Efficacy of seventh generation bonding agents as desensitizers in patients with dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is one of the most challenging and persistent dental complaints characterized by transient, intense pain triggered by various stimuli. It affects a significant portion of the global population, predominantly those aged 20-40. This study aims to evaluate the desensitizing efficacy of seventh-generation dentin bonding agents (Single Bond Universal by 3 M ESPE and Xeno-V + by Dentsply) against a control group using Bifluorid 12 by Voco in mitigating DH within a month of the follow-up period. METHODS: This was a single-center, parallel-group, double-blind, controlled randomized clinical trial conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 105 patients with DH were allocated into three groups for this study. The patients were divided into three groups (Single Bond Universal by 3 M ESPE and Xeno-V + by Dentsply) and the control group containing fluoride varnish (Bifluorid 12 by Voco). Discomfort Interval Scale scores and Schiff Cold Air Sensitivity Scale scores were recorded at baseline, immediately after the intervention, after 01 weeks, and after 01 month. RESULTS: All the materials demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in discomfort and sensitivity (DIS scores p-value 0.01) immediately after 01 week and over a period of 01 month after treatment compared with the baseline scores before application, with no single material proving superior over the one-month observation period. The study also provided insights into dental hygiene practices, with a significant majority using a toothbrush and sensitivity patterns, with cold stimuli being the most common cause of sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that Single Bond Universal, Xeno V+, and Bifluorid 12 are equally effective in reducing dentin hypersensitivity, with no distinct superiority observed over a one-month period. The findings highlight the potential of fluoride varnishes as a less technique-sensitive and cost-effective option for treating DH, offering valuable insights for future research and clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04225247 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04225247 ), Date of Registration: 13/01/2020. (Retrospectively registered).

Impact of Brief Exposure to Lysozyme and Lactoferrin on Pathogenic Attributes of Oral Candida.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Adhesion to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) and denture acrylic surfaces (DAS), germ tube (GT) formation, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), and haemolysin production are attributes associated with pathogenicity of Candida. Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis are allied in causing oral candidosis. Lysozyme and lactoferrin exert antimicrobial activity on a range of oral microorganisms, including Candida. There is no information on the impact of brief exposure to lysozyme and lactoferrin on adhesion-related attributes and haemolysin production of aforementioned oral Candida isolates. Thus, we investigated the impact of lysozyme and lactoferrin on adhesion to BEC and DAS, GT formation, CSH, and haemolysin production of these isolates. METHODS: After exposure to lysozyme and lactoferrin for 1 hour, susceptibility to lysozyme and lactoferrin of 20 isolates each of C albicans and C dubliniensis isolates was determined following a 48-hour period of incubation. Candida cell suspensions, obtained from colony-forming units after this period, were assessed for adhesion to BEC and DAS, GT formation, CSH, and haemolysin production using in vitro assays. RESULTS: Exposure to lysozyme and lactoferrin significantly suppressed the ability of C albicans and C dubliniensis isolates to adhere to BEC and DAS, GT formation, CSH, and haemolysin production (P < 0.01 for all virulent attributes tested). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide a tantalising glimpse into the possibility that exposure to either lysozyme or lactoferrin, even for a brief period, would induce a sustainable antifungal effect by suppressing adhesion-related attributes and haemolysin production of these oral Candida species in vitro. Resistance to conventional antifungal agents has been reported in clinical isolates of Candida. The presence of such resistance indicates the need for possible alternative therapies to facilitate the management of oral candidosis. Further research on the pharmacodynamics of lysozyme and lactoferrin and their effects on candidal pathogenic attributes should be fostered, with the vision of developing novel topical antifungal drugs.

Design and optimization of a transparent and flexible MIMO antenna for compact IoT and 5G applications.

