Identification of high sugar diet-induced dysregulated metabolic pathways in muscle using tissue-specific metabolic models in Drosophila.

Individual tissues perform highly specialized metabolic functions to maintain whole-body homeostasis. Although Drosophila serves as a powerful model for studying human metabolic diseases, a lack of tissue-specific metabolic models makes it challenging to quantitatively assess the metabolic processes of individual tissues and disease models in this organism. To address this issue, we reconstructed 32 tissue-specific genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) using pseudo-bulk single cell transcriptomics data, revealing distinct metabolic network structures across tissues. Leveraging enzyme kinetics and flux analyses, we predicted tissue-dependent metabolic pathway activities, recapitulating known tissue functions and identifying tissue-specific metabolic signatures, as supported by metabolite profiling. Moreover, to demonstrate the utility of tissue-specific GEMs in a disease context, we examined the effect of a high sugar diet (HSD) on muscle metabolism. Together with 13C-glucose isotopic tracer studies, we identified glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a rate-limiting enzyme in response to HSD. Mechanistically, the decreased GAPDH activity was linked to elevated NADH/NAD+ ratio, caused by disturbed NAD+ regeneration rates, and oxidation of GAPDH. Furthermore, we introduced a pathway flux index to predict and validate additionally perturbed pathways, including fructose and butanoate metabolism. Altogether, our results represent a significant advance in generating quantitative tissue-specific GEMs and flux analyses in Drosophila, highlighting their use for identifying dysregulated metabolic pathways and their regulation in a human disease model.

Clinical implications of pleural effusion following left ventricular assist device implantation.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the association between pleural effusion (PE) and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are limited. This study aimed to examine the characteristics and the clinical impact of PE following LVAD implantation. METHODS: This study is a prospective analysis of patients who underwent LVAD implantation from June 2015 to December 2022. We investigated the prognostic impact of therapeutic drainage (TD) on clinical outcomes. We also compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes between early and late PE and examined the factors related to the development of late PE. RESULTS: A total of 71 patients was analyzed. The TD group (n=45) had a longer ward stay (days; median [interquartile range]: 31.0 [23.0-46.0] vs. 21.0 [16.0-34.0], P=0.006) and total hospital stay (47.0 [36.0-82.0] vs. 31.0 [22.0-48.0], P=0.002) compared to the no TD group (n=26). Early PE was mostly exudate, left-sided, and neutrophil-dominant even though predominance of lymphocytes was the most common finding in late PE. Patients with late PE had a higher rate of reintubation within 14 days (31.8% vs. 4.1%, P=0.004) and longer hospital stays than those without late PE (67.0 [43.0-104.0] vs. 36.0 [28.0-48.0], P<0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that female sex, low body mass index, cardiac resynchronization therapy, and hypoalbuminemia were associated with late PE. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to patients not undergoing TD, those undergoing TD had a longer hospital stay but not a higher 90-day mortality. Patients with late PE had poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, the correction of risk factors, like hypoalbuminemia, may be required.

Smartphone application-based rehabilitation in patients with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Rehabilitation improves symptoms, quality of life, and survival in patients with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease. We evaluated smartphone application-based rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. This was a single-center prospective single arm study. Participants underwent smartphone application-based pulmonary or cardiac rehabilitation for 12 weeks. A total of 93 participants were recruited, and 75 visited after rehabilitation. Their median age was 67.0 (interquartile range, 60.0-70.8) years, and 60 (80.0%) were men. For patients with chronic respiratory disease (n = 41), VO2peak (median 13.7 to 15.4 ml/kg/min, P = 0.049), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (median 14 to 6, P < 0.001), Euro-QoL 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) index (median 0.795 to 0.862, P = 0.001), and Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items (HINT-8) index (median 0.784 to 0.855, P < 0.001) were significantly improved. For patients with chronic cardiovascular disease (n = 34), VO2peak (median 21.8 to 23.3, P = 0.007), EQ-5D-5L index (median 0.871 to 1.000, P = 0.037), and HINT-8 index (median 0.890 to 0.903, P < 0.001) were significantly improved. The smartphone application-based rehabilitation program improved exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease.Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05383950 (20/05/2022).

B-lines by lung ultrasound as a predictor of re-intubation in mechanically ventilated patients with heart failure.

