A methodological framework for estimating ambient PM2.5 particulate matter concentrations in the UK.

Scientific evidence sustains PM2.5 particles' inhalation may generate harmful impacts on human beings' health; therefore, their monitoring in ambient air is of paramount relevance in terms of public health. Due to the limited number of fixed stations within the air quality monitoring networks, development of methodological frameworks to model ambient air PM2.5 particles is primordial to providing additional information on PM2.5 exposure and its trends. In this sense, this work aims to offer a global easily-applicable tool to estimate ambient air PM2.5 as a function of meteorological conditions using a multivariate analysis. Daily PM2.5 data measured by 84 fixed monitoring stations and meteorological data from ERA5 (ECMWF Reanalysis v5) reanalysis daily based data between 2000 and 2021 across the United Kingdom were attended to develop the suggested approach. Data from January 2017 to December 2020 were employed to build a mathematical expression that related the dependent variable (PM2.5) to predictor ones (sea-level pressure, planetary boundary layer height, temperature, precipitation, wind direction and speed), while 2021 data tested the model. Evaluation indicators evidenced a good performance of model (maximum values of RMSE, MAE and MAPE: 1.80 µg/m3, 3.24 µg/m3, and 20.63%, respectively), compiling the current legislation's requirements for modelling ambient air PM2.5 concentrations. A retrospective analysis of meteorological features allowed estimating ambient air PM2.5 concentrations from 2000 to 2021. The highest PM2.5 concentrations relapsed in the Mid- and Southlands, while Northlands sustained the lowest concentrations.

Distinctive CD39+CD9+ lung interstitial macrophages suppress IL-23/Th17-mediated neutrophilic asthma by inhibiting NETosis.

The IL-23-Th17 axis is responsible for neutrophilic inflammation in various inflammatory diseases. Here, we discover a potential pathway to inhibit neutrophilic asthma. In our neutrophil-dominant asthma (NDA) model, single-cell RNA-seq analysis identifies a subpopulation of CD39+CD9+ interstitial macrophages (IMs) suppressed by IL-23 in NDA conditions but increased by an IL-23 inhibitor αIL-23p19. Adoptively transferred CD39+CD9+ IMs suppress neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), a representative phenotype of NDA, and also Th17 cell activation and neutrophilic inflammation. CD39+CD9+ IMs first attach to neutrophils in a CD9-dependent manner, and then remove ATP near neutrophils that contribute to NETosis in a CD39-dependent manner. Transcriptomic data from asthmatic patients finally show decreased CD39+CD9+ IMs in severe asthma than mild/moderate asthma. Our results suggest that CD39+CD9+ IMs function as a potent negative regulator of neutrophilic inflammation by suppressing NETosis in the IL-23-Th17 axis and can thus serve as a potential therapeutic target for IL-23-Th17-mediated neutrophilic asthma.

Recent progress in cancer vaccines and nanovaccines.

Vaccine science, nanotechnology, and immunotherapy are at the forefront of cancer treatment strategies, each offering significant potential for enhancing tumor-specific immunity and establishing long-lasting immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence. Despite the promise of these personalized and precision-based anti-cancer approaches, challenges such as immunosuppression, suboptimal immune activation, and T-cell exhaustion continue to hinder their effectiveness. The limited clinical success of cancer vaccines often stems from difficulties in identifying effective antigens, efficiently targeting immune cells, lymphoid organs, and the tumor microenvironment, overcoming immune evasion, enhancing immunogenicity, and avoiding lysosomal degradation. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that integrating nanotechnology with immunotherapeutic strategies in vaccine development can overcome these challenges, leading to potent antitumor immune responses and significant progress in the field. This review highlights the critical components of cancer vaccine and nanovaccine strategies for immunomodulatory antitumor therapy. It covers general vaccine strategies, types of vaccines, antigen forms, nanovaccine platforms, challenges faced, potential solutions, and key findings from preclinical and clinical studies, along with future perspectives. To fully unlock the potential of cancer vaccines and nanovaccines, precise immunological monitoring during early-phase trials is essential. This approach will help identify and address obstacles, ultimately expanding the available options for patients who are resistant to conventional cancer immunotherapies.

