[The use of confocal microscopy in experimental studies and clinical practice of an endocrinologist: modern opportunities].

Confocal microscopy is a modern imaging method that provides ample opportunities for in vitro and in vivo research. The clinical part of the review focuses on well-established techniques, such as corneal confocal microscopy for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy or endocrine ophthalmopathy; new methods are briefly described (intraoperative evaluation of tissues obtained by removing pituitary adenomas, thyroid and parathyroid glands). In the part devoted to fundamental research, the use of confocal microscopy to characterize the colocalization of proteins, as well as three-dimensional intracellular structures and signaling pathways in vivo, is considered. Indicators of intracellular calcium are analyzed.

Green-to-red primed conversion of Dendra2 using blue and red lasers.

Recently, an unusual phenomenon of primed conversion of fluorescent protein Dendra2 by combined action of blue (488 nm) and near-infrared (700-780 nm) lasers was discovered. Here we demonstrate that primed conversion can be induced by red lasers (630-650 nm) common for most confocal and single molecule detection microscopes.