (monofilament or multifilament). CONCLUSIONS: Monofilament sutures are associated in vitro with less bacterial propagation along their course when compared to multifilament sutures. Inhibition in both sutures can be further enhanced with a triclosan coating.