Molecular diversity of green-colored microbial mats from hot springs of northern Japan.

We acquired and analyzed metagenome and 16S/18S rRNA gene amplicon data of green-colored microbial mats from two hot springs within the Onikobe geothermal region (Miyagi Prefecture, Japan). The two collection sites-Tamago and Warabi-were in proximity and had the same temperature (40 °C), but the Tamago site was connected to a nearby stream, whereas the Warabi site was isolated. Both the amplicon and metagenome data suggest the bacterial, especially cyanobacterial, dominance of the mats; other abundant groups include Chloroflexota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota/Chlorobiota, and Deinococcota. At finer resolution, however, the taxonomic composition entirely differed between the mats. A total of 5 and 21 abundant bacterial 16S rRNA gene OTUs were identified for Tamago and Warabi, respectively; of these, 12 are putative chlorophyll- or rhodopsin-based phototrophs. The presence of phylogenetically diverse microbial eukaryotes was noted, with ciliates and amoebozoans being the most abundant eukaryote groups for Tamago and Warabi, respectively. Fifteen metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were obtained, represented by 13 bacteria, one ciliate (mitochondrion), and one giant virus. A total of 15 novel taxa, including a new deeply branching Chlorobiota species, is noted from the amplicon and MAG data, highlighting the importance of environmental sequencing in uncovering hidden microorganisms.

Transcriptomics reveal a unique phago-mixotrophic response to low nutrient concentrations in the prasinophyte Pterosperma cristatum.

Constitutive mixoplankton-plastid-bearing microbial eukaryotes capable of both phototrophy and phagotrophy-are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems and facilitate carbon transfer to higher trophic levels within aquatic food webs, which supports enhanced sinking carbon flux. However, the regulation of the relative contribution of photosynthesis and prey consumption remains poorly characterized. We investigated the transcriptional dynamics behind this phenotypic plasticity in the prasinophyte green alga Pterosperma cristatum. Based on what is known of other mixoplankton species that cannot grow without photosynthesis (obligate phototrophs), we hypothesized that P. cristatum uses phagotrophy to circumvent the restrictions imposed on photosynthesis by nutrient depletion, to obtain nutrients from ingested prey, and to maintain photosynthetic carbon fixation. We observed an increase in feeding as a response to nutrient depletion, coinciding with an upregulation of expression for genes involved in essential steps of phagocytosis including prey recognition, adhesion and engulfment, transport and maturation of food vacuoles, and digestion. Unexpectedly, genes involved in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, pigment biosynthesis, and carbon fixation were downregulated as feeding increased, implying an abatement of photosynthesis. Contrary to our original hypothesis, our results therefore suggest that depletion of inorganic nutrients triggered an alteration of trophic behavior from photosynthesis to phagotrophy in P. cristatum. While this behavior distinguishes P. cristatum from other groups of constitutive mixoplankton, its physiological response aligns with recent discoveries from natural microbial communities. These findings indicate that mixoplankton communities in nutrient-limited oceans can regulate photosynthesis against bacterivory based on nutrient availability.

Comparison of decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts in Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine'.

Studies with secretory cavity contents and air-dried inflorescence extracts of the CBD-rich hemp strain, Cannabis sativa cv. 'Cherry Wine', were conducted to compare the decarboxylation rates of acidic cannabinoids between two groups. The secretory cavity contents acquired from the capitate-stalked glandular trichomes by glass microcapillaries, and inflorescence samples air-dried for 15 days of storage in darkness at room temperature were analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The ratio of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was ranging from 0.5% to 2.4% lower in the air-dried inflorescence samples compared to the secretory cavity samples as follows. In the secretory cavity content, the percentage of acidic cannabinoids to the total cannabinoids was measured as 86.4% cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), 6.5% tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), 4.3% cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), 1.4% cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and 0.6% cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), respectively. In the air-dried inflorescence, however, the acidic cannabinoids were detected with 84% CBDA, 4.8% THCA, 3.3% CBCA, 0.8% CBGA, and 0.3% Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA), respectively. The ratio of cannabidiol (CBD) to cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was close to 1:99 (w/w) in secretory cavity contents, however, it was roughly 1:20 (w/w) in the air-dried inflorescence. In addition, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (Δ9-THCVA) were only detected in the air-dried inflorescence sample, and the ratio of Δ9-THCV to Δ9-THCVA was about 1:20 (w/w). Besides, cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) was only observed in the secretory cavity content.

Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults.

Sex differences in the effect of prolonged sitting time on anxiety symptoms have not yet been explored. This study examined the sex-specific association between prolonged sitting time and anxiety prevalence in Korean adults. Community-dwelling adults aged >18 years who underwent a cross-sectional structured study survey of physical activity and mental health tests were enrolled as part of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Cohort Study from 2012 to 2019. The prevalence of anxiety was evaluated using the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale (CUXOS) questionnaire. The mean daily sitting time was 7.9 ± 3.4 h in men and 6.8 ± 3.6 h in women. After adjustments for possible confounding factors, the adjusted mean CUXOS score was the highest in participants sitting for ≥10 h, followed by 5-9 h, and <5 h, in that order. In the post-hoc Bonferroni analysis, there were significant differences in the adjusted mean CUXOS scores in group comparisons. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A prolonged sitting time was positively associated with an increased prevalence of anxiety in both men and women, with stronger associations in women than in men. It is necessary to prevent anxiety by adjusting or reducing sitting time in adults, especially women.

A gene-rich mitochondrion with a unique ancestral protein transport system.

Mitochondria originated from an ancient endosymbiosis involving an alphaproteobacterium.1,2,3 Over time, these organelles reduced their gene content massively, with most genes being transferred to the host nucleus before the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA).4 This process has yielded varying gene compositions in modern mitogenomes, including the complete loss of this organellar genome in some extreme cases.5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 At the other end of the spectrum, jakobids harbor the most gene-rich mitogenomes, encoding 60-66 proteins.8 Here, we introduce the mitogenome of Mantamonas sphyraenae, a protist from the deep-branching CRuMs supergroup.15,16 Remarkably, it boasts the most gene-rich mitogenome outside of jakobids, by housing 91 genes, including 62 protein-coding ones. These include rare homologs of the four subunits of the bacterial-type cytochrome c maturation system I (CcmA, CcmB, CcmC, and CcmF) alongside a unique ribosomal protein S6. During the early evolution of mitochondria, gene transfer from the proto-mitochondrial endosymbiont to the nucleus became possible thanks to systems facilitating the transport of proteins synthesized in the host cytoplasm back to the mitochondrion. In addition to the universally found eukaryotic protein import systems, jakobid mitogenomes were reported to uniquely encode the SecY transmembrane protein of the Sec general secretory pathway, whose evolutionary origin was however unclear. The Mantamonas mitogenome not only encodes SecY but also SecA, SecE, and SecG, making it the sole eukaryote known to house a complete mitochondrial Sec translocation system. Furthermore, our phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses provide compelling evidence for the alphaproteobacterial origin of this system, establishing its presence in LECA.

The Selah trial: A preference-based partially randomized waitlist control study of three stress management interventions.

