Global burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to smoking, 1990-2019: an analysis of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study.

AIMS: This study aims to investigate the trends in the global cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2019. METHODS AND RESULTS: Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 was used to analyse the burden of CVD attributable to smoking (i.e. ischaemic heart disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation and flutter, and aortic aneurysm). Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) per 100 000 and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates (ASDRs) per 100 000, as well as an estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in ASMR and ASDR, were determined by age, sex, year, socio-demographic index (SDI), regions, and countries or territories. The global ASMR of smoking-attributed CVD decreased from 57.16/100 000 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 54.46-59.97] in 1990 to 33.03/100 000 (95% UI 30.43-35.51) in 2019 [EAPC -0.42 (95% UI -0.47 to -0.38)]. Similarly, the ASDR of smoking-attributed CVD decreased between 1990 and 2019. All CVD subcategories showed a decline in death burden between 1990 and 2019. The burden of smoking-attributed CVD was higher in men than in women. Significant geographic and regional variations existed such that Eastern Europe had the highest ASMR and Andean Latin America had the lowest ASMR in 2019. In 2019, the ASMR of smoking-attributed CVD was lowest in high SDI regions. CONCLUSION: Smoking-attributed CVD morbidity and mortality are declining globally, but significant variation persists, indicating a need for targeted interventions to reduce smoking-related CVD burden.

The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) attributed to smoking declined worldwide between 1990 and 2019. The burden of smoking-attributed CVD was higher in men than in women in 2019. There were significant variations between different countries and regions such that Eastern Europe had the highest death rate and Andean Latin America had the lowest death rate in 2019. Also, countries with high socio-economic status had lower death rates from smoking-attributed CVD. This highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce the burden of smoking-attributed CVD.The overall age-adjusted deaths from CVD attributed to smoking declined from 57.16/100 000 in 1990 to 33.03/100 000 in 2019.In 2019, ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of smoking-attributed CVD deaths.

Demographic and regional trends of peripheral artery disease-related mortality in the United States, 2000 to 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common progressive atherosclerotic disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the US; however, data regarding PAD-related mortality trends are limited. This study aims to characterize contemporary trends in mortality across sociodemographic and regional groups. METHODS: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) was queried for data regarding PAD-related deaths from 2000 to 2019 in the overall sample and different demographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and regional (state, urban-rural) subgroups. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates (CMR and AAMR, respectively) per 100,000 people were calculated. Associated annual percentage changes (APC) were computed using Joinpoint Regression Program Version 4.9.0.0 trend analysis software. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2019, a total of 1,959,050 PAD-related deaths occurred in the study population. Overall, AAMR decreased from 72.8 per 100,000 in 2000 to 32.35 per 100,000 in 2019 with initially decreasing APCs followed by no significant decline from 2016 to 2019. Most demographic and regional subgroups showed initial declines in AAMRs during the study period, with many groups exhibiting no change in mortality in recent years. However, men, non-Hispanic (NH) Black or African American individuals, people aged ⩾ 85 years, and rural counties were associated with the highest AAMRs of their respective subgroups. Notably, there was an increase in crude mortality rate among individuals 25-39 years of age from 2009 to 2019. CONCLUSION: Despite initial improvement, PAD-related mortality has remained stagnant in recent years. Disparities have persisted across several demographic and regional groups, requiring further investigation.

Trends in Heart Failure-Related Mortality Among Older Adults in the United States From 1999-2019.

BACKGROUND: The U.S. population is aging with concurrent increases in heart failure (HF) burden. However, HF-related mortality trends among adults ≥75 years have not been investigated. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the trends and regional differences in HF-related mortality among older adults in the United States. METHODS: Death certificates from the CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research) database were examined from 1999 to 2019 for HF-related mortality in adults ≥75 years of age. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 10,000 persons and annual percent change (APC) were calculated and stratified by year, sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic region. RESULTS: Between 1999 and 2019, 5,014,919 HF-related deaths occurred among adults ≥75 years. The AAMR declined from 141.0 in 1999 to 108.3 in 2012 (APC: -2.1; 95% CI: -2.4 to -1.9), after which it increased to 121.3 in 2019 (APC: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.2). Men had consistently higher AAMR than women from 1999 (AAMR men: 158.3 vs women: 131.0) to 2019 (AAMR men: 141.1 vs women: 107.8). Non-Hispanic (NH) White adults had the highest overall AAMR (127.2), followed by NH Black (108.7), NH American Indian/Alaska Native (102.0), Hispanic or Latino (78.0), and NH Asian or Pacific Islander adults (57.1) AAMR also varied substantially by region (overall AAMR: Midwest 133.9; South: 119.2; West: 116.3; Northeast: 113.5), and nonmetropolitan areas had higher HF-related AAMR (147.0) than metropolitan areas (115.2). States in the top 90th percentile of HF-related AAMR were Mississippi, Oklahoma, West Virginia, Oregon, and Indiana, which had approximately double the AAMRs compared with states that fell into the lower 10th percentile. CONCLUSIONS: Following a period of steady decline, HF-related mortality in U.S. adults ≥75 years has increased since 2012. The highest AAMRs were observed among White adults and men, and among patients living in the Midwestern and nonmetropolitan United States. Targeted strategies are needed to prevent and treat HF among older adults to curb increasing levels of HF-related mortality.

