Impact of sociodemographic status and sex on chronic rhinosinusitis and olfaction in people with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Sociodemographic status (SDS) including race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status as approximated by education, income, and insurance status impact pulmonary disease in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). The relationship between SDS and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains understudied. METHODS: In a prospective, multi-institutional study, adult PwCF completed the 22-Question SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), Smell Identification Test (SIT), Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorder Negative Statements (QOD-NS), and Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R). Lund-Kennedy scores, sinus computed tomography, and clinical data were collected. Data were analyzed across race/ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic factors using multivariate regression. RESULTS: Seventy-three PwCF participated with a mean age of 34.7 ± 10.9 years and 49 (67.1%) were female. Linear regression identified that elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) use (ß = â€’4.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] [‒6.08, ‒2.11], p < 0.001), female sex (ß = â€’2.14, 95% CI [‒4.11, ‒0.17], p = 0.034), and increasing age (ß = â€’0.14, 95% CI [‒0.22, ‒0.05], p = 0.003) were associated with lower/better endoscopy scores. Private health insurance (ß = 17.76, 95% CI [5.20, 30.32], p = 0.006) and >16 educational years (ß = 13.50, 95% CI [2.21, 24.80], p = 0.020) were associated with higher baseline percent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (ppFEV1). Medicaid/Medicare insurance was associated with worse endoscopy scores, CFQ-R respiratory scores, and ppFEV1 (all p < 0.017), and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity was associated with worse SNOT-22 scores (p = 0.047), prior to adjustment for other cofactors. No other SDS factors were associated with SNOT-22, QOD-NS, or SIT scores. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in objective measures of CRS severity exist among PwCF related to sex, age, and ETI use. Variant status and race did not influence patient-reported CRS severity measures or olfaction in this study. Understanding how these factors impact response to treatment may improve care disparities among PwCF. CLINICAL TRIALS: NCT04469439.

Patient perspectives on chronic rhinosinusitis in cystic fibrosis: Symptom prioritization in the era of highly effective modulator therapy.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is common in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). Rhinologic symptom prioritization and areas that influence CRS treatment choices, including pursuing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), remain understudied. METHODS: Adult PwCF + CRS were enrolled at eight centers into a prospective, observational study (2019-2023). Participants were administered the 22-SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) survey and a modified SNOT-22 instrument examining symptom importance. We determined importance rankings for individual symptoms and SNOT-22 symptom importance subdomains in two sets of subgroups-those pursuing ESS versus continuing medical management (CMT), and those on elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) versus not on ETI. RESULTS: Among 69 participants, the highest priorities were nasal congestion (n = 48, 69.6% important), post-nasal discharge (32, 46.4%), facial pain (29, 43.3%), waking up tired (27, 39.1%), and fatigue (26, 37.7%). Those electing surgery (n = 23) prioritized sleep and psychological dysfunction symptoms compared to those pursuing CMT (n = 49) (sleep median score = 19.0 [interquartile range: 12.0, 25.0] vs. 4.5 [0.0, 12.8]; p < 0.0001; psychological = 17.0 [7.0, 26.0] vs. 7.0 [0.0, 15.8]; p = 0.002). ETI users had comparable SNOT-22 total symptom importance scores to non-ETI users (p = 0.14). Non-ETI users (n = 34) showed a trend toward prioritizing sleep symptoms compared to ETI users (n = 35) (13.0 [2.8, 22.3] vs. 6.0 [2.0, 17.0]; p = 0.055). CONCLUSIONS: Nasal congestion and post-nasal discharge were top priorities reported by PwCF + CRS. Those electing surgery prioritized sleep and psychological symptoms, highlighting their importance in pre-operative discussions. Non-ETI users' prioritization of sleep improvement may highlight their unique disease impact and therapeutic needs; however, additional investigation is required.

Factors that predict pursuing sinus surgery in the era of highly effective modulator therapy.

