Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes of Euonymus alatus in cultured rat hepatocytes.

The Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. has long been used as a crude drug. In this paper, we investigate the effects of E. alatus on cultured hepatocyte cell system and lipid peroxidation in hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) treatment conditions. The study covers the physiological activity (the antioxidative activity and the nitrite-scavenging effect) of E. alatus. H(2)O(2) that can produce intracellular free radical was used for inducer of the peroxidation of cellular lipids. Treatment of E. alatus attenuated in cell killing enhanced by increasing concentrations of H(2)O(2). The increased malondialdehyde level induced by H(2)O(2) treatment was reduced by pre-treatment of E. alatus. Furthermore, addition of E. alatus in cell culture medium significantly reduced cell killing and content of intracellular antioxidants. Changes in nitrite-scavenging effect of E. alatus at various concentrations (5-25 mg/ml) and various pH levels (pH 1.2, 4.2 and 6.0) were also observed. The present study was also done to investigate the effects of E. alatus on cultured hepatocyte cell system, H(2)O(2)-induced cytotoxicity and antioxidative enzyme activities, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in H(2)O(2 )treatment conditions. E. alatus treatment had significant protective or elevating activities on these antioxidative enzyme activities compared to a normal group. The results indicate that E. alatus provides a strong antioxidant protection of cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress.

Inhibition of Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) on bone resorption mediated by processing of cathepsin K in cultured mouse osteoclasts.

Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) (UD) has long been known to be antiinflammatory in traditional Korean medicine. This experiment investigated the effects of UD on bone resorption using bone cell culture. Different concentrations of crude extract of UD were added to mouse bone cell culture. The mitochondrial activity of the bone cells after exposure of UD was determined by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). It was demonstrated that UD has potential effects on bone cell culture without cytotoxicity. The most effective concentration of UD in bone cells was 100 microg/mL. Cathepsin K (Cat K) is the major cysteine protease expressed in osteoclasts and is thought to play a key role in matrix degradation during bone resorption. When mouse long bone cells including osteoclasts and osteoblasts were treated with UD, UD prevented the osteoclast-mediated intracellular processing of Cat K, suggesting that UD may disrupt the intracellular transport of pro Cat K. Since secreted proenzymes have the potential to reenter the cell via the mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, to prevent this possibility, UD was tested in the absence or presence of M6P. Inhibition of Cat K processing by UD was observed in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of M6P resulted in enhanced potency of UD. UD dose-dependently inhibited in vitro bone resorption with a potency similar to that observed for inhibition of Cat K processing.

Effect of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe on protease activities, antioxidant and free radical damages in rheumatis arthritis rats.

The effect of deer antler extracts (DAA) of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe on protease activities, oxidant and free radical damages in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis in rats was studied. Rats were i.p. administered with DAA. We have compared (using the same series of experimental samples) the levels of activity of a comprehensive range of cytoplasmic, lysosomal and matrix protease types, together with the levels of free radical induced protein damage (determined as protein carbonyl derivative) and total antioxidant in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and DAA-treated rats. Many proteases activities were shown to be significantly increased in RA compared to normal rats. Protease activities (including those enzyme types putatively involved in the immune response, such as dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV) in plasma were not significantly different between RA and normal rats. DAA treatment at dose of 100 microg/kg suppressed the production of the proteases of cytoplasmic, lysosomal and matrix protease types. The level of free radical induced damage to synovial fluid proteins was approximately 2-fold lower in DAA rats compared to RA rats, although there was no significant difference in total antioxidant status in synovial fluid or plasma between RA and DAA rats. It was concluded that DAA treatment reduces the activation of proteolytic enzymes and free radicals, which are likely to be of equal potential importance as protein damaging agents in the pathogenesis of RA.

Effect of safflower seeds supplementation on stimulation of the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.

Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal formulation, Gami-Honghwain (HJ), which comprises Carthamus tinctorius L. seed and hominis placenta, were investigated. We demonstrate that the production of PGE2 is inhibited by 20-100 microg/ml HJ in nontransformed osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1 cells), indicating that HJ inhibits PGE2 production. The effect of HJ on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 was also studied. HJ dose-dependently increased DNA synthesis (significant at 20-100 microg/ml), and increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and prolyl hydroxylase activities of MC3T3-E1 cells (20-100 microg/ml), while anti-estrogen tamoxifen eliminated the stimulation of proliferation and ALP activity of MC3T3-E1 which was induced by HJ. These results indicate that HJ directly stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Also, when we assessed the effects of HJ on osteoblastic differentiation in MC3T3-E1, HJ enhanced ALP activity and mineralization in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. This stimulatory effect of the HJ was observed at relatively low doses (significant at 20-100 microg/ml and maximal at 100 microg/ml). Northern blot analysis showed that the HJ (60 microg/ml) increased in bone morphogenetic protein-2 as well as ALP mRNA concentrations in MC3T3-E1 cells. HJ (100 microg/ml) slightly increased in type I collagen mRNA abundance throughout the culture period, whereas it markedly inhibited the gene expression of collagenase-1 between days 15 and 20 of culture. These results indicate that HJ has anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoblastic differentiation, suggesting that it could be used for the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.

Ascochlorin suppresses oxLDL-induced MMP-9 expression by inhibiting the MEK/ERK signaling pathway in human THP-1 macrophages.

The critical initiating event in atherogenesis involves the invasion of monocytes through the endothelial walls of arteries and the transformation of monocytes from macrophages into foam cells. Human THP-1 monocytic cells can be induced to differentiate into macrophages by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and can then be converted into foam cells by exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Also, during a chronic inflammatory response, monocytes/macrophages produce the 92-kDa matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) that may contribute to the extravasation, migration, and tissue remolding capacities of the phagocytic cells. Here, we investigate the effect of ascochlorin (ASC), a prenylphenol antiviral compound from the fungus Ascochyta viciae, on oxLDL-induced MMP-9 expression and activity in human THP-1 macrophages. ASC reduced oxLDL-induced MMP-9 expression and activity in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Also, an analysis of MMP-9 activity using pharmacologic inhibitors showed that ASC inhibits MMP-9 activity via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and kinase 2 pathways. Our results suggest that ASC may be useful as a potent clinical antiatherogenic agent, a topic of considerable interest in the biological chemistry of chemotherapeutic agents.

Enhancement of learning and memory by a medicinal formulation, Saenhyetang, in mice.

The effects on memory and learning ability of the Korean herbal medicine, Saenhyetang (SHT), which is consisted of nine herbs, were investigated. Hot water extracts (HWE-SHT) and ethanol extracts (EE-SHT) were used for the studies. It was shown that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (NR2B) was increased in the forebrains of SHT-administrated mice (HWE-SHT), leading to enhanced activation of NMDA receptors, facilitating synaptic potentiation in response to stimulation at 10-100Hz. These HWE-SHT-treated mice exhibit superior ability in learning and memory in various behavioral tasks, showing that NR2B is enhanced by HWE-SHT treatment and also is critical in gating the age-dependent threshold for plasticity and memory formation. NMDA receptor-dependent modifications, which were mediated in part by HWE-SHT administration, of synaptic efficacy, therefore, represent a mechanism for associative learning and memory. Results suggest that oriental medical enhancement of NR2B attributes such as intelligence and memory in mammals is feasible. On the other hand, to examine the effects of EE-SHT on the learning and memory in experimental mice, the passive and active avoidance responses were studied. The EE-SHT ameliorated the memory retrieval deficit induced by ethanol, but not other memory impairment in mice. EE-SHT (10, 20mg/100g, p.o.) did not affect the passive avoidance responses of normal mice in the step through and step down tests, the conditioned and unconditioned avoidance responses of normal mice in the shuttle box and lever press performance tests, and the ambulatory activity of normal mice in normal condition. However, EE-SHT was shown to significantly decrease the spontaneous motor activity during the shuttle box test, and also to prolong the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital in mice at 20mg/kg. These results suggest that EE-SHT has an ameliorating effect on memory retrieval impairment and a weak tranquilizing action.

Stimulative effects of Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.

Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) has long been known to have anti-inflammatory and protective effects on damaged tissue, inflammation and bone among other functions. To treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a herbal medicine, Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) extract (UD) is being used in traditional oriental medicine. The effect of UD on the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in non-transformed osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) was studied. UD dose-dependently increased DNA synthesis (significant at 5-20 microg/ml). UD increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and prolyl hydroxylase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells (5-20 microg/ml). Antiestrogen tamoxifen eliminated the stimulation of proliferation and ALP activity of MC3T3-E1, which was induced by UD. UD at concentrations ranged from 30 to 100 microg/ml inhibited prostaglandin E2 production in MC3T3-E1. These results indicate that UD directly stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. These results also suggest and UD is effective for bone anti-resorptive action in bone cells.

Inhibitory effect of Panax notoginseng on nitric oxide synthase, cyclo-oxygenase-2 and neutrophil functions.

A water extract of Panax notoginseng Buck F.H. Chen. (Arialiaceae) root (PN) is being used as a therapeutic agent to stop haemorrhages and as a tonic to promote health in Korean and Chinese medicine. The pharmacokinetic profiles of PN have not been accurately investigated. The preliminary aim was to elucidate the pharmacokinetic features of PN. First, the prevention of neutrophil functions was assessed. PN inhibited neutrophil functions, including degranulation, superoxide generation and leukotriene B4 production, without any effect on 5-lipoxygenase activity. PN reduced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 production in mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) while no influence on the activity of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) or cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) was observed. PN significantly reduced mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan. The results indicate that PN exerts antiinflammatory effects related to the inhibition of neutrophil functions and NO and PGE2 production, which could be due to a decreased expression of iNOS and COX-2.

Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe.

The effect of water extract of deer antler (DAA) prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong) on collagen-induced mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model was studied. Identification of common DAA capable of affording protection or modulating the onset and severity of arthritis may have important human health implications. DAA has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties in experimental animals. In this study, we determined the effect of DAA-injection on collagen-induced arthritis in mice. In three independent experiments, mice given DAA in water exhibited significantly reduced incidence of arthritis (30-45%) as compared with mice not given DAA in water (86-98%). The arthritis index also was significantly lower in DAA-injected animals. Western blot analysis showed a marked reduction in the expression of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor α in arthritic joints of DAA-injected mice. The neutral endopeptidase activity was approximately six-fold higher in arthritic joints of non-DAA-injected mice in comparison to non-arthritic joints of unimmunized mice, whereas it was only two-fold higher in the arthritic joints of DAA-injected mice. Additionally, total IgG and type II collagen-specific IgG levels were lower in serum and arthritic joints of DAA-injected mice. Taken together our studies suggest that DAA may be useful in the prevention of onset and severity of arthritis.

Inhibitory effect of Uncaria sinensis on human aortic smooth muscle cell migration is based on matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitory activity.

Medicinal extracts of Cho-Deung-san and Uncaria sinensis Havil. (UR) have previously been shown to have inhibitory effects on migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 production, which play key roles in the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we have more extensively investigated the inhibitory effect of UR on MMP-9 activity and TNF-α induced human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) migration. The result from gelatin zymography showed that UR inhibited MMP-9 activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50)=55µg/ml). In addition, UR strongly inhibited the migration of HASMC induced by TNF-α treatment (IC(50)=125µg/ml), although it has very low cytotoxic effect on HASMC (IC(50)>500µg/ml). These results suggest that UR is a potential anti-atherosclerotic agent through inhibition of MMP-9 activity and VSMC migration.

Herbal medicine Gamgungtang down-regulates autoimmunity through induction of TH2 cytokine production by lymphocytes in experimental thyroiditis model.

