Risk factors for chloral hydrate sedation failure in pediatric patients: a retrospective analysis.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for chloral hydrate sedation failure and complications in a tertiary children's hospital in South Korea. Methods: A retrospective analysis of pediatric procedural sedation with chloral hydrate between January 1, 2021, and March 30, 2022, was performed. The collected data included patient characteristics, sedation history, and procedure. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for procedural sedation failure and complications. Results: A total of 6691 procedural sedation were included in the analysis; sedation failure following chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg) occurred in 1457 patients (21.8%) and was associated with a higher rate of overall complications compared to those with successful sedation (17.5% [225 / 1457] vs. 6.2% [322 / 5234]; P < 0.001; odds ratio, 3.236). In the multivariable regression analysis, the following factors were associated with increased risk of sedation failure: general ward or intensive care unit inpatient (compared with outpatient); congenital syndrome; oxygen dependency; history of sedation failure or complications with chloral hydrate; procedure more than 60 min; and magnetic resonance imaging, radiotherapy, or procedures with painful or intense stimuli (all P values < 0.05). Factors contributing to the complications included general ward inpatient, congenital syndromes, congenital heart disease, preterm birth, oxygen dependency, history of complications with chloral hydrate, and current sedation failure with chloral hydrate (all P values < 0.05). Conclusions: To achieve successful sedation with chloral hydrate, the patient's sedation history, risk factors, and the type and duration of the procedure should be considered.

Effect of positive end expiratory pressure on non-hypoxic apnea time and atelectasis during induction of anesthesia in infant: A randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the impact of positive-end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the non-hypoxic apnea time in infants during anesthesia induction with an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8. METHODS: This age stratified randomized controlled trial included patients under 1 year of age. Preoxygenation was performed using an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8 for 2 min. Inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8 was administered via a face mask with volume-controlled ventilation at a tidal volume of 6 mL.kg-1, with or without 7 cmH2O of PEEP. Tracheal intubation was performed after 3 min of ventilation; however, it was disconnected from the breathing circuit. Ventilation was resumed once the pulse oximetry readings reached 95%. The primary outcome was the non-hypoxic apnea time, defined as the time from the cessation of ventilation to achieving a pulse oximeter reading of 95%. The secondary outcome measures included the degree of atelectasis assessed by ultrasonography and the presence of gastric air insufflation. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients were included in the final analysis. In the positive end-expiratory pressure group, the atelectasis score decreased (17.0 vs. 31.5, p < .001; mean difference and 95% CI of 11.6, 7.5-15.6), while the non-hypoxic apnea time increased (80.1 s vs. 70.6 s, p = .005; mean difference and 95% CI of -9.4, -16.0 to -2.9), compared to the zero end-expiratory pressure group, among infants who are 6 months old or younger, not in those aged older than 6 months. DISCUSSION: The application of positive end-expiratory pressure reduced the incidence of atelectasis and extended the non-hypoxic apnea time in infants who are 6 months old or younger. However, it did not affect the incidence of atelectasis nor the non-hypoxic apnea time in patients aged older than 6 months.

The identification of effective tumor-suppressing neoantigens using a tumor-reactive TIL TCR-pMHC ternary complex.

Neoantigens are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy because they are expressed de novo in tumor tissue but not in healthy tissue and are therefore recognized as foreign by the immune system. Advances in next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics technologies have enabled the quick identification and prediction of tumor-specific neoantigens; however, only a small fraction of predicted neoantigens are immunogenic. To improve the predictability of immunogenic neoantigens, we developed the in silico neoantigen prediction workflows VACINUSpMHC and VACINUSTCR: VACINUSpMHC incorporates physical binding between peptides and MHCs (pMHCs), and VACINUSTCR integrates T cell reactivity to the pMHC complex through deep learning-based pairing with T cell receptors (TCRs) of putative tumor-reactive CD8 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We then validated our neoantigen prediction workflows both in vitro and in vivo in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in a B16F10 mouse melanoma model. The predictive abilities of VACINUSpMHC and VACINUSTCR were confirmed in a validation cohort of 8 patients with HCC. Of a total of 118 neoantigen candidates predicted by VACINUSpMHC, 48 peptides were ultimately selected using VACINUSTCR. In vitro validation revealed that among the 48 predicted neoantigen candidates, 13 peptides were immunogenic. Assessment of the antitumor efficacy of the candidate neoepitopes using a VACINUSTCR in vivo mouse model suggested that vaccination with the predicted neoepitopes induced neoantigen-specific T cell responses and enabled the trafficking of neoantigen-specific CD8 + T cell clones into the tumor tissue, leading to tumor suppression. This study showed that the prediction of immunogenic neoantigens can be improved by integrating a tumor-reactive TIL TCR-pMHC ternary complex.