Chronic stress undermines psychological and physiological health. We tested three remotely delivered stress management interventions among clergy, accounting for intervention preferences. United Methodist clergy in North Carolina enrolled in a partially randomized, preference-based waitlist control trial. The interventions were: mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), Daily Examen prayer practice, and Stress Proofing (stress inoculation plus breathing skills). Co-primary outcomes were symptoms of stress (Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory) and 48-hour ambulatory heart rate variability (HRV) at 12 weeks compared to waitlist control. Survey data were collected at 0, 12, and 24 weeks and 48-hour ambulatory HRV at 0 and 12 weeks. The 255 participants were 91% White and 48% female. Forty-nine participants (22%) without a preference were randomly assigned between the three interventions (n = 40) and waitlist control (n = 9). Two hundred six participants (78%) with a preference were randomly assigned to waitlist control (n = 62) or their preferred intervention (n = 144). Compared to waitlist control, MBSR [mean difference (MD) = -0.30, 95% CI: -0.41, -0.20; P < .001] and Stress Proofing (MD = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.40, -0.14; P < .001) participants had lower stress symptoms at 12 weeks; Daily Examen participants did not until 24 weeks (MD = -0.24, 95% CI: -0.41, -0.08). MBSR participants demonstrated improvement in HRV at 12 weeks (MD = +3.32 ms; 95% CI: 0.21, 6.44; P = .036). MBSR demonstrated robust improvement in self-reported and objective physical correlates of stress; Stress Proofing and Daily Examen resulted in improvements in self-reported correlates of stress. These brief practices were sustainable and beneficial for United Methodist clergy during the heightened stressors of the COVID pandemic. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04625777.

A common source of stress, which can harm physical and mental health, is work. Clergy engage in a profession that requires toggling between varied and interpersonally complex tasks, providing emotional labor, and experiencing stressors such as public criticism. Practical, brief practices are needed to manage occupational stress. We invited all United Methodist clergy in North Carolina to enroll in a stress management study. Participants chose their preferred of three interventions: mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), Daily Examen prayer practice, or Stress Proofing (a combination of stress inoculation plus breathing skills). Clergy without a preference were randomly assigned to one of the three interventions and a waiting group. Clergy with a preference were randomly assigned to either begin the intervention or wait at least 6 months and provide data while waiting. Participants practiced each of the three interventions at high levels across 24 weeks. Compared to clergy who waited for an intervention, MBSR participants evidenced robust improvement in self-reported (stress and anxiety symptoms) and physiological (heart rate variability measured across 48 hours) outcomes, whereas Stress Proofing and the Daily Examen only resulted in improvements in self-reported outcomes. The three brief practices were sustainable and beneficial for United Methodist clergy during the heightened stressors of the COVID pandemic.

Exploring the Association between Elevated Anxiety Symptoms and Low Skeletal Muscle Mass among Asymptomatic Adults: A Population-Based Study in Republic of Korea.

Individuals with mental health problems are at higher risk of musculoskeletal diseases. However, the association between low muscle mass (LMM) and anxiety symptoms remains uninvestigated. This cross-sectional study enrolled 174,262 adults (73,833 women, 100,429 men), aged 18 to 89, who completed the anxiety scale and body composition analyses. Using bio-electrical impedance analysis, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated based on appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) (kg)/height (m2). LMM was defined as SMI < 7.0 kg/m2 in men and <5.4 kg/m2 in women. Anxiety symptoms were screened using the Clinical Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale (CUXOS) with cut-off scores of 20, 30, and 40. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. LMM prevalence was 20.17% in women, 3.86% in men (p < 0.001). The prevalence of anxiety symptoms in LMM group decreased from mild (CUXOS > 20: women, 32.74%, men, 21.17%) to moderate (CUXOS > 30: 13.34%, 7.32%), to severe anxiety symptoms (CUXOS > 40: 4.00%, 1.73%). In multivariable-adjusted models, LMM was associated with mild (aOR (95% confidence interval)), women, 1.13 (1.08-1.17); men, 1.17 (1.08-1.27)), moderate (1.17 (1.11-1.24); 1.35 (1.19-1.53) and severe anxiety symptoms (1.18 (1.07-1.3), 1.36 (1.06-1.74)), demonstrating an increased risk of ORs with escalating anxiety severity. LMM was independently associated with a higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms.

A Comparative Study of Endoscopic versus Percutaneous Epidural Neuroplasty in Lower Back Pain: Outcomes at Six-Month Follow Up.