This work presents an optically transparent and flexible MIMO antenna that features two square patch elements placed in close proximity, aiming to meet the demands of compactness, flexibility, optical transparency, and visual appeal for IoT applications and future 5G wireless communication. The design includes a simple offset fed configuration to achieve the required isolation and impedance matching. It simplifies the process of creating closely spaced transparent MIMO antenna configurations. By optimizing and analyzing this structure, the antenna achieves better isolation and diversity gain performance, even when the patch elements are positioned very close to each other. To achieve optical transparency and flexibility, the antenna uses thin polyethylene terephthalate (PET) material as a substrate, which is a thermoplastic polymer resin from the polyester family. The wired metal mesh parameters for conducting parts of the MIMO antenna and offset position of the feed are carefully optimized to achieve required optical transparency, isolation, impedance matching and radiation performance without any complex decoupling or impedance matching network.

Development and characterization of letrozole-encapsulated polymeric beads for sustained release.

The study aimed to prepare and characterize biodegradable sustained-release beads of letrozole (LTZ) for treating cancerous disease. The ionotropic gelation method was used for the preparation and calcium chloride (CaCl2) was used as a gelating agent, while chitosan (CTS) and sodium alginate (NaAlg) as biodegradable polymeric matrices in the blend hydrogel beads. The beads were characterized for their size, surface morphology, drug entrapment efficiency, drug-polymer interaction and crystallinity using different analytic techniques, including optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-spectroscopy, Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) respectively. In vitro swelling studies were also applied to observe the response of these polymeric networks against different pH (at 1.2, 6.8 and 7.4 pH). The results from TGA and DSC exhibited that the components in the formulation possess better thermal stability. The XRD of polymeric networks displays a minor crystalline and significant amorphous nature. The SEM micrographs revealed that polymeric networks have uneven surfaces and grooves. Better swelling and in vitro outcomes were achieved at a high pH (6.8,7.4), which endorsed the pH-responsive characteristics of the prepared beads. Hence, beads based on chitosan and sodium alginate were successfully synthesized and can be used for the controlled release of letrozole.

Impact of More Detailed Measures of Disease Severity on Racial Disparities in Cardiac Surgery Mortality among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders.

Studies that examine racial disparities in health outcomes often include analyses that account or adjust for baseline differences in co-morbid conditions. Often, these conditions are defined as dichotomous (Yes/No) variables, and few analyses include clinical and/or laboratory data that could allow for more nuanced estimates of disease severity. However, disease severity - not just prevalence - can differ substantially by race and is an underappreciated mechanism for health disparities. Thus, relying on dichotomous disease indicators may not fully describe health disparities. This study explores the effect of substituting continuous clinical and/or laboratory data for dichotomous disease indicators on racial disparities, using data from the Queen's Medical Center's (QMC) cardiac surgery database (a subset of the national Society of Thoracic Surgeon's cardiothoracic surgery database) as an example case. Two logistic regression models predicting in-hospital mortality were constructed: (I) a baseline model including race and dichotomous (Yes/No) indicators of disease (diabetes, heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease), and (II) a more detailed model with continuous laboratory values in place of the dichotomous indicators (eg, including Hemoglobin A1c level rather than just diabetes yes/no). When only dichotomous disease indicators were used in the model, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander (NHPI) race was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.57[1.29,2.47], P=.04). Yet when the more specific laboratory values were included, NHPI race was no longer associated with in-hospital mortality (OR: 1.67[0.92,2.28], P=.28). Thus, researchers should be thoughtful in their choice of independent variables and understand the potential impact of how clinical measures are operationalized in their research.

Removal of organic pollutants through hydroxyl radical-based advanced oxidation processes.

The use of Advance Oxidation Process (AOPs) has been extensively examined in order to eradicate organic pollutants. This review assesses the efficacy of photolysis, O3 based (O3/UV, O3/H2O2, O3/H2O2/UV, H2O2/UV, Fenton, Fenton-like, hetero-system) and sonochemical and electro-oxidative AOPs in this regard. The main purpose of this review and some suggestions for the advancement of AOPs is to facilitate the elimination of toxic organic pollutants. Initially proposed for the purification of drinking water in 1980, AOPs have since been employed for various wastewater treatments. AOPs technologies are essentially a process intensification through the use of hybrid methods for wastewater treatment, which generate large amounts of hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4·-) radicals, the ultimate oxidants for the remediation of organic pollutants. This review covers the use of AOPs and ozone or UV treatment in combination to create a powerful method of wastewater treatment. This novel approach has been demonstrated to be highly effective, with the acceleration of the oxidation process through Fenton reaction and photocatalytic oxidation technologies. It is clear that Advance Oxidation Process are a helpful for the degradation of organic toxic compounds. Additionally, other processes such as •OH and SO4·- radical-based oxidation may also arise during AOPs treatment and contribute to the reduction of target organic pollutants. This review summarizes the current development of AOPs treatment of wastewater organic pollutants.