Atmospheric particulate matter and hypoxaemia in Korean children receiving general anaesthesia: A retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: The association between the concentration of atmospheric particulate matter on the day of surgery and the occurrence of intra-operative hypoxaemia in children receiving general anaesthesia is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the exposure to of particulate matter on the day of surgery and the occurrence of intra-operative hypoxaemia, defined as a pulse oximetry oxygen saturation of less than 90% for more than 1 min, in children. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Single-centre. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 18 years or younger who received general anaesthesia between January 2019 and October 2020. INTERVENTION: Information on daily levels of particulate matter with a diameter 10 µm or less and 2.5 µm or less measured within a neighbourhood corresponding to the area defined by the hospital's zip code was obtained from publicly available air-quality data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was intra-operative hypoxaemia, defined as a pulse oximetry oxygen saturation of less than 90% lasting for more than 1 min, manually verified by anaesthesiologists using vital sign registry data extracted at 2 s intervals. RESULTS: Of the patients finally analysed, 3.85% (489/13 175) experienced intra-operative hypoxaemia. Higher levels of particulate matter 10 µm or less in diameter (≥81 µg m-3, 472/12 900, 3.7%) were associated with an increased occurrence of intra-operative hypoxaemia compared with lower particulate matter concentrations [<81 µg m-3, 17/275, 6.2%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04 to 2.83; P = 0.035]. CONCLUSION: The level of particulate matter on the day of surgery pose a risk of intra-operative hypoxaemia in children receiving general anaesthesia. If the concentrations of particulate matter 10 µm or less in diameter on the day of surgery are high, children receiving general anaesthesia should be managed with increased caution.

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Rhodeus uyekii in the Republic of Korea Revealed by Microsatellite Markers from Whole Genome Assembly.

This study is the first report to characterize the Rhodus uyekii genome and study the development of microsatellite markers and their markers applied to the genetic structure of the wild population. Genome assembly was based on PacBio HiFi and Illumina HiSeq paired-end sequencing, resulting in a draft genome assembly of R. uyekii. The draft genome was assembled into 2652 contigs. The integrity assessment of the assemblies indicates that the quality of the draft assemblies is high, with 3259 complete BUSCOs (97.2%) in the database of Verbrata. A total of 31,166 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated in the protein database. The phylogenetic tree showed that R. uyekii is a close but distinct relative of Onychostoma macrolepis. Among the 10 fish genomes, there were significant gene family expansions (8-2387) and contractions (16-2886). The average number of alleles amplified by the 21 polymorphic markers ranged from 6 to 23, and the average PIC value was 0.753, which will be useful for evolutionary and genetic analysis. Using population genetic analysis, we analyzed genetic diversity and the genetic structures of 120 individuals from 6 populations. The average number of alleles per population ranged from 7.6 to 9.9, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.496 to 0.642, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.587 to 0.783. Discriminant analysis of principal components According to the analysis method, the population was divided into three populations (BS vs. DC vs. GG, GC, MS, DC). In conclusion, our study provides a useful resource for comparative genomics, phylogeny, and future population studies of R. uyekii.