Background and Objectives: Endoscopic epidural neuroplasty (EEN) facilitates adhesiolysis through direct epiduroscopic visualization, offering more precise neural decompression than that exhibited by percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN). We aimed to compare the effects of EEN and PEN for 6 months after treatment with lower back and radicular pain in patients. Methods: This retrospective study compared the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores in patients with low back and radicular pain who underwent EEN or PEN with a steering catheter. The medical records of 107 patients were analyzed, with 73 and 34 undergoing EEN and PEN, respectively. Results: The VAS and ODI scores decreased at all time points after EEN and PEN. VAS and ODI scores decreased more in the EEN group than those in the PEN group at 1 day and 1- and 6-months post-procedure, indicating superior pain relief for both lower back and radicular pain through EEN. Conclusions: EEN is a superior treatment of pain control than PEN in lower back and radicular pain patients.

Loss of Paneth cells dysregulates gut ILC subsets and enhances weight gain response to high fat diet in a mouse model.

Obesity has been associated with dysbiosis, but innate mechanisms linking intestinal epithelial cell subsets and obesity remain poorly understood. Using mice lacking Paneth cells (Sox9 ΔIEC mice), small intestinal epithelial cells specialized in the production of antimicrobial products and cytokines, we show that dysbiosis alone does not induce obesity or metabolic disorders. Loss of Paneth cells reduced ILC3 and increased ILC2 numbers in the intestinal lamina propria. High-fat diet (HFD) induced higher weight gain and more severe metabolic disorders in Sox9 ΔIEC mice. Further, HFD enhances the number of ILC1 in the intestinal lamina propria of Sox9 ΔIEC mice and increases intestinal permeability and the accumulation of immune cells (inflammatory macrophages and T cells, and B cells) in abdominal fat tissues of obese Sox9 ΔIEC . Transplantation of fecal materials from Sox9 ΔIEC mice in germ-free mice before HFD further confirmed the regulatory role of Paneth cells for gut ILC subsets and the development of obesity.

Effect of blind versus fluoroscopic guidance epidural blood patch in patients with intracranial hypotension.

Epidural blood patch (EBP)-the most effective treatment for intracranial hypotension (IH)-can be performed using the blind technique in the lateral position or under fluoroscopic guidance in the prone position. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of EBP in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (sIH) and iatrogenic intracranial hypotension (iIH) when performed with the blind technique in the lateral decubitus position or fluoroscopic guidance in the prone position. We reviewed IH patients who underwent EBP between January 2015 and September 2019 in a single hospital and divided them into two groups according to the type of IH. Of the 84 included patients, 36 had sIH and 48 had iIH. We compared the effectiveness of EBP using the two methods in each group. There was no significant difference in the effect of EBP between the patients with iIH (p > 0.05). For patients with sIH, fluoroscopic guidance in the prone position technique showed better improvement than the blind technique in the lateral decubitus position (p < 0.05). We observed similar outcomes after blind EBP versus fluoroscopic guidance EBP in patients with iIH. However, procedure-dependent differences were observed in patients with sIH. For patients with sIH, it would be effective to consider fluoroscopic EBP first. Further study is needed to investigate interactions between method of EBP and other factors that affect the effectiveness of EBP.

Updated guidelines for prescribing opioids to treat patients with chronic non-cancer pain in Korea: developed by committee on hospice and palliative care of the Korean Pain Society.

There are growing concerns regarding the safety of long-term treatment with opioids of patients with chronic non-cancer pain. In 2017, the Korean Pain Society (KPS) developed guidelines for opioid prescriptions for chronic non-cancer pain to guide physicians to prescribe opioids effectively and safely. Since then, investigations have provided updated data regarding opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain and have focused on initial dosing schedules, reassessment follow-ups, recommended dosage thresholds considering the risk-benefit ratio, dose-reducing schedules for tapering and discontinuation, adverse effects, and inadvertent problems resulting from inappropriate application of the previous guidelines. Herein, we have updated the previous KPS guidelines based on a comprehensive literature review and consensus development following discussions among experts affiliated with the Committee on Hospice and Palliative Care in the KPS. These guidelines may assist physicians in prescribing opioids for chronic non-cancer pain in adult outpatient settings, but should not to be regarded as an inflexible standard. Clinical judgements by the attending physician and patient-centered decisions should always be prioritized.