Introduction: There have been few studies on predictors of weaning failure from MV in patients with heart failure (HF). We sought to investigate the predictive value of B-lines measured by lung ultrasound (LUS) on the risk of weaning failure from mechanical ventilation (MV) and in-hospital outcomes. Methods: This was a single-center, prospective observational study that included HF patients who were on invasive MV. LUS was performed immediate before ventilator weaning. A positive LUS exam was defined as the observation of two or more regions that had three or more count of B-lines located bilaterally on the thorax. The primary outcome was early MV weaning failure, defined as re-intubation within 72 h. Results: A total of 146 consecutive patients (mean age 70 years; 65.8% male) were enrolled. The total count of B-lines was a median of 10 and correlated with NT-pro-BNP level (r2 = 0.132, p < 0.001). Early weaning failure was significantly higher in the positive LUS group (9 out of 64, 14.1%) than the negative LUS group (2 out of 82, 2.4%) (p = 0.011). The rate of total re-intubation during the hospital stay (p = 0.004), duration of intensive care unit stay (p = 0.004), and hospital stay (p = 0.010) were greater in the positive LUS group. The negative predictive value (NPV) of positive LUS was 97.6% for the primary outcome. Conclusion: B-lines measured by LUS can predict the risk of weaning failure. Considering the high NPV of positive LUS, it may help guide the decision of weaning in patients on invasive MV due to acute decompensated HF.

Selective C-H Halogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes Using Flavin-Dependent Halogenases.

Single component flavin-dependent halogenases (FDHs) possess both flavin reductase and FDH activity in a single enzyme. We recently reported that the single component FDH AetF catalyzes site-selective bromination and iodination of a variety of aromatic substrates and enantioselective bromolactonization and iodoetherification of styrenes bearing pendant carboxylic acid or alcohol substituents. Given this inherent reactivity and selectivity, we explored the utility of AetF as catalyst for alkene and alkyne C-H halogenation. We find that AetF catalyzes halogenation of a range of 1,1-disubstituted styrenes, often with high stereoselectivity. Despite the utility of haloalkenes for cross-coupling and other applications, accessing these compounds in a stereoselective manner typically requires functional group interconversion processes, and selective halogenation of 1,1'-disubstituted olefins remains rare. We also establish that AetF and homologues of this enzyme can halogenate terminal alkynes. Mutagenesis studies and deuterium kinetic isotope effects are used to support a mechanistic proposal involving covalent catalysis for halogenation of unactivated alkynes by AetF homologues. These findings expand the scope of FDH catalysis and continue to show the unique utility of single component FDHs for biocatalysis.

Deep molecular learning of transcriptional control of a synthetic CRE enhancer and its variants.

Massively parallel reporter assay measures transcriptional activities of various cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) in a single experiment. We developed a thermodynamic computational model framework that calculates quantitative levels of gene expression directly from regulatory DNA sequences. Using the framework, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of cis-regulatory mutations of a synthetic enhancer that cause abnormal gene expression. We found that, in a human cell line, competitive binding between family transcription factors (TFs) with slightly different binding preferences significantly increases the accuracy of recapitulating the transcriptional effects of thousands of single- or multi-mutations. We also discovered that even if various harmful mutations occurred in an activator binding site, CRM could stably maintain or even increase gene expression through a certain form of competitive binding between family TFs. These findings enhance understanding the effect of SNPs and indels on CRMs and would help building robust custom-designed CRMs for biologics production and gene therapy.

A pharmacokinetic study on red ginseng with furosemide in equine.

Red ginseng (RG) is a popular ingredient in traditional Korean medicine that has various health benefits. It is commonly taken orally as a dietary supplement; however, its potential interactions with concomitantly administered drugs are unclear. In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetic interaction between furosemide and RG in equine plasma. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to evaluate ginsenosides in the plasma of horses after feeding them RG and furosemide and validate the results. A single bolus of furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to female horses that had consumed RG (600 mg/kg/day) every morning for 3 weeks (experimental group), and blood samples were collected from 0 to 24 h, analyzed, and compared with those from female horses that did not consume RG (control group). Four (20s)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) were detected in the plasma. Rb1 and Rc individually showed a high concentration distribution in the plasma. The Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of furosemide was significantly increased in the experimental group (p < 0.05), while the CL, Vz, and Vss was decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These changes indicate the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between furosemide and RG.