Effects of goal-directed analgesia using the analgesia nociception index in children undergoing surgery for moyamoya disease: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The potential benefits of Analgesia Nociception Index guided intra-operative analgesia on intra-operative opioid consumption remains to be demonstrated in paediatric anaesthesia. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the effects of Analgesia Nociception Index guided analgesia on sufentanil consumption during anaesthesia and postoperative pain scores in paediatric patients with moyamoya disease. DESIGN: A prospective randomised controlled study. SETTING: Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. PATIENTS: A total of 40 children scheduled for encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was total intra-operative sufentanil consumption, and the secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores and incidence of opioid-related adverse events. RESULTS: The Analgesia Nociception Index group showed lower intra-operative sufentanil consumption (in µg kg-1 h-1) compared with the Standard group (0.30 ±â€Š0.12 and 0.39 ±â€Š0.17, respectively; mean difference, -0.09; 95% confidence interval, -0.19 to 0.00; P = 0.049). Postoperatively, compared with the Standard group, the Analgesia Nociception Index group reported lower median pain scores at 18 and 24 h and maximum pain within 24 h (1 [0 to 2] vs. 3 [2 to 5]; P = 0.004, 1 [0 to 2] vs. 3 [1 to 4]; P = 0.041, and 4 [3 to 5] vs. 5 [4 to 7]; P = 0.045, respectively), with fewer patients experiencing nausea (3 [15%] vs. 10 [50%], P = 0.043). CONCLUSION: The Analgesia Nociception Index guided analgesic protocol can reduce intra-operative sufentanil consumption and postoperative pain within 24 h with fewer nausea symptoms in paediatric patients with moyamoya disease who undergo encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05672212 (registered at clinicaltrials, principal investigator: K.E.H., registration date: 2 January 2023).

Examining the Efficacy of Arthroscopic Scaphocapitate Arthrodesis for Advanced Kienbock's Disease: Clinical and Radiological Outcomes.

Background: Altering wrist biomechanics, Kienbock's disease leads to progressive carpal collapse that results in early arthritis and degenerative changes. By shifting the loading axis toward the radioscaphoid joint, scaphocapitate arthrodesis (SCA) has been reported as a salvage procedure effective in treating symptomatic patients with advanced Kienbock's disease. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of arthroscopic SCA in symptomatic patients with advanced stages of Kienbock's disease. Methods: Between March 2010 and February 2021, we included 15 patients with symptomatic stage IIIA (n=2) and stage IIIB (n=13) Kienbock's disease who were followed up for a minimum of 24 months after arthroscopic SCA with or without lunate excision. The lunate was excised in 6 patients and retained in 9. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, grip strength, range of motion (ROM), active flexion-extension arc, and modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS) were measured preoperatively and at each follow-up examination after surgery. Operation-related complications and radiographic changes were also assessed. Results: There were 13 women and 2 men, with a mean age of 57.6 years (range, 21-74 years) at the time of undergoing arthroscopic SCA. Follow-up ranged from 24 to 116 months, with an average of 56.9 ± 32.3 months. Bony union was achieved in all patients. At preoperative examination, wrist ROM (67%) and grip strength (48%) significantly decreased, compared to the contralateral wrist. At the final follow-up, there were significant improvements in VAS, grip strength, and MMWS, whereas the active wrist ROM showed no significant change. Radioscaphoid angle recovered after surgery, while radiographic carpal collapse and ulnar translation of the carpus occurred. In subgroup analysis according to excision of the lunate, there were no significant differences in VAS, MMWS, grip strength, or total ROM. However, increased ulnar translation and decreased radial deviation were noted in the lunate excision group. Conclusions: Arthroscopic SCA achieved significant improvements in pain and wrist function in patients with advanced Kienbock's disease without any complications. Excision of the lunate when performing arthroscopic SCA seemed to induce progressive carpal ulnar translation, with no apparent clinical benefits over retaining it.

Determination of optimal positive end-expiratory pressure using electrical impedance tomography in infants under general anesthesia: Comparison between supine and prone positions.

AIMS: This study determined the optimal positive end-expiratory pressure levels in infants in supine and prone positions under general anesthesia using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). METHODS: This prospective observational single-centre study included infants scheduled for surgery in the prone position. An electrical impedance tomography sensor was applied after inducing general anesthesia. The optimal positive end-expiratory pressure in the supine position was determined in a decremental trial based on EIT and compliance. Subsequently, the patient's position was changed to prone. Electrical impedance tomography parameters, including global inhomogeneity index, regional ventilation delay, opening pressure, the centre of ventilation, and pendelluft volume, were continuously obtained up to 1 h after prone positioning. The optimal positive end-expiratory pressure in the prone position was similarly determined. RESULTS: Data from 30 infants were analyzed. The mean value of electrical impedance tomography-based optimal positive end-expiratory pressure in the prone position was significantly higher than that in the supine position [10.9 (1.6) cmH2O and 6.1 (0.9) cmH2O, respectively (p < .001)]. Significant differences were observed between electrical impedance tomography- and compliance-based optimal positive end-expiratory pressure. Peak and mean airway, plateau, and driving pressures increased 1 h after prone positioning compared with those in the supine position. In addition, the centre of ventilation for balance in ventilation between the ventral and dorsal regions improved. CONCLUSION: The prone position required higher positive end-expiratory pressure than the supine position in mechanically ventilated infants under general anesthesia. EIT is a promising tool to find the optimal positive end-expiratory pressure, which needs to be individualized.