Expression of claudin 18.2 in poorly cohesive carcinoma and its association with clinicopathologic parameters in East Asian patients.

BACKGROUND: Poorly cohesive carcinoma (PCC) is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer with limited therapeutic options. This study investigated claudin (CLDN) 18.2 expression status in PCCs using a 43-13 A clone. METHODS: We retrospectively collected 178 consecutive surgically resected stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ gastric cancer samples. Tissue microarray blocks were constructed for CLDN18.2 immunohistochemical staining. We studied CLDN18.2 expression and its association with clinicopathologic parameters. RESULTS: CLDN18.2 positivity (defined by ≥ 75 % of tumor cells showing moderate to strong membranous positivity) was found in 34.8 % of the PCC cases (62/178). Approximately half of the CLDN18.2 positive PCCs demonstrated heterogeneous expression (51.6 %, 32/62). CLDN18.2 positivity was not associated with any clinicopathologic parameters examined. However, CLDN18.2 positivity tended to be more frequent in E-cadherin-positive PCCs (no loss of expression) than in E-cadherin-negative PCCs (loss of expression) (50 % vs. 27.7 %). The CLDN18.2 expression level, represented by the H-score, gradually decreased as the paraffin block storage time increased (P = 0.046). Overall survival and disease-free survival analyses showed no significant difference between CLDN18.2-positive and negative PCCs. CONCLUSIONS: A significant portion of surgically resected PCC specimens showed CLDN18.2 positivity. Additionally, since the expression level of CLDN18.2 gradually decreases with increased paraffin block storage time, reflex testing can be considered at the time of the cancer diagnosis.

Occurrence of human infection with Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa.

Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, results in over 1.2 million cases and 29 thousand deaths annually from sub-Saharan Africa. Combating this disease requires various intervention approaches, such as typhoid conjugate vaccines and improving water, sanitation, and hygiene. Enhancing the effectiveness of these strategies necessitates a deeper understanding of the variation of the typhoid fever across the target region. Although the magnitude and variation of typhoid fever at the country level have been studied globally, sub-national variation remains underexplored. To address this gap, we collected data from 229 published reports on typhoid fever occurrences in sub-Saharan Africa between January 2000 and December 2020. The dataset includes information on the year and geographical location of observation, diagnostic tests used, and the type of studies in which typhoid fever was reported. By analyzing this dataset, we can gain insights into the sub-national heterogeneity of typhoid fever's burden in the region. This knowledge will be instrumental in designing more effective intervention strategies to combat the disease.

Surgical Repair of Postinfarction Left Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm.

Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a serious and rare disorder that usually develops after acute myocardial infarction. It can lead to potentially lethal mechanical complications, such as acute left ventricular free wall rupture. This report presents the case of a 64-year-old man with a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm and myocardial rupture that was managed by left ventricular restoration with aneurysmectomy and coronary artery bypass with 2 grafts.

Interactions that define the arrangement of sugar-binding sites in BDCA-2 and dectin-2 dimers.

The sugar-binding receptors dectin-2 and blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA-2) bind oligosaccharide ligands through extracellular carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) and initiate intracellular signaling through Fc receptor γ adapters (FcRγ). Dectin-2 stimulates macrophages in response to pathogen binding while BDCA-2 modulates cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. The oligomeric states of these receptors and the orientations of their CRDs have been investigated by analysis of a naturally occurring disulfide-bonded variant of BDCA-2 and by replacement of transmembrane domains with N-terminal dimerization domains to create extracellular domain dimers of both dectin-2 and BDCA-2. Analysis of these constructs, as well as previously described crystal structures of the CRDs from these proteins and a novel structure of an extended version of the extracellular domain of dectin-2, showed that there is only limited interaction of the CRDs in the dimers, but interactions can be stabilized by the presence of the neck region. The resulting orientation of sugar-binding sites in the dimers would favor crosslinking of multiple dimers by oligosaccharide ligands, causing clustering of FcRγ to initiate signaling.