Machine learning models to predict the warfarin discharge dosage using clinical information of inpatients from South Korea.

As warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window and obvious response variability among individuals, it is difficult to rapidly determine personalized warfarin dosage. Adverse drug events(ADE) resulting from warfarin overdose can be critical, so that typically physicians adjust the warfarin dosage through the INR monitoring twice a week when starting warfarin. Our study aimed to develop machine learning (ML) models that predicts the discharge dosage of warfarin as the initial warfarin dosage using clinical data derived from electronic medical records within 2 days of hospitalization. During this retrospective study, adult patients who were prescribed warfarin at Asan Medical Center (AMC) between January 1, 2018, and October 31, 2020, were recruited as a model development cohort (n = 3168). Additionally, we created an external validation dataset (n = 891) from a Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III). Variables for a model prediction were selected based on the clinical rationale that turned out to be associated with warfarin dosage, such as bleeding. The discharge dosage of warfarin was used the study outcome, because we assumed that patients achieved target INR at discharge. In this study, four ML models that predicted the warfarin discharge dosage were developed. We evaluated the model performance using the mean absolute error (MAE) and prediction accuracy. Finally, we compared the accuracy of the predictions of our models and the predictions of physicians for 40 data point to verify a clinical relevance of the models. The MAEs obtained using the internal validation set were as follows: XGBoost, 0.9; artificial neural network, 0.9; random forest, 1.0; linear regression, 1.0; and physicians, 1.3. As a result, our models had better prediction accuracy than the physicians, who have difficulty determining the warfarin discharge dosage using clinical information obtained within 2 days of hospitalization. We not only conducted the internal validation but also external validation. In conclusion, our ML model could help physicians predict the warfarin discharge dosage as the initial warfarin dosage from Korean population. However, conducting a successfully external validation in a further work is required for the application of the models.

Finding information about uncharacterized Drosophila melanogaster genes.

Genes that have been identified in the genome but remain uncharacterized with regards to function offer an opportunity to uncover novel biological information. Novelty is exciting but can also be a barrier. If nothing is known, how does one start planning and executing experiments? Here, we provide a recommended information-mining workflow and a corresponding guide to accessing information about uncharacterized Drosophila melanogaster genes, such as those assigned only a systematic coding gene identifier. The available information can provide insights into where and when the gene is expressed, what the function of the gene might be, whether there are similar genes in other species, whether there are known relationships to other genes, and whether any other features have already been determined. In addition, available information about relevant reagents can inspire and facilitate experimental studies. Altogether, mining available information can help prioritize genes for further study, as well as provide starting points for experimental assays and other analyses.

Smartphone application-based rehabilitation in patients with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases: a randomised controlled trial study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Rehabilitation is well known to improve clinical symptoms and decrease the risk of mortality in patients with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. We will evaluate the efficacy of smartphone application-based rehabilitation programmes in patients with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This single-centre single-blind randomised controlled trial will recruit a total of 162 participants from Asan Medical Center (81 patients each for pulmonary and cardiac rehabilitation, respectively). Participants will be assigned to the pulmonary or cardiac rehabilitation groups based on their underlying disease. Participants will be allocated randomly into the intervention or control groups at the ratio of 2:1 (54 and 27 patients). The intervention group will be provided with a smartphone application and undergo smartphone application-based rehabilitation for 12 weeks. The control group will receive the usual outpatient medical treatment without rehabilitation. Participants will be evaluated at baseline and at the end of the rehabilitation. The primary outcomes will be exercise capacity, such as maximal oxygen consumption on cardiopulmonary exercise test for both groups, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test for the pulmonary rehabilitation group, and Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items questionnaires for the cardiac rehabilitation group. The secondary outcomes will include quality of life questionnaires, symptom scores, pulmonary function test and limb muscle test. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Asan Medical Center. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to inclusion. The findings from this study will be disseminated through peer-reviewed scientific journals and conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05610358.

Age- and Sex-Specific Disparities in Outcomes After Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in East Asian Patients.