A Theoretical Study on the Degradation Mechanism, Kinetics, and Ecotoxicity of Metronidazole (MNZ) in •OH- and SO4•--Assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes.

Metronidazole (MNZ), a typical example of nitroimidazole antibiotics, is widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria. The degradation mechanism and kinetics of MNZ in the presence of HO• and SO4•- were studied using density functional theory (DFT). It was confirmed that both HO• and SO4•- easily added to the carbon atom bonded to the NO2 group in the MNZ molecule as the most feasible reaction channel. This study shows that subsequent reactions of the most important product (M-P) include the O2 addition, hydrogen abstraction and bond breakage mechanisms. The rate constants of HO• and SO4•--initiated MNZ in the aqueous phase were calculated in the temperature range of 278-318 K. The total rate constants of MNZ with HO• and SO4•- were determined to be 8.52 × 109 and 1.69 × 109 M-1s-1 at 298 K, which were consistent with experimental values of (3.54 ± 0.42) × 109 and (2.74 ± 0.13) × 109 M-1s-1, respectively. The toxicity of MNZ and its degradation products to aquatic organisms has been predicted. The results proposed that the toxicity of the initial degradation product (M-P) was higher than that of MNZ. However, further degradation products of MNZ induced by HO• were not harmful to three aquatic organisms (fish, daphnia, and green algae). This study provides a comprehensive theoretical basis for understanding the degradation behavior of MNZ.

Dual-sense slot-based CP MIMO antenna with polarization bandwidth reconfigurability.

In this letter, a compact, planar circularly polarized (CP) sub-GHz slot-based multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with dual sense CP along with polarization bandwidth reconfigurability is presented. The pentagonal reactively loaded slot is fed by two folded tapered feedlines to achieve CP. The antenna offers left-hand-circular polarization (RHCP) with the as well as right hand circular polarization (LHCP). The antenna exhibit linearly polarization (LP) by exciting two ports simultaneously. Moreover, the antenna CP resonance can be reconfigured by varying the capacitance of the varactor diode. The antenna has a wide -10 dB operating frequency band from 578-929 MHz. while the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth ranges from 490-810 MHz. Moreover, the two elements MIMO are optimized and placed on compact dimensions 100 × 100 × 0.76 mm3 to realize pattern diversity. The antenna's key characteristics are compact size, wide-band sub-GHz operation, dual sense CP, polarization bandwidth reconfigurability and good MIMO performance. Thus, it is a suitable candidate to be utilized in CubeSats applications in sub-GHz bands.

Aconitum lycoctonum L. (Ranunculaceae) mediated biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles as potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antidiabetic agents.

In this study, a polar extract of Aconitum lycoctonum L. was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), followed by their characterization using different techniques and evaluation of their potential as antioxidants, amylase inhibitors, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. The formation of AgNPs was detected by a color change, from transparent to dark brown, within 15 min and a surface resonance peak at 460 nm in the UV-visible spectrum. The FTIR spectra confirmed the involvement of various biomolecules in the synthesis of AgNPs. The average diameter of these spherical AgNPs was 67 nm, as shown by the scanning electron micrograph. The inhibition zones showed that the synthesized nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and negative bacteria. FRAP and DPPH assays were used to demonstrate the antioxidant potential of AgNPs. The highest value of FRAP (50.47% AAE/mL) was detected at a concentration of 90 ppm and a DPPH scavenging activity of 69.63% GAE was detected at a concentration of 20 µg/mL of the synthesized AgNPs. 500 µg/mL of the synthesized AgNPs were quite efficient in causing 91.78% denaturation of ovalbumin. The AgNPs mediated by A. lycoctonum also showed an inhibitory effect on α-amylase. Therefore, AgNPs synthesized from A. lycoctonum may serve as potential candidates for antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic agents.