Comparison with surgically resected mucinous cystic neoplasm of pancreas and branch-duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm considering clinico-radiological high-risk features: a reassessment of current guidelines.

PURPOSE: To perform a comparative analysis of surgically resected mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of pancreas and branch-duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (BD-IPMN) considering clinico-radiological high-risk predictors for malignant tumors using the current management guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 224 patients who underwent surgical resection and had histopathologically confirmed MCNs (benign 73; malignant 17) or BD-IPMNs (benign 110; malignant 24) and had pre-operative CT or MRI were retrospectively reviewed. Tumors classified as either high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma were considered malignant, whereas those with low-grade dysplasia were considered benign. Imaging features were analyzed by two radiologists based on selected high-risk stigmata or worrisome features proposed by prevalent guidelines except tumors with main pancreatic duct dilatation (> 5 mm) were excluded. RESULTS: MCNs and BD-IPMNs showed significant differences in aspects like tumor size, location, the presence and size of enhancing mural nodules, the presence of wall or septal thickening, and multiplicity. Multivariate analyses revealed tumor size (OR, 1.336; 95% CI, 1.124-1.660, p = 0.002) and the presence of enhancing mural nodules (OR, 67.383; 95% CI, 4.490-1011.299, p = 0.002) as significant predictors of malignant MCNs. The optimal tumor size differentiating benign from malignant tumor was 8.95 cm, with a 70.6% sensitivity, 89% specificity, PPV of 27.6%, and NPV of 96.9%, demonstrating superior specificity than the guideline-suggested threshold of 4.0 cm. For malignant BD-IPMNs, the presence of enhancing mural nodules (OR, 15.804; 95% CI, 4.439-56.274, p < 0.001) and CA 19 - 9 elevation (OR, 19.089; 95%CI, 2.868-127.068, p = 0.002) as malignant predictors, with a size of enhancing mural nodule threshold of 5.5 mm providing the best malignancy differentiation. CONCLUSION: While current guidelines may be appropriate for managing BD-IPMNs, our results showed a notably larger optimal threshold size for malignant MCNs than that suggested by current guidelines. This warrants reconsidering existing guideline thresholds for initial risk stratification and management of MCNs.

Feasibility of Customized Thermoplastic Patient-Specific Helmet Bolus for Scalp Irradiation Using Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy Planning.

Introduction: In this study, we sought to develop a thermoplastic patient-specific helmet bolus that could deliver a uniform therapeutic dose to the target and minimize the dose to the normal brain during whole-scalp treatment with a humanoid head phantom. Methods: The bolus material was a commercial thermoplastic used for patient immobilization, and the holes in the netting were filled with melted paraffin. We compared volumetric-modulated arc therapy treatment plans with and without the bolus for quantitative dose distribution analysis. We analyzed the dose distribution in the region of interest to compare dose differences between target and normal organs. For quantitative analysis of treatment dose, OSLD chips were attached at the vertex (VX), posterior occipital (PO), right (RT), and left temporal (LT) locations. Results: The average dose in the clinical target volume was 6553.8 cGy (99.3%) with bolus and 5874 cGy (89%) without bolus, differing by more than 10% from the prescribed dose (6600 cGy) to the scalp target. For the normal brain, it was 3747.8 cGy (56.8%) with bolus and 5484.6 cGy (83.1%) without bolus. These results show that while the dose to the treatment target decreased, the average dose to the normal brain, which is mostly inside the treatment target, increased by more than 25%. With the bolus, the OSLD measured dose was 102.5 ± 1.2% for VX and 101.5 ± 1.9%, 95.9 ± 1.9%, and 81.8 ± 2.1% for PO, RT, and LT, respectively. In addition, the average dose in the treatment plan was 102%, 101%, 93.6%, and 80.7% for VX, PO, RT, and LT. When no bolus was administered, 59.6 ± 2.4%, 112.6 ± 1.8%, 47.1 ± 1.6%, and 53.1 ± 2.3% were assessed as OSLD doses for VX, PO, RT, and LT, respectively. Conclusion: This study proposed a method to fabricate patient-specific boluses that are highly reproducible, accessible, and easy to fabricate for radiotherapy to the entire scalp and can effectively spare normal tissue while delivering sufficient surface dose.