BACKGROUND: Comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unresolved for many people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). While highly effective modulator therapy improves quality-of-life and symptom severity, the impact of this intervention and other factors associated with pursuing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) remains understudied. METHODS: Adult PwCF + CRS were enrolled into a prospective, observational, multi-institutional study. Participants completed validated outcome measures to evaluate respiratory symptom severity, depression, headache, and sleep quality, as well as nasal endoscopy, sinus computed tomography (CT), and olfactory testing. Bivariate comparisons and regression modeling evaluated treatment cofactors, disease characteristics, and outcome measures associated with pursuing ESS. RESULTS: Sixty PwCF were analyzed, including 24 (40%) who elected ESS. Pursuing ESS was associated with worse SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) total, rhinologic, psychological, and sleep dysfunction domain scores; worse Patient Health Questionnaire-9-Revised depression scores; worse Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index total scores; worse weight, role, emotion, and eating domain scores on the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised; more severe disease on nasal endoscopy; and lack of modulator therapy (all p < 0.050). Multivariable regression identified that worse SNOT-22 total score was associated with electing ESS (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.16, p = 0.015) and elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) treatment (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.004-0.34, p = 0.004) was associated with pursing medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Worse sinonasal symptom burden, lack of ETI treatment, sleep quality, depression, and nasal endoscopy scores were associated with electing ESS, while lung disease severity and sinus CT scores were not. ETI use was associated with lower odds of pursuing ESS independent of sinonasal symptom burden.

Determining the minimal clinically important difference for the questionnaire of olfactory disorders in people with cystic fibrosis and factors associated with improvement after highly effective modulator therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is common among people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) is a validated instrument that evaluates olfactory-specific quality-of-life. The QOD minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and factors associated with olfactory improvement after elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor have not been determined for PwCF. METHODS: Prospective observational data were pooled from three studies that enrolled adult PwCF with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). QOD scores and disease characteristics were assessed. To evaluate internal consistency and calculate the QOD MCID, Cronbach's alpha and four distribution-based methods were employed. For participants who enrolled prior to elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor, QOD scores were obtained at baseline and after elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor initiation. Multivariable regression was used to identify factors associated with QOD improvement. RESULTS: Of 129 PwCF included, 65 had QOD scores before and 3-6 months after starting elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor. Mean baseline QOD score was 6.5 ± 7.9. Mean Cronbach's alpha was ≥0.85. The MCID estimates were as follows: Cohen's effect size = 1.6, standard error of measurement = 2.5, ½ baseline standard deviation = 4.0, and minimal detectable change = 6.9. Mean MCID was 3.7. Of those with pre/post elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor QOD scores, the mean change in QOD was -1.3 ± 5.4. After elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor, QOD improvement surpassed the MCID in 22% of participants (14/65). Worse baseline QOD scores and nasal polyps were associated with improved QOD scores after elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (both p < 0.04). CONCLUSION: The QOD MCID in PwCF was estimated to be 3.7. Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor led to qualitative but not clinically meaningful improvements in QOD score for most PwCF; PwCF with worse baseline QOD scores and nasal polyps improved in a clinically significant manner.

Tranexamic acid does not significantly lower postoperative bleeding after endoscopic sinus and nasal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative epistaxis is a known possibility following endoscopic sinonasal surgery. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce intraoperative blood loss and improve the visual field. This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of TXA when given at end of surgery to reduce postoperative bleeding. METHODS: This randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial was conducted from April to November 2021. Patients scheduled to undergo endoscopic sinus or nasal surgery were randomized to receive an intravenous dose of 1 g TXA or saline intraoperatively prior to extubation. A 10-in. visual analog scale (VAS) was used to query patients regarding postoperative bleeding each day for 1 week. The medical record was examined to determine the need for additional evaluations or interventions for epistaxis. RESULTS: Forty patients completed the study. The mean ± SD postoperative bleeding VAS for the TXA group on the day of surgery was not significantly different from the saline group (4.82 ± 2.18 in. vs. 5.03 ± 2.14 in., p = 0.8). There were no significant differences between treatment arms on any postoperative day through day 7 (0.67 ± 1.84 in. vs. 0.87 ± 0.99 in., p = 0.7), nor in the reduction in VAS compared to the respective baseline on the day of surgery. There were no significant differences in terms of additional interventions (e.g., additional evaluation in recovery, ED, or clinic, need for packing, or return to the operating room [OR]). CONCLUSION: Although TXA has previously demonstrated efficacy to reduce intraoperative bleeding during sinonasal surgery, when postoperative bleeding is already minimal at baseline, TXA does not appear to reduce it significantly further.