It is unknown whether there are age- and gender-related differences in the safety and efficacy of potent P2Y12 inhibitors in East Asian populations with a different bleeding or ischemic propensity. Using data from the TICAKOREA (Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Asian/Korean Patients with ACS Intended for Invasive Management) trial comparing ticagrelor versus clopidogrel for 800 Korean patients with acute coronary syndrome, the safety and efficacy outcomes were compared according to age (<75 vs ≥75 years) and gender (men vs women). The primary bleeding end point was clinically significant bleeding, and the primary ischemic end point was a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) at 12 months. The incidences of clinically significant bleeding were significantly higher after ticagrelor than after clopidogrel in patients aged <75 years (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40 to 4.67) but not in patients aged ≥75 years (adjusted HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.40 to 3.38). The incidences of MACEs were significantly higher after ticagrelor than after clopidogrel in patients aged ≥75 years (adjusted HR 6.14, 95% CI 1.40 to 26.90) but not in patients aged <75 years (adjusted HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.73). The incidences of clinically significant bleeding were significantly higher after ticagrelor than after clopidogrel in men (adjusted HR 2.69, 95% CI 1.38 to 5.24) but not in women (adjusted HR 1.49, 95% CI 0.64 to 3.46). The adjusted risks of MACEs after ticagrelor or clopidogrel were not significantly different between men and women. In conclusion, there were substantial age- and gender-related differences in bleeding and ischemic outcomes after ticagrelor or clopidogrel in Korean patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov Unique identifier: NCT02094963.

Comparison of Veno-arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Configurations for Patients Listed for Heart Transplantation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a bridge to eventual heart transplantation (HT) is increasingly used worldwide. However, the effect of different VA-ECMO types on HT outcomes remains unclear. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study of 111 patients receiving VA-ECMO and awaiting HT. We assessed 3 ECMO configuration groups: peripheral (n=76), central (n=12), and peripheral to central ECMO conversion (n=23). Cox proportional hazards regression and landmark analysis were conducted to analyze the effect of the ECMO configuration on HT and in-hospital mortality rates. We also evaluated adverse events during ECMO support. RESULTS: HT was performed in the peripheral (n=48, 63.2%), central (n=10, 83.3%), and conversion (n=11, 47.8%) ECMO groups (p=0.133) with a median interval of 10.5, 16, and 30 days, respectively (p<0.001). The cumulative incidence of HT was significantly lower in the conversion group (hazard ratio, 0.292, 95% confidence interval, 0.145-0.586, p=0.001). However, there was no difference in in-hospital mortality (log-rank p=0.433). In the landmark analysis, in-hospital mortality did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Although we did note a trend toward lower HT in the conversion group, the difference was not statistically significant. Surgical site bleeding occurred mainly in the central, while limb ischemia occurred mainly in the peripheral groups. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that if patients are being stably supported with their initial ECMO configuration, whether it is central or peripheral, it should be maintained, and ECMO conversion should only be cautiously performed when necessary.

Association of citrullination with the progression of aortic stenosis.

Despite its clinical importance, biomarkers of disease activity in aortic stenosis (AS) are lacking. We investigated the association between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies and AS. All 678 patients who underwent echocardiography and anti-CCP antibody testing were analysed. Anti-CCP antibody status was categorized as negative, low-positive, and high-positive. In addition, aortic valve (AV) tissues were obtained from the patients with and without AS to analyze the presence of citrullinated proteins. At baseline, 241 (35.5%) subjects with AV degeneration had a higher rate of anti-CCP antibody positivity (42.7% versus 34.6%, p = 0.035) than those without AV degeneration. Out of the 331 (48.8%) subjects who underwent echocardiographic follow-up, progression of AS was observed in 34 (10.3%) patients, with a higher incidence in the high-positive group compared to the low-positive or negative group (19.0% vs. 11.3% vs. 8.4%, respectively; p = 0.041). On multivariable analysis, high anti-CCP antibody positivity was independently associated with progression to AS (odds ratio: 2.312; 95% confidence interval: 1.006-5.310; p = 0.048). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting revealed increased citrullination in diseased AV compared to normal AV tissue. This study demonstrated that a high positive anti-CCP antibody result is associated with AV degeneration and may be an independent factor for AS progression.