Green synthesis of lead oxide nanoparticles for photo-electrocatalytic and antimicrobial applications.

Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) for many different uses requires the development of environmentally friendly synthesis protocols. In this article, we present a simple and environmentally friendly method to synthesize lead oxide (PbO) NPs from the plant material of the Mangifera indica. Analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and microscopy were used to characterize the synthesized PbO NPs, and their photo-electrocatalytic and antifungal properties were also evaluated. H2O2 was used to investigate the efficacy of removing methylene blue dye. At a range of pH values, H2O2 was used to study the role of hydroxyl radicals in the breakdown of methylene blue dye. Methylene blue dyes are more easily eliminated due to increased generation of the *OH radical during removal. Dye degradation was also significantly affected by the aqueous medium's pH. Additionally, the electrocatalytic properties of the PbO NPs adapted electrode were studied in CH3COONa aqueous solution using cyclic voltammetry. Excellent electrocatalytic properties of the PbO NPs are shown by the unity of the anodic and cathodic peaks of the modified electrode in comparison to the stranded electrode. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida glabrata were some fungi tested with the PbO NPs. Against A. flavus (40%) and A. niger (50%), and C. glabrata (75%), the PbO NPs display an excellent inhibition zone. Finally, PbO NPs were used in antioxidant studies with the powerful antioxidant 2, 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). This study presents a simple and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing PbO NPs with multiple uses, including photo-electrocatalytic and antimicrobial activity.

Control synthesis of mesoporous silica microparticles: Optimization and in vitro cytotoxicity studies.

The current paper explains how to make mesoporous silica microparticles (MSM) by mixing water and dichloromethane. Several dichloromethane-water ratios were used to adjust the reaction mixture for the first time to easily synthesize mesoporous silica micro particles with regulated particle size. By carefully modifying the concentrations of water and dichloromethane, a higher level of consistency was achieved in the production of micro particles, i.e. to a 2:1 v/v ratio. It was discovered that variations in the dichloromethane-to-water ratios significantly affect the surface roughness and morphologies of mesoporous silica particles along with size. This is most likely because the solvent affects how quickly tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and how quickly inorganic species polymerize. In all experiments, conditions were maintained the same at 25oC temperature and 1000 rpm. Scanner electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) methods were used to identify the structure of MSM. The in vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that the produced particles, which had a diameter of 1.0 m, were safe for usage in the cellular system.

Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The traditional standard of care for Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) is glucocorticoid therapy, which is associated with many long-term side effects. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the traditional therapy to novel monoclonal antibodies (e.g. rituximab [RTX], teprotumumab, and tocilizumab [TCZ]). METHODS: We searched the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared different monoclonal antibodies (e.g. RTX, teprotumumab, and TCZ) with glucocorticoids or placebo in patients with GO. We evaluated the clinical activity score (CAS), proptosis, subjective diplopia using the Gorman score, quality of life (QoT), adverse events, change in lid fissure, NOSPECS score, and TSH receptor antibody (TRAb) levels. The odds ratio (OR) was used to represent dichotomous outcomes. The continuous outcomes were represented as standardized mean difference (SMD). Data were pooled using the inverse variance weighting method. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. RESULTS: Six (n = 571) RCTs were deemed eligible. The different monoclonal antibodies were significantly more efficacious than glucocorticoid/placebo in terms of reduction in CAS (SMD = -1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.91--0.97, P < 0.00001, I2 = 74%), change in proptosis (SMD = -4.96, 95% CI: -8.02--1.89, P = 0.002, I2 = 99%), QoL (SMD = 2.64, 95% CI: 0.50-4.79, P = 0.02, I2 = 97%), and Gorman score for diplopia (OR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.62-7.22, P = 0.001, I2 = 8%). However, monoclonal antibodies have shown higher rates of adverse events (OR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.12-7.56, P = 0.03, I2 = 62%). No significant difference was found with respect to lid fissure, NOSPECS, and TRAb levels. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated that monoclonal antibodies were associated with more favorable clinical outcomes than standard steroid therapy or placebo, especially with regard to CAS, change in proptosis, diplopia, and QoL, with teprotumumab being superior. In addition, only minor safety concerns were identified with monoclonal antibodies though less worrisome than using traditional steroids.