The crude herbal formulation, Gamgungtang (GGT), has been shown to protect animals against a wide range of spontaneously developing or induced autoimmune diseases. We have previously reported that GGT shows marked down-regulation of several experimental autoimmune diseases. Although very effective at preventing thyroid infiltrates in mice immunized with mouse deglycosylated thyroglobulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and in spontaneous models of thyroiditis, it completely failed to modify experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) induced in mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. In this study, in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms by which GGT suppresses EAT, and autoimmunity in general, we investigated the in vivo effects of this drug on the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte balance, which is important for the induction or inhibition of autoreactivity. Naive SJL/J mice were treated orally for 5 days with GGT (80 mg/(kg day)). Spleen cells were obtained at various time points during the treatment period and were stimulated in vitro with concanavalin A. Interleukins IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) cytokine production was evaluated at the protein levels of the cytokines in the medium and mRNA expressions. A significant upregulation of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta was observed following treatment with GGT, which peaked at day 5 (IL-10) or day 10 (IL-4). On the other hand, IL-12 and IFN-gamma production were either unchanged or decreased. It seems therefore that GGT induces in vivo a shift towards Th2 lymphocytes which may be one of the mechanisms of down-regulation of the autoimmune reactivity in EAT. Our observations indicate that down-regulation of TH1 cytokines (especially IL-12) and enhancement of Th2 cytokine production may play an important role in the control of T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. These data may contribute to the design of new immunomodulating treatments for a group of autoimmune diseases.

Effect of the traditional Korean immunomodulating formulation, Gamguntang (GGT), on experimental thyroiditis model.

The crude herbal formulation, Gamgungtang (GGT), is an immunomodulator showing marked down-regulation of several experimental autoimmune diseases. In this study, its effect on different experimental models of thyroid disease was investigated. Although very effective at preventing thyroid infiltrates in mice immunized with mouse deglycosylated thyroglobulin and complete Freund's adjuvant and in spontaneous models of thyroiditis, it completely failed to modify experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) induced in mice immunized with mouse thyroglobulin and lipopolysaccharide. There was no significant shift in the observed isotypes of anti-mouse thyroglobulin antibodies and only anti-mouse thyroglobulin antibodies in the spontaneous model were completely down-modulated by the GGT. One surprising fact to emerge was that GGT-treated donor mice, although protected from thyroid lesions themselves, were still able to transfer EAT showing that they must have been effectively primed while being treated with GGT. It is possible that the drug down modulated EAT by interfering with the trafficking of primed effector cells.

Salviae miltiorrhizae radix increases dopamine release of rat and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

The Radix of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Labiatae) (SMR), an eminent herb, is often included as an ingredient in various herbal remedies recommended for vascular circulation therapies. The present study investigated the effect of SMR on dopaminergic neurotransmission. Various extracts prepared from the stems of SMR were tested for cytotoxic activity on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells using the XTT assay method. The ethanol extract (IC50 > 100 microg/mL), water extract (IC50 > 100 microg/mL) and chloroform (IC50 = 90 microg/mL) fraction exhibited weak cytotoxic activity. However, the butanol (IC50 = 80 microg/mL) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc; IC50 = 70 microg/mL) fractions exhibited strong cytotoxic activity. Also, the extracts and fractions were investigated for dopamine release effects. The EtOAc fraction showed a stronger stimulatory effect on dopamine release activity than the other fractions. The effect of the crude EtOAc fraction (50 microg/mL) of SMR on K+ (20 mm)-stimulated dopamine (DA) release from rat striatal slices was compared with amphetamine (10(-4) m) using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure endogenous DA. The EtOAc fraction significantly increased K+ -stimulated DA release (p < 0.001) from rat striatal slices when compared with K+ -stimulated alone. The EtOAc fraction potentiated the effect of amphetamine on K+ -stimulated DA release (p < 0.001) when compared with amphetamine alone. To examine whether in vitro the EtOAc fraction treatment induces DA release in PC12 cells, the role of protein kinases was investigated in the induction of the EtOAc fraction-mediated events by using inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) or protein kinase A (PKA). The PKC inhibitors chelerythrine (50 nm and 100 nm) and Ro31-8220 (100 nm) and the MAP kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059 (20 microm), inhibited the ability of the EtOAc fraction of SMR to elicit the EtOAc fraction-stimulated DA release. The PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA, 100 nm) mimicked the ability of the EtOAc fraction of SMR to elicit DA release. In contrast, a selective PKA inhibitor, 50 microm Rp-8-Br-cAMP, blocked the development of EtOAc fraction-stimulated DA release. It was demonstrated that the EtOAc fraction of SMR stimulated DA release. Therefore the mechanism by which the EtOAc fraction of SMR induced the enhancement in EtOAc fraction-stimulated DA release is apparent.

Herbal formulation, Yukmi-jihang-tang-Jahage, regulates bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation mediated by tyrosine kinase Src and cyclooxygenase expression.