Effectiveness of pulmonary artery catheter monitoring for patients with cardiogenic shock of various causes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Cardiogenic shock is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Invasive hemodynamic monitoring with pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC) can be useful in the assessment of changes in cardiac function and hemodynamic status; however, the benefits of PAC in the management of cardiogenic shock are not known well. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials, comparing in-hospital mortality between PAC and non-PAC groups of cardiogenic shock patients with various underlying causes. Articles were obtained from MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL. We reviewed titles, abstracts, and full articles and evaluated the quality of evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) framework. We used a random-effects model to compare studies in terms of in-hospital mortality findings. Results: We included twelve articles in our meta-analysis. Mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock was not significantly different between the PAC and the non-PAC groups [risk ratio (RR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73-1.02, I2=100%, P<0.01]. Two studies investigating cardiogenic shock caused by acute decompensated heart failure determined lower in-hospital mortality in the PAC group than in the non-PAC group (RR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28-0.87, I2=45%, P=0.18). Six studies investigating cardiogenic shock of any cause determined lower in-hospital mortality in the PAC group than in the non-PAC group (RR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.97, I2=99%, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the PAC and non-PAC groups of patients with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute coronary syndrome (RR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.81-1.25, I2=99%, P<0.01). Conclusions: Overall, our meta-analysis demonstrated no significant association between PAC monitoring and in-hospital mortality among patients managed for cardiogenic shock. The use of PAC in the management of cardiogenic shock caused by acute decompensated heart failure was associated with lower in-hospital mortality, but there was no association between PAC monitoring and in-hospital mortality among patients with cardiogenic shock caused by acute coronary syndrome.

Combination of Lactobacillus plantarum HAC03 and Garcinia cambogia Has a Significant Anti-Obesity Effect in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice.

Obesity is a major global health problem which is associated with various diseases and psychological conditions. Increasing understanding of the relationship between obesity and gut microbiota has led to a worldwide effort to use microbiota as a treatment for obesity. However, several clinical trials have shown that obesity treatment with single strains of probiotics did not achieve as significant results as in animal studies. To overcome this limitation, we attempted to find a new combination that goes beyond the effects of probiotics alone by combining probiotics and a natural substance that has a stronger anti-obesity effect. In this study, we used a diet-induced obesity mouse (DIO) model to investigate the effects of combining Lactobacillus plantarum HAC03 with Garcinia cambogia extract, as compared to the effects of each substance alone. Combining L. plantarum HAC03 and G. cambogia, treatment showed a more than two-fold reduction in weight gain compared to each substance administered alone. Even though the total amount administered was kept the same as for other single experiments, the combination treatment significantly reduced biochemical markers of obesity and adipocyte size, in comparison to the treatment with either substance alone. The treatment with a combination of two substances also significantly decreased the gene expression of fatty acid synthesis (FAS, ACC, PPARγ and SREBP1c) in mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT). Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the fecal microbiota suggested that the combination of L. plantarum HAC03 and G. cambogia extract treatment changed the diversity of gut microbiota and altered specific bacterial taxa at the genus level (the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and Lachnospiraceae UCG group) and specific functions (NAD salvage pathway I and starch degradation V). Our results support that the idea that the combination of L. plantarum HAC03 and G. cambogia extract has a synergistic anti-obesity effect by restoring the composition of the gut microbiota. This combination also increases the abundance of bacteria responsible for energy metabolism, as well as the production of SCFAs and BCAAs. Furthermore, no significant adverse effects were observed during the experiment.

Prognosis of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Mixed, Cardiogenic and Septic Shock.

Mixed cardiogenic-septic shock (MS), defined as the combination of cardiogenic (CS) and septic (SS) shock, is often encountered in cardiac intensive care units. Herein, the authors compared the impact of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in MS, CS, and SS. Of 1,023 patients who received VA-ECMO from January 2012 to February 2020 at a single center, 211 with pulmonary embolism, hypovolemic shock, aortic dissection, and unknown causes of shock were excluded. The remaining 812 patients were grouped based on the cause of shock at VA-ECMO application: i) MS (n = 246, 30.3%), ii) CS (n = 466, 57.4%), iii) SS (n = 100, 12.3%). The MS group was younger and had lower left ventricular ejection fraction than the CS or SS group did. The 30 day and 1 year mortalities were the highest in SS (30 day mortality: 50.4% vs. 43.3% vs. 69.0%, p < 0.001 for MS versus CS versus SS, respectively; 1 year mortality: 67.5% vs. 53.2% vs. 81.0%, p < 0.001 for MS versus CS versus SS, respectively). Posthoc analysis showed that the 30 day mortality of MS was not different from CS, while the 1 year mortality of MS was worse than CS but better than SS. Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation application for MS may help improve survival and should therefore be considered if indicated.