Effectiveness of head-mounted ultrasound display for radial arterial catheterisation in paediatric patients by anaesthesiology trainees: A randomised clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of head mounted real-time ultrasound displays (hereafter referred to as 'smart glasses') in improving hand-eye coordination in less experienced individuals, such as trainees in anaesthesia, is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To compare the first-attempt success rate of smart glasses-assisted ultrasound-guided paediatric radial artery catheterisation with conventional ultrasound guided catheterisation performed by anaesthesiology trainees. DESIGN: Prospective randomised controlled trial. SETTINGS: Tertiary university hospital from September 2021 to February 2023. PATIENTS: One hundred and twenty-two paediatric patients (age <7 years, weight ≥3 kg) who required radial artery cannulation during general anaesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: The participants were randomly assigned to either the ultrasound screen group (control) or the smart glasses group prior to radial artery catheterisation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the first attempt success rate. Secondary outcomes included the number of attempts, use of transfixion technique, overall complication rate, and clinical anaesthesiology (CA) year of the operators. RESULTS: A total of 119 paediatric patients were included in the analysis. The smart glasses group exhibited higher first-attempt success rate than did the control group (89.8% [53/59] vs. 71.7% [43/60]; P  = 0.023; odds ratio (OR) 3.49; (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-9.6). The overall number of attempts [median, 1; interquartile range (IQR), 1-1; range, 1-3 vs. median, 1; IQR, 1-2; range, 1-4; P   =  0.006], use of transfixion technique (12/59 [20.3%] vs. 28/60 [46.7%]; P  = 0.002), and overall complication rate (6.8% [4/59] vs. 30.0% [18/60]; P  = 0.002) were lower in the smart glasses group than in the control group. However, among paediatric anaesthesiology fellows (CA 5 years), the first- (89.3% [25/28] vs. 80.8% [21/26]; P  = 0.619) and second-attempt success rates (96.4% [27/28] vs. 80.8% [21/26]; P  = 0.163) did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Smart glasses-assisted ultrasound guided radial artery catheterisation improved the first attempt success rate among anaesthesiology trainees, reducing the number of attempts and overall complication rates in small paediatric patients. Smart glasses were more effective for anaesthesia residents (CA 2-4 years) but were not effective for paediatric anaesthesiology fellows (CA 5 years). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05030649) ( https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05030649 ).

Evaluation of the deliverability of dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) by gantry wobble and its influence on dose.

We aimed to investigate the deliverability of dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) by gantry wobble owing to the intrinsic inter-segment break of the Elekta linear accelerator (LINAC) and its adverse influence on the dose to the patient. The deliverability of DCAT was evaluated according to the plan parameters, which affect the gantry rotation speed and resultant positional inaccuracies; the deliverability according to the number of control points and dose rates was investigated by using treatment machine log files and dosimetry devices, respectively. A non-negligible degradation in DCAT deliverability due to gantry wobble was observed in both the treatment machine log files and dosimetry devices. The resulting dose-delivery error occurred below a certain number of control points or above a certain dose rate. Dose simulations in the patient domain showed a similar impact on deteriorated deliverability. For targets located primarily in the isocenter, the dose differences were negligible, whereas for organs at risk located mainly off-isocenter, the dose differences were significant up to - 8.77%. To ensure safe and accurate radiotherapy, optimal plan parameters should be selected, and gantry angle-specific validations should be conducted before treatment.

Genome assembly and microsatellite marker development using Illumina and PacBio sequencing in Persicaria maackiana (Polygonaceae) from Korea.