Enhanced Electrical Polarization in van der Waals α-In2Se3 Ferroelectric Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors by Eliminating Surface Screening Charge.

A van der Waals (vdW) α-In2Se3 ferroelectric semiconductor channel-based field-effect transistor (FeS-FET) has emerged as a next-generation electronic device owing to its versatility in various fields, including neuromorphic computing, nonvolatile memory, and optoelectronics. However, screening charges cause by the imperfect surface morphology of vdW α-In2Se3 inhibiting electrical polarization remain an unresolved issue. In this study, for the first time, a method is elucidated to recover the inherent electric polarization in both in- and out-of-plane directions of the α-In2Se3 channel based on post-exfoliation annealing (PEA) and improve the electrical performance of vdW FeS-FETs. Following PEA, an ultra-thin In2Se3-3xO3x layer formed on the top surface of the α-In2Se3 channel is demonstrated to passivate surface defects and enhance the electrical performance of FeS-FETs. The on/off current ratio of the α-In2Se3 FeS-FET has increased from 5.99 to 1.84 × 106, and the magnitude of ferroelectric resistance switching has increased from 1.20 to 26.01. Moreover, the gate-modulated artificial synaptic operation of the α-In2Se3 FeS-FET is demonstrated and illustrate the significance of the engineered interface in the vdW FeS-FET for its application to multifunctional devices. The proposed α-In2Se3 FeS-FET is expected to provide a significant breakthrough for advanced memory devices and neuromorphic computing.

Three-dimensional Analysis of Lifting Effects after High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (Ultraformer-MPT) across Seven Facial Aesthetic Units Considering SonoAnatomy.

Background: This investigation delves deep into the lifting degree for each area of noninvasive facial rejuvenation through high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). The study meticulously examines the lifting effects of HIFU treatment across seven distinct facial aesthetic-units, using advanced three-dimensional scanner analysis. Methods: The study examined a cohort of 50 patients treated with HIFU. Pre- and immediate posttreatment evaluations were conducted using three-dimensional scanner analysis, allowing for precise quantification of lifting effects across seven aesthetic units. Treatment protocols were tailored to leverage five cartridges with micropulsed mode options, optimizing outcomes based on sonographic anatomy. Results: The forehead was lifted by 1.24 mm; crow's feet, 2.25; malar region, 2.46; posterior cheek, 3.40; jowl, 2.90; mandible, 3.09; and neck, 3.53. Conclusions: The forehead showed a lift of 1.24 mm, attributed to the thin tissue requiring a cautious approach to avoid discomfort. A lift of 2.25 mm in the crow's feet area demonstrated the efficacy of HIFU in addressing fine lines and wrinkles. Significant lift of 2.47 mm in the malar region highlights HIFU's effectiveness in addressing mid-face laxity and restoring volume to the cheeks. The most substantial lift of 3.38 mm in the posterior cheek underscores targeted energy application for enhanced lifting and contouring. Notable lifting effect of 2.90 mm in the jowl area benefits sagging along the jawline, refining facial contour. Lift of 3.10 mm in the mandible shows improvement of lower facial laxity, defining the jawline. The highest lift of 3.55 mm in the neck region addresses laxity and sagging for a defined neck profile.

Predicting Lung Cancer in Korean Never-Smokers With Polygenic Risk Scores.

In the last few decades, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with more than 10,000 subjects have identified several loci associated with lung cancer and these loci have been used to develop novel risk prediction tools for cancer. The present study aimed to establish a lung cancer prediction model for Korean never-smokers using polygenic risk scores (PRSs); PRSs were calculated using a pruning-thresholding-based approach based on 11 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Overall, the odds ratios tended to increase as PRSs were larger, with the odds ratio of the top 5% PRSs being 1.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.31-2.23) using the 40%-60% percentile group as the reference, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the prediction model being of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.747-0.774). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the prediction model with and without PRSs as covariates were compared using DeLong's test, and a significant difference was observed. Our results suggest that PRSs can be valuable tools for predicting the risk of lung cancer.

The role of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein (OASL1) in biliary and hepatotoxin-induced liver injury in mice.