Whole genome sequencing across clinical trials identifies rare coding variants in GPR68 associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Dose-limiting toxicities significantly impact the benefit/risk profile of many drugs. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) in patients receiving drugs with dose-limiting toxicities can identify therapeutic hypotheses to prevent these toxicities. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common dose-limiting neurological toxicity of chemotherapies with no effective approach for prevention. METHODS: We conducted a genetic study of time-to-first peripheral neuropathy event using 30× germline WGS data from whole blood samples from 4900 European-ancestry cancer patients in 14 randomized controlled trials. A substantial number of patients in these trials received taxane and platinum-based chemotherapies as part of their treatment regimen, either standard of care or in combination with the PD-L1 inhibitor atezolizumab. The trials spanned several cancers including renal cell carcinoma, triple negative breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, ovarian cancer, and melanoma. RESULTS: We identified a locus consisting of low-frequency variants in intron 13 of GRID2 associated with time-to-onset of first peripheral neuropathy (PN) indexed by rs17020773 (p = 2.03 × 10-8, all patients, p = 6.36 × 10-9, taxane treated). Gene-level burden analysis identified rare coding variants associated with increased PN risk in the C-terminus of GPR68 (p = 1.59 × 10-6, all patients, p = 3.47 × 10-8, taxane treated), a pH-sensitive G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). The variants driving this signal were found to alter predicted arrestin binding motifs in the C-terminus of GPR68. Analysis of snRNA-seq from human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) indicated that expression of GPR68 was highest in mechano-thermo-sensitive nociceptors. CONCLUSIONS: Our genetic study provides insight into the impact of low-frequency and rare coding genetic variation on PN risk and suggests that further study of GPR68 in sensory neurons may yield a therapeutic hypothesis for prevention of CIPN.

A sub 1 GHz ultra miniaturized folded dipole patch antenna for biomedical applications.

A miniaturized folded dipole patch antenna (FDPA) design for biomedical applications operating at sub 1 GHz (434 MHz) band is presented. Antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate material having dimensions of 16.40 mm [Formula: see text] 8.60 mm [Formula: see text] 1.52 mm (0.023[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.012[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 0.002[Formula: see text]). Indirect feed coupling is applied through two parallel strips at bottom layer of the substrate. The antenna size is reduced by 83% through lumped inductor placed at the center path of the radiating FDPA, suitable for biomedical (implantable) applications and hyperthermia. Moreover, Impedance matching is achieved without using any Balun transformer or any other complex matching network. The proposed antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 6 MHz (431-437 MHz) below - 10 dB and a gain of - 31 dB at 434 MHz. The designed antenna is also placed on a human body model to evaluate its performance for hyperthermia through Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), Effective Field Size (EFS), and penetration depth (PD).

A High Performance All-Textile Wearable Antenna for Wristband Application.

A compact, conformal, all-textile wearable antenna is proposed in this paper for the 2.45 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) band. The integrated design consists of a monopole radiator backed by a 2 × 1 Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) array, resulting in a small form factor suitable for wristband applications. An EBG unit cell is optimized to work in the desired operating band, the results of which are further explored to achieve bandwidth maximization via floating EBG ground. A monopole radiator is made to work in association with the EBG layer to produce the resonance in the ISM band with plausible radiation characteristics. The fabricated design is tested for free space performance analysis and subjected to human body loading. The proposed antenna design achieves bandwidth of 2.39 GHz to 2.54 GHz with a compact footprint of 35.4 × 82.4 mm2. The experimental investigations reveal that the reported design adequately retains its performance while operating in close proximity to human beings. The presented Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis reveals 0.297 W/kg calculated at 0.5 W input power, which certifies that the proposed antenna is safe for use in wearable devices.

The construction of novel CuO/SnO2@g-C3N4 photocatalyst for efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin, methylene blue and photoinhibition of bacteria through efficient production of reactive oxygen species.