Anti-bone resorption properties of the Korean herbal medicine, Yukmi-jihang-tang (YJ), which is comprised of seven herbs such as Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Dioscorea japonica THUNB, Cornus officinalis SIEB et. ZUCC, Smilax glabra ROXB, Paeonia suffruticosa ANDR, Alisma platago-aquatica var. orientale SAMUELS and Hominis placenta, were investigated. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tyrosine kinase involve on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in mouse calvarial osteoblasts stimulated by cytokine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or interleukin-6 (IL-6). IL-1beta and IL-6 and to a lesser extent TNF-alpha, enhanced COX-2 mRNA levels in calvarial osteoblasts. TGF-beta, YJ (100microg/ml) and their combinations of YJ+TGF-beta reduced the COX-2 mRNA level, PGE2 biosynthesis and bone resorption induced by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 or their combination. Finally, YJ inhibits in vitro and in vivo bone resorption by inhibition of phosphorylation of peptide substrates. The parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in mouse fetal long bone cultures was inhibited with an IC(50) of 16microg/ml. YJ dose-dependently reduced the hypercalcemia induced in mice by IL-1beta and partly prevented bone loss and microarchitectural changes in young ovariectomized rats, showing that the protective effect on bone was exerted via the inhibition of bone resorption. These results indicate that the synergy between IL-beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 on PGE2 production is due to an enhanced gene expression of COX-2 and that tyrosine kinase(s) are involved in the signal transduction of COX-2 in mouse calvarial osteoblasts. Thus, YJ as a possible Src family kinase inhibitor may be useful for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated bone loss. This result also suggested that the YJ extracts is effective for bone resorptive action in bone cells.

Anti-thrombic activity of Korean herbal medicine, Dae-Jo-Whan and its herbs.

The anti-thrombic properties of the Korean herbal medicine, Dae-Jo-Hwan (DJW), which is consisted of 11 herbs (indicated as concentrations) of Rehmanniae radix 24%, Hominis placenta 5%, Testudinis carapax 9%, Eucommiae cortex 9%, Asparagi radix 9%, Phellodendri cortex 9%, Achyranthis radix 7%, Liriopis tuber 7%, Angelicae sinensis radix 7%, Ginseng radix 6%, and Schizandrae fructus 3%, were investigated. The extracts of DJW and its 11 herbs, except G. radix, A. sinensis radix and S. Fructus, inhibited the endotoxin-induced hepatic venous thrombosis in high cholesterol diet-treated rats. Also the extract inhibited the endotoxin-induced decrease in blood platelets and fibrinogen, and endotoxin-induced increase in fibrin degradation products (FDP) on disseminated intravascular coagulation in normal rats. In in vitro experiments, the extract was shown to have inhibitory effect on collagen- and ADP-induced blood platelet aggregation, on thrombin-induced conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and on the activity of plasminogen or plasmin. In conclusion, the protection of extracts of Korean herbs on the ischemic infarction induced artificially might be related to their inhibitory effects on DIC, platelet coagulation and thrombic action.

A phenolic compound, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), is a new type and strong matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor: isolation and identification from methanol extract of Euonymus alatus.

A phenolic compound responsible for anti-MMP-9, which is known to be involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, has been isolated from methanol extracts prepared from stem barks of Euonymus alatus by assay-guided fractionation. The compound has been identified as 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid; CHA) by NMR and FAB-MS. CHA showed a strong inhibitory effect of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity in a concentration-dependent manner on zymography. The purified CHA inhibited MMP-9 activity with the IC50 of 30-50 nM. Furthermore, the cytotoxic survival curve showed that CHA does not have cytotoxic effects on cellular proliferation, when Hep3B cells were treated with various concentrations of CHA and cell viability was measured using the XTT assay. The present data suggest a clue for possible mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by CHA and other naturally occurring phenolic compounds. The results also imply that useful cancer chemopreventive agents can be further identified by combinations of in vitro (as a first screen) and in vivo studies.

Caffeic acid phenyl ester in propolis is a strong inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and invasion inhibitor: isolation and identification.