Following an injury, the liver embarks on a process that drives the accumulation and reformation of the extracellular matrix, leading to hepatic fibrosis. Type I interferons (IFNs), including IFN-α and IFN-ß, play a crucial role in averting chronic liver injury through the activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which are instrumental in sculpting adaptive immunity. The role of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein 1 (OASL1), an antiviral ISG, in the context of liver fibrosis remains to be elucidated. To elicit liver fibrosis, a diet containing 0.1% diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were employed to induce cholestatic- and hepatotoxin-mediated liver fibrosis, respectively. Histological analyses of both models revealed that OASL1-/- mice exhibited reduced liver damage and, consequently, expressed lower levels of fibrotic mediators, notably α-smooth muscle actin. OASL1-/- mice demonstrated significantly elevated IFN-α and IFN-ß mRNA levels, regulated by the IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). Additionally, OASL1-/- ameliorated chronic liver fibrosis through the modulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling. The effect of OASL1 on type I IFN production in acute liver damage was further explored and OASL1-/- mice consistently showed lower alanine transaminase levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, but IFN-α and IFN-ß mRNA levels were upregulated, leading to amelioration of acute liver injury. Additionally, the study discovered that F4/80-positive cells were observed more frequently in OASL1-/- CCl4 acutely treated mice. This implies that there is a significant synergy in the function of macrophages and OASL1 deficiency. These results demonstrate that in instances of liver injury, OASL1 inhibits the production of type I IFN by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby worsening disease.

Cardiovascular outcomes in Parkinson's disease patients from a retrospective cohort study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) reports high rates of morbidity and mortality, but the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with PD has not been fully elucidated. This bi-center retrospective cohort study using the electronic health records (EHR) database of two tertiary hospitals screened a total of 327,292 subjects who visited the outpatient clinic, and 1194 patients with PD were propensity score-matched with a control population. The primary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Key secondary outcomes included all-cause death, cardiovascular (CV) death, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure hospitalization and 30-day CV death. After PS matching, MACE occurrence was not significantly different between PD and non-PD groups (18.2% vs. 17.5%, log-rank p = 0.98). Key secondary outcomes were also similar between the two groups. In patients with PD, MACE rate, and also CV risk score, were higher in patients with more severe PD (according to Hoehn and Yahr scale and unified Parkinson's disease rating scale), and after multivariable analysis, PD severity was not an independent predictor of MACE. Patients with PD are at an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, but the contribution from other common CV risk factors cannot be ignored. The management of prevalent CV risk factors is therefore important in mitigating adverse outcomes among patients with PD.

Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life in Korean Adults: Observational Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) reflects an individual's perception of their physical and mental health over time. Despite numerous studies linking physical activity to improved HRQoL, most rely on self-reported data, limiting the accuracy and generalizability of findings. This study leverages objective accelerometer data to explore the association between physical activity and HRQoL in Korean adults. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between objectively measured physical activity using accelerometers and HRQoL among Korean adults, aiming to inform targeted interventions for enhancing HRQoL through physical activity. METHODS: This observational study included 1298 participants aged 19-64 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI, who wore an accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D questionnaire, and physical activity was quantified as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity accelerometer-total (MVPA-AT) and accelerometer-bout (MVPA-AB). Data were analyzed using logistic regression to determine the odds ratio (ORs) for low HRQoL, adjusting for socioeconomic variables and mental health factors. RESULTS: Participants with higher HRQoL were younger, more likely to be male, single, highly educated, employed in white-collar jobs, and had higher household incomes. They also reported less stress and better subjective health status. The high HRQoL group had significantly more participants meeting MVPA-AB ≥600 metabolic equivalents (P<.01). Logistic regression showed that participants meeting MVPA-AB ≥600 metabolic equivalents had higher odds of high HRQoL (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.11-2.17). Adjusted models showed consistent results, although the association weakened when adjusting for mental health factors (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.01-2.09). CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates a significant association between HRQoL and moderate to vigorous physical activity sustained for at least 10 minutes, as measured by accelerometer. These findings support promoting physical activity, particularly sustained moderate to vigorous activity, to enhance HRQoL. Further interventional studies focusing on specific physical activity domains such as occupational, leisure-time, and commuting activities are warranted.