BACKGROUND: Persicaria maackiana (Regel) is a potential medicinal plant that exerts anti-diabetic effects. However, the lack of genomic information on P. maackiana hinders research at the molecular level. OBJECTIVE: Herein, we aimed to construct a draft genome assembly and obtain comprehensive genomic information on P. maackiana using high-throughput sequencing tools PacBio Sequel II and Illumina. METHODS: Persicaria maackiana samples from three natural populations in Gaecheon, Gichi, and Uiryeong reservoirs in South Korea were used to generate genomic DNA libraries, perform genome de novo assembly, gene ontology analysis, phylogenetic tree analysis, genotyping, and identify microsatellite markers. RESULTS: The assembled P. maackiana genome yielded 32,179 contigs. Assessment of assembly integrity revealed 1503 (93.12%) complete Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. A total of 64,712 protein-coding genes were predicted and annotated successfully in the protein database. In the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) orthologs, 13,778 genes were annotated into 18 categories. Genes that activated AMPK were identified in the KEGG pathway. A total of 316,992 microsatellite loci were identified, and primers targeting the flanking regions were developed for 292,059 microsatellite loci. Of these, 150 primer sets were randomly selected for amplification, and 30 of these primer sets were identified as polymorphic. These primers amplified 3-9 alleles. The mean observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.189 and 0.593, respectively. Polymorphism information content values of the markers were 0.361-0.754. CONCLUSION: Collectively, our study provides a valuable resource for future comparative genomics, phylogeny, and population studies of P. maackiana.

Skin preparation-free, stretchable microneedle adhesive patches for reliable electrophysiological sensing and exoskeleton robot control.

High-fidelity and comfortable recording of electrophysiological (EP) signals with on-the-fly setup is essential for health care and human-machine interfaces (HMIs). Microneedle electrodes allow direct access to the epidermis and eliminate time-consuming skin preparation. However, existing microneedle electrodes lack elasticity and reliability required for robust skin interfacing, thereby making long-term, high-quality EP sensing challenging during body movement. Here, we introduce a stretchable microneedle adhesive patch (SNAP) providing excellent skin penetrability and a robust electromechanical skin interface for prolonged and reliable EP monitoring under varying skin conditions. Results demonstrate that the SNAP can substantially reduce skin contact impedance under skin contamination and enhance wearing comfort during motion, outperforming gel and flexible microneedle electrodes. Our wireless SNAP demonstration for exoskeleton robot control shows its potential for highly reliable HMIs, even under time-dynamic skin conditions. We envision that the SNAP will open new opportunities for wearable EP sensing and its real-world applications in HMIs.

Ultrasound-guided selective supraclavicular nerve block for postoperative pain control in children receiving Hickman catheter or chemoport insertion: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Optimal pain management after insertion of a central venous catheter in children remains unclear. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a selective supraclavicular nerve block on postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing hickman catheter or chemoport insertion. METHODS: Fifty patients aged 3-18 years scheduled for elective Hickman or chemoport insertion were randomized into two groups of 25 each: one group received an ultrasound-guided selective supraclavicular nerve block with 0.1 mL/kg of 0.5% ropivacaine (SSCNB group), and the other group did not receive a nerve block (control group). The primary outcome was the postoperative Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale score measured between 10 and 30 min after surgery. Secondary outcomes included pain scores at 1, 3, and 24 h after the surgery, block-related complications, length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit, postoperative analgesic consumption, and time to first analgesic use 24 h after surgery. RESULTS: The worst pain score within 30 min in the recovery room was significantly lower in the SSCNB group compared to the control group (6 [5-7] vs. 3 [2-4]; median difference, -3; 95% CI, -4 to -1; p < .001). Pain scores at 1, 3, and 24 h after surgery were also significantly lower in the SSCNB group. The need for both opioid and non-opioid analgesics in the postoperative period was significantly lower in the SSCNB group (36.0% vs. 0%; p = .002 and 44.0% vs. 16.0%; mean difference, -28%; 95% CI, -56 to 0.19; p = .033, respectively), while other secondary outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided SSCNB is an effective method for managing postoperative pain in children undergoing Hickman catheter or chemoport insertion, reducing the need for analgesics within 24 h after surgery.

Machine learning model for predicting immediate postoperative desaturation using spirometry signal data.