Use of platelet-rich plasma for COVID-19-related olfactory loss: a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: The current study evaluated the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an autologous blood product with supraphysiologic concentrations of growth factors, in the treatment of prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related smell loss. METHODS: This multi-institutional, randomized controlled trial recruited patients with COVID-19 who had objectively measured smell loss (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT] ≤ 33) between 6 and 12 months. Patients were randomized to three intranasal injections of either PRP or sterile saline into their olfactory clefts. The primary outcome measure was change in Sniffin' Sticks score (threshold, discrimination, and identification [TDI]) from baseline. The secondary end point measures included responder rate (achievement of a clinically significant improvement, ≥5.5 points TDI), change in individual TDI olfaction scores, and change in subjective olfaction via a visual analog scale. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients were recruited and 26 completed the study. PRP treatment resulted in a 3.67-point (95% CI: 0.05-7.29, p = 0.047) greater improvement in olfaction compared with the placebo group at 3 months and a higher response rate (57.1% vs 8.3%, odds ratio 12.5 [95% exact bootstrap confidence interval, 2.2-116.7]). There was a greater improvement in smell discrimination following PRP treatment compared with placebo but no difference in smell identification or threshold. There was no difference in subjective scores between PRP and placebo. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION: Olfactory function following COVID-19 can improve spontaneously after 6 months and can improve to a greater extent with PRP injection. These data build on the promise of PRP to be a safe potential treatment option for patients with COVID-19-related smell loss, and larger-powered studies will help further assess its efficacy.

International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Olfaction.

BACKGROUND: The literature regarding clinical olfaction, olfactory loss, and olfactory dysfunction has expanded rapidly over the past two decades, with an exponential rise in the past year. There is substantial variability in the quality of this literature and a need to consolidate and critically review the evidence. It is with that aim that we have gathered experts from around the world to produce this International Consensus on Allergy and Rhinology: Olfaction (ICAR:O). METHODS: Using previously described methodology, specific topics were developed relating to olfaction. Each topic was assigned a literature review, evidence-based review, or evidence-based review with recommendations format as dictated by available evidence and scope within the ICAR:O document. Following iterative reviews of each topic, the ICAR:O document was integrated and reviewed by all authors for final consensus. RESULTS: The ICAR:O document reviews nearly 100 separate topics within the realm of olfaction, including diagnosis, epidemiology, disease burden, diagnosis, testing, etiology, treatment, and associated pathologies. CONCLUSION: This critical review of the existing clinical olfaction literature provides much needed insight and clarity into the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with olfactory dysfunction, while also clearly delineating gaps in our knowledge and evidence base that we should investigate further.

Randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial of effect of bevacizumab injection in management of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients undergoing surgical cauterization.

BACKGROUND: Given its role in the disease pathophysiology, inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated angiogenesis has received attention as a potential strategy to reduce epistaxis associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). In this study we evaluated the efficacy of a submucosal injection of bevacizumab, a VEGF inhibitor, in reducing the severity of epistaxis and improving quality of life when given at the time of operative electrocautery. METHODS: This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at a single institution from 2014 to 2019. Patients scheduled to undergo operative bipolar electrocautery of nasal telangiectasias were randomized to receive a submucosal injection of saline or bevacizumab at time of surgery. Surveys to assess epistaxis severity and quality of life (QOL), including the Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS) and the 12-item Short Form (SF-12), were administered preoperatively and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 months postoperatively. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the ESS instrument is reported to be 0.71. RESULTS: Of 39 patients enrolled, 37 (94.9%) completed the study. The saline group demonstrated a reduced ESS vs baseline at 1 (-1.2; p = 0.01) and 4 (-1.2; p = 0.05) months postprocedure. The bevacizumab group demonstrated a reduced ESS score vs baseline at 1 (-2.3; p < 0.001), 2 (-2.3; p < 0.001), 4 (-2.0; p = 0.003), and 6 (-1.3; p = 0.05) months postprocedure. The additive benefit of bevacizumab over saline exceeded the MCID at 1, 2, and 4 months, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The addition of a single treatment of submucosal bevacizumab may be associated with additional clinically meaningful benefit for up to 4 months when compared with electrocautery alone.