Health Risk Assessment of Residents' Exposure to Air Pollutants around the Sinpyeong-Jangrim Industrial Complex in Busan.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the health effects of heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the air around the Sinpyeong-Jangrim Industrial Complex, Busan, and the necessity of reduction measures. We measured the concentrations of heavy metals and VOCs in PM2.5 in five areas with dense population around the Sinpyeong-Jangrim Industrial Complex. A health risk assessment was conducted, and the spatial risk distribution for the entire Saha-gu area was predicted using inverse distance weighting (IDW). Our results indicated that the carcinogens benzene, As, and Cr6+, and the non-carcinogen m,p-xylene, have the potential to adversely affect health. In particular, As was found to have the potential to express health effects at all measurement points. Additionally, based on the IDW results, the minimum values of benzene, arsenic, and m,p-xylene exceeded the threshold level, potentially affecting the health of residents across the entire Saha-gu area. In contrast, Cr6+ could potentially impact health only in some parts of Saha-gu as only its maximum value exceeded the threshold level. We demonstrated the importance of reducing air pollutant emissions from general industrial complexes. Our results will be useful in establishing more systematic mitigation measures to protect the health of residents near the Sinpyeong-Jangrim Industrial Complex and developing air pollutant management systems.

Blockade of STING activation alleviates microglial dysfunction and a broad spectrum of Alzheimer's disease pathologies.

Abnormal glial activation promotes neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. Stimulation of the cGAS-STING pathway induces microglial dysfunction and sterile inflammation, which exacerbates AD. We showed that inhibiting STING activation can control microglia and ameliorate a wide spectrum of AD symptoms. The cGAS-STING pathway is required for the detection of ectopic DNA and the subsequent immune response. Amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau induce mitochondrial stress, which causes DNA to be released into the cytoplasm of microglia. cGAS and STING are highly expressed in Aß plaque-associated microglia, and neuronal STING is upregulated in the brains of AD model animals. The presence of the APOE ε4 allele, an AD risk factor, also upregulated both proteins. STING activation was necessary for microglial NLRP3 activation, proinflammatory responses, and type-I-interferon responses. Pharmacological STING inhibition reduced a wide range of AD pathogenic features in AppNL-G-F/hTau double-knock-in mice. An unanticipated transcriptome shift in microglia reduced gliosis and cerebral inflammation. Significant reductions in the Aß load, tau phosphorylation, and microglial synapse engulfment prevented memory loss. To summarize, our study describes the pathogenic mechanism of STING activation as well as its potential as a therapeutic target in AD.

Incorporating an artificially synthesized fluoride complex into urethane-acrylate-based 3D printing resin: Effects on mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial actions, and its long-term fluoride-releasing properties.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize a 3D printing resin with antibacterial and long-term fluoride-releasing properties. METHODS: (4,4-Bis-4-[2­hydroxy-3-(2-methacryloyloxy)propoxy]-phenyl-pentanol-amine)-N,N-diacetic acid zirconium (IV) fluoride complex was synthesized from 4,4-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-pentanoic acid and monitored using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The synthesized complex was incorporated into a urethane-acrylate-based (UA) resin at 5 wt% and 10 wt% (5F-UA and 10F-UA groups, respectively). The UA resin without the synthesized complex was considered as the control group. All groups were 3D printed using a DLP printer, followed by 10 min of washing and 20 min of curing. Surface characteristics were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties were assessed by measuring its flexural strength and Vickers hardness. The antibacterial property was investigated with direct and indirect contact tests and a WST-8 metabolic activity assay. The suspension was fully mixed and diluted for counting the number of colony-forming units. The cell viability test was performed using a cell proliferation assay. The amount of fluoride released was measured daily for 28 days using ion chromatography. One-way analysis of variance was performed for statistical analyses using SPSS software. RESULTS: The amount of fluoride released increased with the concentration of fluoride complex in the resin. The fluoride ions were constantly released at a low concentration from the 3D printed specimens (5F-UA: around 0.13 ppm daily; 10F-UA: around 0.22 ppm daily). The antibacterial efficacy was acceptable in both the 5F-UA and 10F-UA groups, and higher in the latter. No cytotoxicity of the resin was detected. The mechanical properties were significantly influenced by the addition of the fluoride-releasing complex. CONCLUSIONS: The present 3D printing UA resin incorporating a fluoride complex effectively inhibited the growth of S. mutans and demonstrated the ability to slowly release fluoride over an extended period of time. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study provided informative composition of a fluoride-releasing UA-based 3D printing resin, ideal for dental applications such as crowns, bridges, removable partial dentures, and orthodontic appliances, which can benefit from sustained fluoride release and antimicrobial properties. Further modifications to the resin composition can be easily achieved to enhance the resin qualities.