Impact of Complete or Incomplete Revascularization for Left Main Coronary Disease: The Extended PRECOMBAT Study.

Background: Whether complete revascularization (CR) or incomplete revascularization (IR) may affect long-term outcomes after PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease is unclear. Objectives: The authors sought to assess the impact of CR or IR on 10-year outcomes after PCI or CABG for LMCA disease. Methods: In the PRECOMBAT (Premier of Randomized Comparison of Bypass Surgery versus Angioplasty Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease) 10-year extended study, the authors evaluated the effect of PCI and CABG on long-term outcomes according to completeness of revascularization. The primary outcome was the incidence of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (composite of mortality from any cause, myocardial infarction, stroke, or ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization). Results: Among 600 randomized patients (PCI, n = 300 and CABG, n = 300), 416 patients (69.3%) had CR and 184 (30.7%) had IR; 68.3% of PCI patients and 70.3% of CABG patients underwent CR, respectively. The 10-year MACCE rates were not significantly different between PCI and CABG among patients with CR (27.8% vs 25.1%, respectively; adjusted HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.81-1.73) and among those with IR (31.6% vs 21.3%, respectively; adjusted HR: 1.64; 95% CI: 0.92-2.92) (P for interaction = 0.35). There was also no significant interaction between the status of CR and the relative effect of PCI and CABG on all-cause mortality, serious composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, and repeat revascularization. Conclusions: In this 10-year follow-up of PRECOMBAT, the authors found no significant difference between PCI and CABG in the rates of MACCE and all-cause mortality according to CR or IR status. (Ten-Year Outcomes of PRE-COMBAT Trial [PRECOMBAT], NCT03871127; PREmier of Randomized COMparison of Bypass Surgery Versus AngioplasTy Using Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in Patients With Left Main Coronary Artery Disease [PRECOMBAT], NCT00422968).

NanoTag Nanobody Tools for Drosophila In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Nanobodies have emerged as powerful protein-binding tools to uncover protein functions. Using functionalized protein binders, proteins of interest can be visualized, degraded, delocalized, or post-translationally modified in vivo. We recently reported the use of two short peptide tags, 10-aa 127D01 and 14-aa VHH05, and their corresponding nanobodies, Nb127D01 and NbVHH05, for both in vitro and in vivo studies in Drosophila. Here, we provide detailed protocols for nanobody production and for visualization of proteins of interest in either fixed or live samples. In addition, we include protocols for endogenous protein tagging using CRISPR-mediated genome engineering. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Nanobody production in S2 cells Basic Protocol 2: Nanobody expression and purification in bacterial cells Basic Protocol 3: Immunostaining with nanobodies Basic Protocol 4: Immunoblotting with nanobodies Basic Protocol 5: Immunoprecipitation with nanobodies prepared from S2 cells Basic Protocol 6: Immunoprecipitation with nanobodies prepared from bacteria Basic Protocol 7: NbVHH05 and Nb127D01 used as chromobodies Basic Protocol 8: NanoTag trap as a method to alter protein localization Support Protocol: CRISPR-mediated tagging of endogenous genes with NanoTags.

Molecular surveillance of equine parvovirus-hepatitis from oral, nasal, vaginal, and semen specimens collected from horses living in Korea.

Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) is one of the etiological agents of Theiler's disease, causing fulminant hepatitis; however, its transmission route and pathogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, we aimed to determine EqPV-H shedding in oral/nasal/vaginal swabs or semen samples from horses living in Korea using nested polymerase chain reaction. We then used the data obtained to investigate various risk factors associated with EqPV-H including viral shedding, hepatopathological changes, and genetic diversity. Our data revealed occurrence of EqPV-H shedding in these animals (oral: 3/102 [2.9%]; nasal: 3/102 [2.9%]; semen: 1/9 [11.1%]) and identified that both age and country of foaling were significantly associated with EqPV-H shedding (p < .05). In addition, we noted that one of the newly isolated strains clustered separately from the other strains in the phylogenetic tree, revealing unique nucleotide and amino acid substitutions. This is a field surveillance study providing evidence of natural and venereal shedding of EqPV-H and describing its presence in both oral/nasal fluids and semen. This epidemiological and clinical analysis may help specify the clinicopathological features of EqPV-H and facilitate the development of novel disease prevention strategies.