Utility of Point-of-Care COVID-19 Testing in an Outpatient Otolaryngology clinic.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of point-of-care COVID-19 testing for identifying infected patients in an otolaryngology practice. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of 947 patients tested with a point-of-care nucleic acid amplification test for SARS-CoV-2 (Abbott ID Now). SETTING: Tertiary otolaryngology clinic setting from July to November 2020. METHODS: Tests were characterized by provider-specified indication (symptomatic, preprocedural, and universal), subspecialty, provider type, and contemporaneous regional COVID-19 positivity rate, defined as 12%. Positive results were further classified as true or false positive (TP or FP) based on repeat polymerase chain reaction testing wherever available, and true positivity rates were compared among groups by multiway chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. FP rates within 48 hours of a TP result were also evaluated to assess for batch contamination. RESULTS: A total of 947 SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification tests were performed, yielding 9 TPs (0.95%) and 5 FPs (0.53%). TP rates were significantly different by testing indication, with higher rates among symptomatic patients (P = .012; vs universal, odds ratio = 7.86 [95% CI, 1.27-83.52]; vs preprocedural, odds ratio = 4.91 [95% CI, 0.79-52.17]); by subspecialty (P = .011), as driven by higher positivity rates in laryngology; and by encounter, with higher rates among advanced practice practitioners than physicians (P = .002; odds ratio = 9.97 [95% CI, 2.11-51.16]). TP rates were not significantly different during periods of uncontrolled local outbreak (P = .660). FP rates were not significantly higher within a 48-hour window of a TP (P = .192). CONCLUSION: Point-of-care COVID-19 nucleic acid amplification tests in an outpatient otolaryngology clinic identified a low TP rate (<1%) with most cases being clinically suspected. Laryngology and advanced practice practitioner encounters may have higher positivity rates.Level of evidence: 3.

Long-Term Outcomes of Inferior Meatus Augmentation Procedure to Treat Empty Nose Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: We sought to report the long-term, symptom-focused, prospective outcomes in empty nose syndrome (ENS) patients after undergoing inferior meatus augmentation procedure (IMAP) through use of four validated questionnaires: Empty Nose Syndrome 6-Item Questionnaire (ENS6Q), 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. METHODS: A single-center prospective case series was performed for patients diagnosed with ENS who underwent IMAP between July 2017 and February 2020. Diagnosis of ENS was based on the following criteria: 1) reported discomfort with nasal breathing and/or paradoxical nasal obstruction after inferior turbinate reduction, 2) a positive ENS6Q score of at least 11, and 3) a positive cotton test. Questionnaire responses were recorded prior to surgery as well as 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Seventeen eligible patients were included. Mean ENS6Q scores were significantly reduced at all postoperative time points (p < .0001, p < .0001, p < .0001, p = .0003). Of the six ENS6Q subdomains, five (suffocation, dryness, sense of diminished airflow, nasal crusting, and nasal burning) were significantly reduced 1-year postoperatively (p < .0001, p = .0004, p = .0136, p = .0114, p = .0080, respectively). SNOT-22 scores were significantly reduced at all time points (p = .0021, p = .0227, p = .0004, and p = .0025). Of the SNOT-22 subdomains, the sleep subdomain was significantly reduced 1-year postoperatively (p = .0432). Low baseline GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores were recorded at 7 and 9.4, respectively, and although scores at all postoperative time points were reduced, there was no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: IMAP via implant of cadaveric rib cartilage provides significant, long-term improvements in ENS-specific and general sinonasal symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2736-E2741, 2021.

Updates in techniques for improved visualization in sinus surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Adequate visualization during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is one of the most critical aspects of performing well tolerated and successful surgery. The topic of visualization encompasses a broad spectrum of preoperative and intraoperative manoeuvres the surgeon can perform that aid in the understanding of the patient's anatomy and in the delivery of efficient surgical care. RECENT FINDINGS: Preoperative considerations to improve visualization include optimization of haemostasis through management of comorbidities (e.g. hypertension, coagulopathies), medication management (e.g. blood thinners) and systemic versus topical corticosteroids. New technologies allow preoperative visual mapping of surgical plans. Advances in knowledge of intraoperative anaesthesia have encouraged a move toward noninhaled anaesthetics to reduce bleeding. High definition cameras, angled endoscopes, 3D endoscopes and more recently augmented reality, image-guided surgery, and robotic surgery, represent the state of the art for high-quality visualization. Topical interventions, such as epinephrine, tranexamic acid and warm isotonic saline, can help to reduce bleeding and improve the operative field. Surgical manoeuvres, such as polyp debulking, septoplasty, carefully controlled tissue manipulation and a consistent repeatable approach remain fundamental to appropriate intraoperative surgical visualization. SUMMARY: This chapter delineates medical, technical and technological means - preoperatively and intraoperatively - to achieve optimized visualization of the surgical field in ESS.