The synergistic effects of Korean Red Ginseng and Cervi Parvum Cornu ameliorating FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis by downregulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.

In this study, we compared antithrombotic activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and Cervi Parvum Cornu (CPC) on rats with induced thrombosis. Results indicate that KRG and CPC suppressed the arterial occlusion and the combination of KRG and CPC (KRG + CPC) treatment exhibited a synergistic effect with maximum reduction in thrombosis.

Protective effect of Korean red ginseng water extract on levothyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism and propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in rats.

Background: Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) (Family: Araliaceae) is one of the most widely used traditional herbs in Asia. Multiple studies have shown that KRGE has anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups for PTU-induced hypothyroidism and six groups for LT4-induced hyperthyroidism. At the experiment's conclusion, rats were sacrificed, and blood, thyroid gland, and liver samples were collected. Body weight was recorded weekly, and serum hormone levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Thyroid gland and liver tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. KRGE was prepared in 0.5% CMC and stored at 4 °C before administration. Results: In the LT4-induced hyperthyroidism model, KRGE prevented decreases in body weight, thyroid gland weight, liver weight, serum glucose, and thyroid hormone levels compared to the PTU group. It also reduced increases in T3, T4, and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels after LT4 treatment. Additionally, KRGE improved thyroid gland and liver histopathology, effects not observed in the PTU-induced hypothyroidism model. Conclusion: All things considered, our research points to KRGE's potential protective role in rat hyperthyroidism caused by LT4 by lowering thyroid hormone production.

Efficacy, Safety, and Longevity of Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection in Treating Temple Hollowness by Sonographic Identifying 17 Soft Tissue Layers.

Background: Successful aesthetic interventions in upper-face aging require a profound understanding of the intricate anatomy of temporal. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effect of hyaluronic acid (HA) injection in temple areas by combining quantitative analysis with detailed anatomical insights. Methods: Twenty-five women received HA injections for temple hollowness. The injections targeted the interfacial layer between superficial and deep temporal fascia. Three-dimensional scanning, hollowness examination, and sonographic measurements were conducted 3 and 6 months postprocedure. Results: Sonography identified 17 soft tissue layers in the temple, each with distinct characteristics. The notable layers include the epidermis, dermis, superficial and deep temporal fasciae, innominate fasciae, and superficial and deep temporal fat compartments. Three-dimensional volume was 0.86 mL at 3 months and 0.72 mL at 6 months. The average thickness of HA was 3.82 mm (immediately), 3.00 mm (3 mo), and 2.51 mm (6 mo). The depression on the temple was 4.33 mm (preprocedure), 0.71 mm (3 mo), and 1.62 mm (6 mo). The grade improved by 2.41 and 1.74 levels at 3 and 6 months. Conclusions: Identifying detailed superficial and deep layers of the deep temporal fascia challenged traditional descriptions, with detailed dividing of superficial and deep temporal fascia in sonography. Innominate fascia was also distinguished. This study provided a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of HA injections in temple areas. Precise anatomical insights and quantitative assessments contribute to a deeper understanding of the structural changes induced by this procedure. Sonography is valuable for delineating distinct layers and guiding aesthetic interventions in the temporal region.