Outcomes of Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Complicating Acute Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To study the patient profiles and the prognostic impact of type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) on outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS: The National Readmission Database 2018 was queried for patients with primary AIS hospitalizations with and without type 2 MI. Baseline characteristics, inpatient outcomes, and 30-day all-cause readmissions between cohorts were compared. RESULTS: Of 587,550 AIS hospitalizations included in the study, 4182 (0.71%) had type 2 MI. Patients with type 2 MI were older (73.6 years vs 70.1 years; P<.001) and more likely to be female (52% vs 49.7%; P<.001), and they had a higher prevalence of heart failure (32.6% vs 15.5%; P<.001), atrial fibrillation (38.5% vs 24.2%; P<.001), prior MI (8.8% vs 7.7%; P<.001), valvular heart disease (17% vs 9.8%; P<.001), peripheral vascular disease (12.2% vs 9.2%; P<.001), and chronic kidney disease (24.4% vs 16.7%; P<.001). Compared with patients without type 2 MI, AIS patients with type 2 MI had significantly higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.96; 95% CI, 1.65 to 2.32), poor functional outcome (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.62 to 2.00), more hospital costs (adjusted parameter estimate, $5618; 95% CI, $4480 to $6755), higher rate of discharge to a facility (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.52 to 1.90), increased length of stay (adjusted parameter estimate, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.72 to 2.72), and higher rate of 30-day all-cause readmissions (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.60). CONCLUSION: Type 2 MI in patients hospitalized with AIS is associated with poor prognosis and higher resource utilization.

Outcomes and Revascularization Strategies of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Myocardial ischemia is a known complication of HCM. Contemporary outcomes and care processes after STEMI are extensively examined; however, there are limited data on outcomes, and revascularization strategies of HCM patients with STEMI. The National Inpatient Sample 2004-2018 was queried to identify adult patients presenting with a primary diagnosis of STEMI, of whom a subset of patients with concomitant diagnosis of HCM were identified. Complex samples multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to determine the association of HCM with in-hospital outcomes. HCM patients with STEMI who were revascularized were compared with their counterparts who were not revascularized. Of 3,049,068 primary STEMI hospitalizations, 2583 (0.8%) had an associated diagnosis of HCM. HCM patients were more likely to be elderly and female with less traditional cardiovascular risk factors compared to those without HCM. HCM patients were less likely to receive revascularization compared to those without HCM. STEMI with HCM was associated with similar in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82-1.44; P = 0.561) compared to those without HCM. Notably, HCM patients who were revascularized had similar in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.69; 95% CI 0.36-1.33; P = 0.266) compared to HCM patients who did not receive revascularization. Despite lower rates of revascularization, STEMI in patients with HCM is associated with similar in-hospital mortality compared to those without HCM.

Contemporary trends and in-hospital outcomes of catheter and stand-alone surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation.

AIMS: The contemporary trends in catheter ablation (CA) and surgical ablation (SA) utilization and surgical techniques [open vs. thoracoscopic, with or without left atrial appendage closure (LAAC)] are unclear. In addition, the in-hospital outcomes of stand-alone SA compared with CA are not well-described. METHODS AND RESULTS: The National Inpatient Sample 2010-18 was queried for atrial fibrillation (AF) hospitalizations with CA or stand-alone SA. Complex samples multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to compare the association between stand-alone SA vs. CA and the primary outcomes of in-hospital mortality and stroke. Of 180 243 hospitalizations included within the study, 167 242 were for CA and 13 000 were for stand-alone SA. Catheter ablation and stand-alone SA hospitalizations decreased throughout the study period (Ptrend < 0.001). Surgical ablation had higher rates of in-hospital mortality [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41-3.61; P = 0.001] and stroke (aOR 4.64; 95% CI 3.25-6.64; P < 0.001) compared with CA. When examining different surgical approaches, thoracoscopic SA was associated with similar in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.53; 95% CI 0.60-3.89; P = 0.369) and similar risk of stroke (aOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.00-3.07; P = 0.051) compared with CA. CONCLUSION: Stand-alone SA comprises a minority of AF ablation procedures and is associated with increased risk of mortality, stroke, and other in-hospital complications compared to CA. However, when a thoracoscopic approach was utilized, the risks of mortality and stroke appear to be reduced.