Postoperative desaturation is a common post-surgery pulmonary complication. The real-time prediction of postoperative desaturation can become a preventive measure, and real-time changes in spirometry data can provide valuable information on respiratory mechanics. However, there is a lack of related research, specifically on using spirometry signals as inputs to machine learning (ML) models. We developed an ML model and postoperative desaturation prediction index (DPI) by analyzing intraoperative spirometry signals in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. We analyzed spirometry data from patients who underwent laparoscopic, robot-assisted gynecologic, or urologic surgery, identifying postoperative desaturation as a peripheral arterial oxygen saturation level below 95%, despite facial oxygen mask usage. We fitted the ML model on two separate datasets collected during different periods. (Datasets A and B). Dataset A (Normal 133, Desaturation 74) was used for the entire experimental process, including ML model fitting, statistical analysis, and DPI determination. Dataset B (Normal 20, Desaturation 4) was only used for verify the ML model and DPI. Four feature categories-signal property, inter-/intra-position correlation, peak value/interval variability, and demographics-were incorporated into the ML models via filter and wrapper feature selection methods. In experiments, the ML model achieved an adequate predictive capacity for postoperative desaturation, and the performance of the DPI was unbiased.

Perioperative Respiratory-Adverse Events Following General Anesthesia Among Pediatric Patients After COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The perianesthetic morbidity, mortality risk and anesthesia-associated risk after preoperative coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) omicron variant in pediatric patients have not been fully demonstrated. We examined the association between preoperative COVID-19 omicron diagnosis and the incidence of overall perioperative adverse events in pediatric patients who received general anesthesia. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients aged < 18 years who received general anesthesia between February 1 and June 10, 2022, in a single tertiary pediatric hospital. They were divided into two groups; patients in a COVID-19 group were matched to patients in a non-COVID-19 group during the omicron-predominant period in Korea. Data on patient characteristics, anesthesia records, post-anesthesia records, COVID-19-related history, symptoms, and mortality were collected. The primary outcomes were the overall perioperative adverse events, including perioperative respiratory adverse events (PRAEs), escalation of care, and mortality. RESULTS: In total, 992 patients were included in the data analysis (n = 496, COVID-19; n = 496, non-COVID-19) after matching. The overall incidence of perioperative adverse events was significantly higher in the COVID-19 group than in the non-COVID-19 group (odds ratio [OR], 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89-1.94). The difference was significant for PRAEs (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.96-2.02) but not in escalation of care or mortality. The most pronounced difference between the two groups was observed in instances of high peak inspiratory pressure ≥ 25 cmH2O during the intraoperative period (OR, 11.0; 95% CI, 10.5-11.4). Compared with the non-COVID-19 group, the risk of overall perioperative adverse events was higher in the COVID-19 group diagnosed 0-2 weeks before anesthesia (OR, 6.5; 95% CI, 2.1-20.4) or symptomatic on the anesthesia day (OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 3.30-12.4). CONCLUSION: Pediatric patients with the preoperative COVID-19 omicron variant had increased risk of PRAEs. Patients within 2 weeks after COVID-19 or those with symptoms had a higher risk of PRAEs.