Water pollution due to organic waste and various microorganisms cause severe health problems. Numbers of techniques are used to eliminate organic waste and microorganisms from water because water pollution is a substantial issue in the current era. In the present study, sustainable and effective CuO/SnO2@g-C3N4 nanocomposites were prepared via green and chemical approach. The photo degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and methylene blue (MB) by the green synthesized nanocomposite were tested. Visible and dark conditions both were used to conduct this test. The results showed that the nanocomposite is much more effective in light than in dark conditions. The synthesized nanocomposite was also tested both in light and dark against highly drug resistant microorganisms' Bacillus subtilis (B.subtilis) and Escherichia coli (E.coli). As a result, the antibacterial evaluation revealed substantial antibacterial activity in the presence of light, with a zone of inhibition covering an area of 19 (±0.5) mm and 20 (±0.1) mm, respectively, against gram negative and gram positive bacteria such as E. coli and B. subtilis. The results showed that the CuO/SnO2@g-C3N4 nanocomposite is a stable, eco-friendly photocatalyst with significant resistance to CIP and MB degradation and a substantial inhibitory effect towards microorganisms in visible light.

Theoretical study on the degradation mechanism, kinetics and toxicity for aqueous ozonation reaction of furan derivatives.

The compounds including furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2-methyl-3-furoic acid (MFA), and 2-furoic acid (FA), containing Furan ring are considered to be possessing high ozone reactivity, although in depth studies of their ozonation processes have not been carried out yet. Hence, mechanism, kinetics and toxicity by quantum chemical, and their structure activity relationship are being investigated in this study. Studies of reaction mechanisms revealed that during the ozonolysis of three furan derivatives containing C=C double bond, furan ring opening occurs. At temperature (298 K) and pressure of 1 atm, the degradations rates of 2.22 × 103 M-1 s-1 (FDCA), 5.81 × 106 M-1 s-1 (MFA) and 1.22 × 105 M-1 s-1 (FA) suggested that the reactivity order is: MFA > FA > FDCA. In the presence of water, oxygen and ozone, the Criegee intermediates (CIs) as the primary products of ozonation would produce lower molecule weight of aldehydes and carboxylic acids by undergoing degradation pathways. The aquatic toxicity reveals that three furan derivatives play green chemicals roles. Significantly, most of the degradation products are least harmful to organisms residing in the hydrosphere. The mutagenicity and developmental toxicity of FDCA is minimum as compared to FA and MFA, which shows the applicability of FDCA in a wider and broader field. Results of this study reveal its importance in the industrial sector and degradation experiments.

Brief review: Applications of nanocomposite in electrochemical sensor and drugs delivery.

The recent advancement of nanoparticles (NPs) holds significant potential for treating various ailments. NPs are employed as drug carriers for diseases like cancer because of their small size and increased stability. In addition, they have several desirable properties that make them ideal for treating bone cancer, including high stability, specificity, higher sensitivity, and efficacy. Furthermore, they might be taken into account to permit the precise drug release from the matrix. Drug delivery systems for cancer treatment have progressed to include nanocomposites, metallic NPs, dendrimers, and liposomes. Materials' mechanical strength, hardness, electrical and thermal conductivity, and electrochemical sensors are significantly improved using nanoparticles (NPs). New sensing devices, drug delivery systems, electrochemical sensors, and biosensors can all benefit considerably from the NPs' exceptional physical and chemical capabilities. Nanotechnology is discussed in this article from a variety of angles, including its recent applications in the medical sciences for the effective treatment of bone cancers and its potential as a promising option for treating other complex health anomalies via the use of anti-tumour therapy, radiotherapy, the delivery of proteins, antibiotics, and vaccines, and other methods. This also brings to light the role that model simulations can play in diagnosing and treating bone cancer, an area where Nanomedicine has recently been formulated. There has been a recent uptick in using nanotechnology to treat conditions affecting the skeleton. Consequently, it will pave the door for more effective utilization of cutting-edge technology, including electrochemical sensors and biosensors, and improved therapeutic outcomes.