Effects of Intrathecal Ketamine on Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Mechanical Allodynia in a Rat Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND Ketamine, a compelling candidate for neuropathic pain management, has attracted interest for its potential to elevate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. We aimed to assess the effects of intrathecally administered ketamine on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of BDNF(c-BDNF) and allodynia in a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-five rats were divided into 3 groups: sham operation (Group S), untreated TBI (Group T), and ketamine-treated TBI (Group K), with 15 rats in each group. Rats were anesthetized, and their skulls were secured in a stereotactic frame before undergoing craniotomy. A controlled cortical impact (CCI) was induced, followed by injection of ketamine (3.41 µg/g) into the CSF in Group K. In Group T, no drug was injected after CCI delivery. On postoperative days (POD) 1, 7, and 14, the 50% mechanical withdrawal threshold (50% MWT) and c-BDNF levels were assessed. RESULTS Groups T and K exhibited a significantly lower 50% MWT than Group S on POD 1(6.6 [5.7, 8.7] g, 10.0 [6.8, 11.6] g, and 18.7 [11.6, 18.7] g, respectively; P<0.001). The c-BDNF levels in Group K were significantly higher than those in Groups S and T on POD 1 (18.9 [16.1, 23.0] pg/ml, 7.3 [6.0, 8.8] pg/ml, and 11.0 [10.6, 12.3] pg/ml, respectively; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Intrathecal ketamine administration did not exhibit anti-allodynic effects following mild TBI. c-BDNF level is a promising potential indicator for predicting the expression of allodynia after mild TBI.

Sedation with propofol and isoflurane differs in terms of microcirculatory parameters: A randomized animal study using dorsal skinfold chamber mouse model.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the effects of sedative doses of propofol and isoflurane on microcirculation in septic mice compared to controls. Isoflurane, known for its potential as a sedation drug in bedside applications, lacks clarity regarding its impact on the microcirculation system. The hypothesis was that propofol would exert a more pronounced influence on the microvascular flow index, particularly amplified in septic conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomized study was conducted from December 2020 to October 2021 involved 60 BALB/c mice, with 52 mice analyzed. Dorsal skinfold chambers were implanted, followed by intraperitoneal injections of either sterile 0.9 % saline or lipopolysaccharide for the control and sepsis groups, respectively. Both groups received propofol or isoflurane treatment for 120 min. Microcirculatory parameters were obtained via incident dark-field microscopy videos, along with the mean blood pressure and heart rate at three time points: before sedation (T0), 30 min after sedation (T30), and 120 min after sedation (T120). Endothelial glycocalyx thickness and syndecan-1 concentration were also analyzed. RESULTS: In healthy controls, both anesthetics reduced blood pressure. However, propofol maintained microvascular flow, differing significantly from isoflurane at T120 (propofol, 2.8 ± 0.3 vs. isoflurane, 1.6 ± 0.9; P < 0.001). In the sepsis group, a similar pattern occurred at T120 without statistical significance (propofol, 1.8 ± 1.1 vs. isoflurane, 1.2 ± 0.7; P = 0.023). Syndecan-1 levels did not differ between agents, but glycocalyx thickness index was significantly lower in the isoflurane-sepsis group than propofol (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Propofol potentially offers protective action against microvascular flow deterioration compared to isoflurane, observed in control mice. Furthermore, a lower degree of sepsis-induced glycocalyx degradation was evident with propofol compared to isoflurane.

Encyclopedia of Family A DNA Polymerases Localized in Organelles: Evolutionary Contribution of Bacteria Including the Proto-Mitochondrion.

