[Determination of Capsule Types, Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and Phylogenetic Relationships of Group B Streptococcus Isolates Isolated from Patients Followed in Various Clinics and Polyclinics]. / Çesitli Klinik ve Polikliniklerde Takip Edilen Hastalardan Izole Edilen Grup B Streptokok Izolatlarinin Kapsül Tiplerinin Belirlenmesi, Antibiyotik Direnç Profilleri ve Filogenetik Iliskilerinin Arastirilmasi.

Group B streptococci (GBS) are microorganisms that cause various systemic infections. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the capsule serotypes, antibiotic resistance and phylogenetic similarity relationship between GBS isolates. One hundred and ten GBS isolates isolated from female patients who admitted to Adana City Hospital with various complaints were included in the study. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for the antibiotic resistance patterns and evaluated with CLSI criteria. The genes ermB, ermTR, mefA for erythromycin resistance and linB genes for clindamycin resistance were investigated by multiplex PCR method. Multiplex PCR method was used for GBS capsule serotyping. Similarity relationship between the isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. As a result of the study; all strains were found to be sensitive to penicillin and vancomycin. Erythromycin, clindamycin ofloxacin, and ceftriaxone resistance rates were observed as 60%, 11.8%, 6.4%, and 4.5%, respectively. The mefA gene was not found while 53% and 47% of the erythromycin-resistant isolates carried ermTR and ermB genes, respectively. The linB gene was not found in clindamycin-resistant GBS isolates. The capsule serotype distributions of GBSs were found as, Ib 42.7%, Ia 35.5%, III 10%, II 8.2%, and V 3.6%, respectively. In the analysis of the similarity relationships between GBS isolates with the PFGE method, no significant relationship was found. In conclusion, it was thought that more studies should be conducted to show the prevalence of GBS capsule serotypes and patterns of antibiotic resistance.

The Distribution of Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNF-1, CNF-2, CNF-3) and Cytolethal Distending Toxins (CDT-1, CDT-2, CDT-3, CDT-4) in Escherichia coli Isolates Isolated from Extraintestinal Infections and the Determination of their Phylogenetic Relationship by PFGE.

Backgrounds: Diagnostic markers of extraintestinal infection in Escherichia coli (E. coli) remain unclear in the literature. Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is differentiated from other E. coli isolates in terms of virulence factors, such as host cell adhesion, invasion, cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF (cnf1-cnf3)) and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT (cdt1-cdt4) that are responsible for cell death. We aimed to investigate the frequency of CNF-CDT and the relationship between the clinical diagnosis and genotypes in E. coli isolates with different clinical origins. Methods: A total of 646 E. coli isolates (obtained from 645 patients) isolated from different infection sites other than the intestine were evaluated in aspects of the CNF, CDT virulence genes, phylogenetic grouping, and phylogenetic relationship by using PCR and PFGE. Results: At least one virulence gene was present in 156 (24%) of the 646 ExPEC isolates. We detected cnf1, cnf2, and cnf3, in 78, 12, and 20 ExPEC isolates, respectively. Also, cdt1, cdt2, cdt3, and cdt4 genes were present in 20, 4, 4, and 4 isolates, respectively. Some isolates harbored more than one gene, being cnf1-cnf3 (n = 6), cnf1-cdt1 (n = 4), and cdt1-cdt4 (n = 4). These 156 isolates were distributed into 106 large clusters by PFGE. Virulent ExPEC is primarily related to groups B2 (60%) and D (32%). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study demonstrated the presence of cnf2, cnf3, cdt1, cdt2, cdt3, and cdt4 genes for the first time in the literature for Turkey. The widespread presence of the CNF gene in E. coli helps distinguish ExPEC from commensal isolates.

Distribution of emm, superantigen and other virulence genotypes and detection of phylogenetic relationships in group A streptococcal isolates.

Group A streptococci are important pathogens with various virulence factors, such as M protein, superantigens, hemolysins, deoxyribonuclease, and proteases. The aims of this study are to investigate the detection of emm genotypes and other virulence genes, such as SAgs, DNase, protease, antibiotic resistance, and phylogenetic relationships in GAS strains isolated from clinical samples.Test strains were obtained from Çukurova University Balcali Hospital and regional hospitals in Adana province. The M proteins were detected by sequence analysis of emm genes. SAgs and other virulence gene profiles were determined using the Multiplex-PCR method. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was performed by the disc diffusion method and evaluated according to CLSI criteria. The PFGE method was used to determine the clonal relationship between the strains.The emm gene was positive in 86 isolates. The most common emm genotypes were emm28 (22%), emm1 (18.6%), emm12 (13.9%), and emm3 (11.6%). Also, the most common virulence genes were speG (58.1%), speC (56.9%), sdaB (53.4%), and mac (53.4%). The rates of resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and telithromycin were 19.8%, 16.3%, 4.7%, 3.5%, and 3.5%, respectively.As a result, additional regional studies on the detection and prevalence of GAS virulence factors in Turkey are required. We believe that this study will provide valuable information for epidemiological studies on emm sequences, Sags, and other virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes in Turkey.

Comparative analysis of selected cagPAI genes and different vacA genotypes in Iranian and Turkish H. pylori-positive patients suffering from gastric adenocarcinoma and active chronic gastritis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that colonizes a majority of the world's population. Genetic diversity within the virulence genes of bacteria such as cagPAI and vacA may have a modified effect on the pathogenic potential of the bacteria. This study aimed to investigate which genes can be suggested as potentially related virulence factors for H. pylori-associated active chronic gastritis and stomach adenocarcinoma in the northwest of Iran and south of Turkey. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded stomach biopsy tissue samples were obtained from Iranian and Turkish patients from selected geographical regions. The prevalence of selected cagPAI genes and vacA genotypes were studied in H. pylori-positive samples by using polymerase chain reaction and specific primers. RESULTS: Out of 320 patients, H. pylori was detected in 28.43% of patients. We found that the vacAs1, vacAm2, and cagA genes with mean prevalences of 82.41%, 71.42%, and 69.23%, respectively, were dominant in Iranian and Turkish patients. CONCLUSION: In the south of Turkey and northwest of Iran the studied genes were homogeneous and there were no significant differences in bacterial genetics. The results of this study indicate that cagA and vacAs1 are dominant genes in people with gastric disorders in our selected geographical regions.

Antibacterial effect of royal jelly for preservation of implant-related spinal infection in rat.

AIM: Implant-related infections are still a significant problem in spinal surgical procedures. Many drugs and methods have been tried to prevent implant-related infections. Our objective in this study was to evaluate whether royal jelly, which was found to hinder the growth of MRSA, has any preventive role in the prognosis of an infection in rats in an implant-related infection model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rats were divided into 3 groups of eight rats. Group-1 consisted of rats that underwent only a spinal implant, group-2 included those rats that were inoculated bacteria together with a spinal implant and group-3 was administered royal jelly in addition to a spinal implant and infection. RESULTS: The amount of bacteria that grew in vertebral columns and implants was more in Group-2 than in Group-3, which meant that the number of bacteria colonies that grew was more quantitatively. This difference was found to be statistically significant in vertebral columns, but not in implants. CONCLUSION: Royal jelly could not fully prevent the MRSA infection in this model, but decreased the severity of infection noticeably. More objective and promising results may be obtained if royal jelly can be used at regular intervals in a different model to be designed with respect to implant-related infections.