BACKGROUND: Propolis has been used as a folk medicine and has several proven biological activities. Herbal remedies recommended for cancer therapies in Korea. METHODS: Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9-inhibitory activity of propolis has been assessed. CAPE as an acting compound was isolated and molecular structure was determined. Anti-invasion activity of CAPE was assayed using hepatocarcinoma cells. RESULTS: Propolis ethanol extracts showed a strong inhibitory effect of MMP-9 activity, which is known to be involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis in a concentration-dependent manner on zymography. Assay guided fractionation led to the isolation of a caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) as the compound responsible for the anti-MMP-9 activity. CAPE was obtained by reversed-phase HPLC, and its structure was elucidated by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. The purified CAPE inhibited MMP-9 activity with the IC(50) of 1.0-2.0 nmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: CAPE possesses selective antiproliferative activity toward hepatocaricoma cell line Hep3B, but not primary cultured mouse hepatocytes.

Large-scale and effective screening of Korean medicinal plants for inhibitory activity on matrix metalloproteinase-9.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) degrades type IV collagen constituting the major structural component of the basement membrane and extra cellular membrane. The enzymatic activity is found to be elevated in tumor tissues. With the aim of finding novel MMP-9 inhibitors from natural products, 87 extracts of oriental medicinal herbs, which are used as prescriptions for cancer treatment in traditional Korean medicine, were screened for their inhibitory activities towards MMP-9. It was found that most of the hexane and chloroform fractions as well as water extracts showed a weak inhibitory effect on MMP-9 activity at a concentration of 100mug/ml. However, a strong inhibition was found in the butanol fractions of Cinnamomum cassia PRESL, Magnolia obovata THUEB., Magnolia officinalis REHD. et WILS., Magnolia officinalis REHD. et WILS. var. biloba REHD. et WILS., and Euonymus alatus (THUNB.) SIEB. with inhibitory activity (>90%) at a concentration of 100 microg/ml.

Protective effect of Lycium chinense fruit on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity.

In the present study, we investigated the protective effect of Lycium chinense Miller (Solanaceae) fruit (LFE) against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity and the mechanism underlying these protective effects in rats. The pretreatment of LFE has shown to possess a significant protective effect by lowering the serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This hepatoprotective action was confirmed by histological observation. In addition, pretreatment of LFE prevented the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) formation and the depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and catalase activity in the liver of CCl(4)-injected rats. The LFE also displayed hydroxide radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner (IC(50) = 83.6 microg/ml), as assayed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique. The expression level of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) mRNA and protein, as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis, was significantly decreased in the liver of LFE-pretreated rats when compared with that in the liver of control group. Based on these results, it was suggested that the hepatoprotective effects of the LFE might be related to antioxidative activity and expressional regulation of CYP2E1.

Inhibitory effect of Daesungki-Tang on the invasiveness potential of hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 activities.

Daesungki-Tang (DST), a drug preparation consisting of four herbs, that is, Rhei radix et rhizoma (RR; the roots of Rheum coreanum Nakai, Daehwang in Korean), Aurantiii frutus immaturus (AFI; immature fruits of Poncirus trifolita Rafin., Jisil in Korean), Magnoliae cortex (MC; the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. Et Wils., Hubak in Korean), and Mirabilite (MS; Matrii sulfas, Mangcho in Korean), is a traditional Korean herbal medicine that is widely used in the treatment of cancer metastasis, gastrointestinal complaints, vascular disorders, and atherosclerosis-related disorders. In this study, water extracts of DST and each of the four ingredient herbs were prepared. The extracts were tested for cytotoxic activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Hep3B cells using the XTT assay method. The inhibitory effect of the extracts on the invasion of Hep3B cells was also tested using matrigel precoated transwell chambers. DST effectively inhibited the invasion of Hep3B cells, compared with the control groups in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a gelatin zymography assay showed that DST decreased the gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2; IC50 = 87 microg/ml) and -9 (MMP-9; IC50 = 75 microg/ml) that are secreted from Hep3B cells, respectively. Among the four herbal ingredients of DST, only MC has been shown to significantly inhibit the invasion of Hep3B cells and MMP-2 and -9 activities. From these results, it can be concluded that DST has some potential for use as an antitumor agent.