DNA polymerases synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides in a semiconservative manner and serve as the core of DNA replication and repair machinery. In eukaryotic cells, there are 2 genome-containing organelles, mitochondria, and plastids, which were derived from an alphaproteobacterium and a cyanobacterium, respectively. Except for rare cases of genome-lacking mitochondria and plastids, both organelles must be served by nucleus-encoded DNA polymerases that localize and work in them to maintain their genomes. The evolution of organellar DNA polymerases has yet to be fully understood because of 2 unsettled issues. First, the diversity of organellar DNA polymerases has not been elucidated in the full spectrum of eukaryotes. Second, it is unclear when the DNA polymerases that were used originally in the endosymbiotic bacteria giving rise to mitochondria and plastids were discarded, as the organellar DNA polymerases known to date show no phylogenetic affinity to those of the extant alphaproteobacteria or cyanobacteria. In this study, we identified from diverse eukaryotes 134 family A DNA polymerase sequences, which were classified into 10 novel types, and explored their evolutionary origins. The subcellular localizations of selected DNA polymerases were further examined experimentally. The results presented here suggest that the diversity of organellar DNA polymerases has been shaped by multiple transfers of the PolI gene from phylogenetically broad bacteria, and their occurrence in eukaryotes was additionally impacted by secondary plastid endosymbioses. Finally, we propose that the last eukaryotic common ancestor may have possessed 2 mitochondrial DNA polymerases, POP, and a candidate of the direct descendant of the proto-mitochondrial DNA polymerase I, rdxPolA, identified in this study.

Degeneration of oil bodies by rough endoplasmic reticulum -associated protein during seed germination in Cannabis sativa.

Oil bodies serve as a vital energy source of embryos during germination and contribute to sustaining the initial growth of seedlings until photosynthesis initiation. Despite high stability in chemical properties, how oil bodies break down and go into the degradation process during germination is still unknown. This study provides a morphological understanding of the mobilization of stored compounds in the seed germination of Cannabis. The achenes of fibrous hemp cultivar (Cannabis sativa cv. 'Chungsam') were examined in this study using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Oil bodies in Cannabis seeds appeared spherical and sporadically distributed in the cotyledonary cells. Protein bodies contained electron-dense globoid and heterogeneous protein matrices. During seed germination, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and high electron-dense substances were present adjacent to the oil bodies. The border of the oil bodies became a dense cluster region and appeared as a sinuous outline. Later, irregular hyaline areas were distributed throughout oil bodies, showing the destabilized emulsification of oil bodies. Finally, the oil bodies lost their morphology and fused with each other. The storage proteins were concentrated in the centre of the protein body as a dense homogenous circular mass surrounded by a light heterogeneous area. Some storage proteins are considered emulsifying agents on the surface region of oil bodies, enabling them to remain stable and distinct within and outside cotyledon cells. At the early germination stage, rER appeared and dense substances aggregated adjacent to the oil bodies. Certain proteins were synthesized within the rER and then translocated into the oil bodies by crossing the half membrane of oil bodies. Our data suggest that rER-associated proteins function as enzymes to lyse the emulsifying proteins, thereby weakening the emulsifying agent on the surface of the oil bodies. This process plays a key role in the degeneration of oil bodies and induces coalescence during seed germination.

Long-Read-Based Genome Assembly Reveals Numerous Endogenous Viral Elements in the Green Algal Bacterivore Cymbomonas tetramitiformis.

The marine tetraflagellate Cymbomonas tetramitiformis has drawn attention as an early diverging green alga that uses a phago-mixotrophic mode of nutrition (i.e., the ability to derive nourishment from both photosynthesis and bacterial prey). The Cymbomonas nuclear genome was sequenced previously, but due to the exclusive use of short-read (Illumina) data, the assembly suffered from missing a large proportion of the genome's repeat regions. For this study, we generated Oxford Nanopore long-read and additional short-read Illumina data and performed a hybrid assembly that significantly improved the total assembly size and contiguity. Numerous endogenous viral elements were identified in the repeat regions of the new assembly. These include the complete genome of a giant Algavirales virus along with many genomes of integrated Polinton-like viruses (PLVs) from two groups: Gezel-like PLVs and a novel group of prasinophyte-specific PLVs. The integrated ∼400 kb genome of the giant Algavirales virus is the first account of the association of the uncultured viral family AG_03 with green algae. The complete PLV genomes from C. tetramitiformis ranged between 15 and 25 kb in length and showed a diverse gene content. In addition, heliorhodopsin gene-containing repeat elements of putative mirusvirus origin were identified. These results illustrate past (and possibly ongoing) multiple alga-virus interactions that accompanied the genome evolution of C. tetramitiformis.