Factors Associated With Intubation and Prolonged Intubation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with intubation and time to extubation in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. SETTING: Ten hospitals in the Chicago metropolitan area. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted between March 1 and April 8, 2020, were included. We evaluated sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with intubation and prolonged intubation for acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 infection. RESULTS: Of the 486 hospitalized patients included in the study, the median age was 59 years (interquartile range, 47-69); 271 (55.8%) were male; and the median body mass index was 30.6 (interquartile range, 26.5-35.6). During the hospitalization, 138 (28.4%) patients were intubated; 78 (56.5%) were eventually extubated; 21 (15.2%) died; and 39 (28.3%) remained intubated at a mean ± SD follow-up of 19.6 ± 6.7 days. Intubated patients had a significantly higher median age (65 vs 57 years, P < .001) and rate of diabetes (56 [40.6%] vs 104 [29.9%], P = .031) as compared with nonintubated patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified age, sex, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, history of diabetes, and shortness of breath as factors predictive of intubation. Age and body mass index were the only factors independently associated with time to extubation. CONCLUSION: In addition to clinical signs of respiratory distress, patients with COVID-19 who are older, male, or diabetic are at higher risk of requiring intubation. Among intubated patients, older and more obese patients are at higher risk for prolonged intubation. Otolaryngologists consulted for airway management should consider these factors in their decision making.

Long-term symptom control following resection of cervical lymphatic malformations: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Previous literature has reported on the incidence of short-term complications following resection of cervical lymphatic malformations (LMs) in children, however no research has yet investigated the long-term symptomatic course in these patients. This study aims to provide families and providers with an understanding of expectations for long-term symptom control, specifically in association with subsequent upper respiratory infections (URIs). METHODS: A retrospective chart review produced a case series of patients who underwent resection of cervical LM at a pediatric tertiary care center between 2007 and 2016. Demographic data, disease characteristics, operative details, and postoperative care were evaluated. Telephone surveys were conducted to ascertain the course of postoperative symptoms at the surgical site. RESULTS: Forty-three patients responded to the telephone survey. Thirty-seven (86.0%) had at least one postoperative surgical site symptom during subsequent URIs, with 28 (65.1%) reporting redness, 34 (79.1%) reporting swelling, and 18 (41.9%) reporting pain. Patients who experienced any of these symptoms universally indicated that they developed soon after the surgical resection, and over half reported that they improved over time. Postoperative seroma was associated with swelling during subsequent URIs (p = 0.04). Patients age 7 or were greater were more likely than those under 7 to report pain with URIs (p = 0.006). All 8 patients with drain placement for at least 2 days reported swelling during subsequent URIs. The incidence of the queried symptoms did not vary significantly based on sex, stage, histology, surgical subsite, or presence of residual disease. CONCLUSION: While preoperative symptoms associated with cervical LMs are also frequently encountered postoperatively, particularly in some patient subgroups, improvement over time should be expected. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Utilization of a novel interactive mobile health platform to evaluate functional outcomes and pain following septoplasty and functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND: Whether for research or quality improvement, assessment of postoperative quality of life outcomes faces a challenge in reliable data collection. Typical coordinator-led studies cite response rates from 35% to 70%. This study evaluates the utility of a digital patient engagement platform to track patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following septoplasty and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: A prospective cohort was recruited at a tertiary care center from January 2017 to March 2018. A mobile phone application relayed PROMs, including pain (assessed on a 0 to 10 visual analogue scale [VAS] every other day for 2 weeks, as well as the patient-reported outcome measure information system [PROMIS] pain interference short form 4a at baseline, 2 weeks, and 3 months) and timing of return to work. RESULTS: Of 288 patients enrolled, 249 (86.5%) provided clinical data, including 208 who underwent septoplasty or FESS. Granular VAS scores, submitted by 195 patients, demonstrated 80% of these patients achieved minimal pain by postoperative day 8. A nonsignificant trend of increased days to pain relief by procedure emerged: septoplasty (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 3.60 ± 2.44), FESS (3.96 ± 3.25), FESS with septoplasty (4.40 ± 3.04), and FESS with drilling (4.86 ± 3.68). Across procedures, PROMIS pain interference increased at 2 weeks (9.17 ± 4.15) and decreased at 3 months (5.32 ± 2.61) compared with baseline (7.09 ± 4.63), with greater improvement noted in the FESS subgroup at 3 months. Patients returned to work at mean 7.1 days regardless of procedure. CONCLUSIONS: With its high response rate, mobile digital patient engagement platforms may effectively track postoperative outcomes with the potential for reduced sample bias.