Higher portal venous pulsatility is associated with worse clinical outcomes following congenital heart surgery: a single-centre prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Increased portal venous flow pulsatility is associated with major complications after adult cardiac surgery. Nevertheless, no data are available for pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. We hypothesized that Doppler parameters including portal flow pulsatility could be associated with postoperative outcomes in children undergoing various cardiac surgeries. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study in children undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. We obtained postoperative portal, splenic, and hepatic venous Doppler data and perioperative clinical data including major postoperative complications. Portal and splenic venous flow pulsatility were calculated. We evaluated the association between venous Doppler parameters and adverse outcomes. The primary objective was to determine whether postoperative portal flow pulsatility could indicate major complications following congenital heart surgery. RESULTS: In this study, we enrolled 389 children, 74 of whom experienced major postoperative complications. The mean (standard deviation) portal pulsatility (44 [30]% vs 25 [14]%; 95% confidence interval [CI] for mean difference, 12 to 26; P < 0.001] and splenic pulsatility indices (41 [30]% vs 26 [16]%; 95% CI, 7 to 23; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in children with postoperative complications than in those without complications. The portal pulsatility index was able to help identify postoperative complications in biventricular patients and univentricular patients receiving bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt whereas it did not in other univentricular patients. An increased postoperative portal pulsatility index was significantly associated with major complications after pediatric cardiac surgery (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.91; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Higher portal venous pulsatility is associated with major postoperative complications in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Nevertheless, more data are needed to conclude the efficacy of portal venous pulsatility in patients with univentricular physiology. STUDY REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03990779); registered 19 June 2019.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'augmentation de la pulsatilité du flux de la veine porte est associée à des complications majeures après une chirurgie cardiaque chez l'adulte. Néanmoins, aucune donnée n'est disponible pour la patientèle pédiatrique atteinte de cardiopathie congénitale. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les paramètres Doppler, y compris la pulsatilité du flux de la veine porte, pourraient être associés aux devenirs postopératoires des enfants bénéficiant de diverses chirurgies cardiaques. MéTHODE: Nous avons réalisé une étude de cohorte observationnelle prospective portant sur des enfants bénéficiant d'une chirurgie cardiaque congénitale. Nous avons obtenu des données Doppler des veines porte, spléniques et hépatiques postopératoires ainsi que des données cliniques périopératoires, y compris les complications postopératoires majeures. La pulsatilité du flux des veines porte et spléniques a été calculée. Nous avons évalué l'association entre les paramètres Doppler veineux et les issues indésirables. L'objectif principal était de déterminer si la pulsatilité du flux postopératoire de la veine porte pouvait constituer un indicateur des complications majeures après une chirurgie cardiaque congénitale. RéSULTATS: Dans cette étude, nous avons recruté 389 enfants, dont 74 ont présenté des complications postopératoires majeures. La pulsatilité moyenne de la veine porte (écart type) (44 [30] % vs 25 [14] %; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % pour la différence moyenne, 12 à 26; P < 0,001] et les indices de pulsatilité splénique (41 [30] % vs 26 [16] %; IC 95 %, 7 à 23; P < 0,001) étaient significativement plus élevés chez les enfants présentant des complications postopératoires que chez les enfants sans complications. L'indice de pulsatilité de la veine porte a permis d'identifier les complications postopératoires chez les patient·es biventriculaires et les patient·es univentriculaires recevant une anastomose cavo-pulmonaire bidirectionnelle (procédure de Glenn), alors que ce n'était pas le cas chez les autres patient·es univentriculaires. Une augmentation postopératoire de l'indice de pulsatilité de la veine porte était significativement associée à des complications majeures après une chirurgie cardiaque pédiatrique (rapport de cotes, 1,40; IC 95 %, 1,29 à 1,91; P < 0,001). CONCLUSION: Une pulsatilité plus élevée de la veine porte est associée à des complications postopératoires majeures chez les enfants bénéficiant d'une chirurgie cardiaque. Néanmoins, davantage de données sont nécessaires pour conclure à l'efficacité de la pulsatilité de la veine porte chez les patient·es présentant une physiologie univentriculaire. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03990779); enregistrée le 19 juin 2019.

Structural damage detection using deep learning and FE model updating techniques.

The structural condition can be estimated by various methods. Damage detection, as one of those methods, deals with identifying changes in specific features within structural behavior based on numerical models. Since the method is based on simulation for various damage conditions, there are limitations in applicability due to inevitable discrepancies between the analytical model and the actual structure. Finite element model updating is a technique for establishing a finite element model that can reflect the current state of a target structure based on the measured responses. It is performed based on optimization for various structural parameters, but the final output can converge differently depending on the initial model and the characteristics of the algorithm. Although the updated model may not faithfully replicate the target structure as it is, it can be considered equivalent in terms of the relationship between the structural properties and behavioral characteristics of the target. This allows for the analysis of changes in the mechanical relationships established for the target structure. The change can be related to structural damage, and artificial intelligence technology can provide an alternative solution in such complex problems where analytical approaches are challenging. Taking practical aspects from the aforementioned methods, a novel structural damage detection methodology is presented in this study for identifying the location and extent of the damage. Model updating is used to establish a reference model that reflects the structural characteristics of the target. Training data for various damage conditions based on the reference model allows the artificial intelligence networks to identify damage to the target structure.