One high quality genome and two transcriptome datasets for new species of Mantamonas, a deep-branching eukaryote clade.

Mantamonads were long considered to represent an "orphan" lineage in the tree of eukaryotes, likely branching near the most frequently assumed position for the root of eukaryotes. Recent phylogenomic analyses have placed them as part of the "CRuMs" supergroup, along with collodictyonids and rigifilids. This supergroup appears to branch at the base of Amorphea, making it of special importance for understanding the deep evolutionary history of eukaryotes. However, the lack of representative species and complete genomic data associated with them has hampered the investigation of their biology and evolution. Here, we isolated and described two new species of mantamonads, Mantamonas vickermani sp. nov. and Mantamonas sphyraenae sp. nov., for each of which we generated transcriptomic sequence data, as well as a high-quality genome for the latter. The estimated size of the M. sphyraenae genome is 25 Mb; our de novo assembly appears to be highly contiguous and complete with 9,416 predicted protein-coding genes. This near-chromosome-scale genome assembly is the first described for the CRuMs supergroup.

Molecular and morphological characterization of four new ancyromonad genera and proposal for an updated taxonomy of the Ancyromonadida.

Ancyromonads are small biflagellated protists with a bean-shaped morphology. They are cosmopolitan in marine, freshwater, and soil environments, where they attach to surfaces while feeding on bacteria. These poorly known grazers stand out by their uncertain phylogenetic position in the tree of eukaryotes, forming a deep-branching "orphan" lineage that is considered key to a better understanding of the early evolution of eukaryotes. Despite their ecological and evolutionary interest, only limited knowledge exists about their true diversity. Here, we aimed to characterize ancyromonads better by integrating environmental surveys with behavioral observation and description of cell morphology, for which sample isolation and culturing are indispensable. We studied 18 ancyromonad strains, including 14 new isolates and seven new species. We described three new and genetically divergent genera: Caraotamonas, Nyramonas, and Olneymonas, together encompassing four species. The remaining three new species belong to the already-known genera Fabomonas and Ancyromonas. We also raised Striomonas, formerly a subgenus of Nutomonas, to full genus status, on morphological and phylogenetic grounds. We studied the morphology of diverse ancyromonads under light and electron microscopy and carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses, also including 18S rRNA gene sequences from several environmental surveys. Based on these analyses, we have updated the taxonomy of Ancyromonadida.

Efficacy of Pericapsular Nerve Group Block for Pain Reduction and Opioid Consumption after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for comparison of the effectiveness of pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block with that of other analgesic techniques for reduction of postoperative pain and consumption of opioids after total hip arthroplasty (THA). A search of records in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was conducted in order to identify studies comparing the effect of the PENG block with that of other analgesics on reduction of postoperative pain and consumption of opioids after THA. Determination of eligibility was based on the PICOS (participants, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study design) criteria as follows: (1) Participants: patients who underwent THA. (2) Intervention: patients who received a PENG block for management of postoperative pain. (3) Comparator: patients who received other analgesics. (4) Outcomes: numerical rating scale (NRS) score and opioid consumption during different periods. (5) Study design: clinical RCTs. Five RCTs were finally included in the current meta-analysis. Significantly lower postoperative opioid consumption at 24 hours after THA was observed in the group of patients who received the PENG block compared with the control group (standard mean difference=-0.36, 95% confidence interval -0.64 to -0.08). However, no significant reduction in NRS score at 12, 24, and 48 hours after surgery and opioid consumption at 48 hours after THA was observed. The PENG block showed better results for opioid consumption at 24 hours after THA compared with other analgesics.