Thirty-day perioperative outcomes in resection of cervical lymphatic malformations.

INTRODUCTION: Limited information exists regarding short-term morbidity in the resection of lymphatic malformations. In order to make informed collaborative medical decisions, clinicians and families would benefit from information on 30-day outcomes and the expected course associated with surgical excision of lymphatic malformations. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted to develop a case series of patients who underwent resection of lymphatic malformation at a pediatric tertiary care center between June 1, 2007 and September 30, 2016. Demographic data, disease characteristics, operative details, post-operative care, and adverse events in the 30-day post-operative period were analyzed. Primary outcomes included facial nerve dysfunction, seroma formation, re-admission, and overall rate of any complications. Secondary outcomes included operative time, duration of stay, and duration of drain placement. RESULTS: Forty-nine excisions were performed in 46 patients (21 male, 25 female). Median age was 5 years. All but 7 cases were performed as the initial primary intervention. Median operative time was 96 min (range 22-224). Higher stage lesions (3-5) were associated with a longer operative time (p = .03). Median length of stay was 2 days (range 0-35). Higher stage lesions were associated with an increased length of stay (p = .0004). Median duration of drain placement was 2 days (range 0-14), and was longer in higher stage lesions (p = .0002). Higher stage lesions (p = .002) and cases ultimately found to have residual disease (p = .019) were associated with an increased overall rate of complications; there was no association between cyst type and rate of complications. Seroma formation (31%) and transient facial nerve weakness (26%) were the two most common complications observed. There was no association between stage or cyst type and likelihood of seroma formation. Seromas resolved after a median duration of 3 months and transient facial nerve weakness resolved after a median duration of 2 months. 3 patients required return to the OR and 1 patient was readmitted. CONCLUSION: The overall rate of adverse events after surgical excision of cervical lymphatic malformations is relatively low. Increased rates of complications can be expected with higher stage. Similarly, for these higher stage lesions, a longer operative time, hospital stay, and duration of drain placement can be expected.

Imaging in pleural mesothelioma: A review of the 12th International Conference of the International Mesothelioma Interest Group.

Imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma is essential to patient management, prognostication, and response assessment. From animal models to clinical trials, the gamut of research activities and clinical standards relies on imaging to provide information on lesion morphology and the growing number of physiologic characteristics amenable to capture through imaging techniques. The complex morphology, growth pattern, and biological mechanisms of mesothelioma, however, present challenges for image acquisition and interpretation. Nevertheless, novel approaches to image acquisition and subsequent image analysis have expanded the opportunities for (as well as the need for) imaging in this disease. This paper summarizes the imaging-based research presented orally at the 2014 International Conference of the International Mesothelioma Interest Group (iMig) in Cape Town, South Africa, October 2014. Presented topics include the imaging of hypoxia in a murine model through positron emission tomography (PET), the use of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the histologic composition of biphasic mesothelioma and to assess early response to chemotherapy, the correlation of CT-based tumor volume with the volume of the post-surgical tumor specimen, the development of volumetric tumor response criteria, and pre-treatment tumor volume growth considerations for tumor response assessment.

Radiologic-pathologic correlation of mesothelioma tumor volume.

OBJECTIVES: Tumor volume promises to become a more important factor in patient management. Mesothelioma, with its unique morphology and complex growth pattern, presents a challenging target for tumor volumetrics derived from computed tomography (CT) scans. This study evaluated the validity of image-based mesothelioma tumor volume against the physical volume of the tumor bulk captured by the images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight patients underwent CT scanning prior to pleurectomy/decortication with an intent to achieve a macroscopic complete resection. A radiologist manually outlined the tumor border in all CT sections in which tumor appeared in the pre-surgery scan. CT-based tumor volume was computed as the number of image pixels enclosed by all tumor outlines across all sections in the scan multiplied by the physical dimensions of the voxel of tissue captured by each image pixel. The gross tumor specimen volume was measured ex vivo through a water-displacement technique. Correlation between CT volume and pathology volume was calculated. RESULTS: A correlation coefficient r-squared value of 0.66 was found between CT-based tumor volume and gross tumor specimen volume. Differences between the mean volume (either CT volume or pathology volume) across tumors of different T stages did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Despite a modest correlation between CT-based tumor volume and gross tumor specimen volume, image-based volumetry for mesothelioma is not straightforward-perhaps, in part, due to the challenges of distinguishing tumor borders from adjacent structures and perhaps, in part, due to a complex pathologic reference standard.