Comparative analysis of 3 pollen sterilization methods for feeding bumble bees.

Pollen is an essential component of bee diets, and rearing bumble bees (Bombus spp.) for commercial use necessitates feeding pollen in mass quantities. This pollen is collected from honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies because neither an artificial diet nor an economical, large-scale pollen collection process from flowers is available. The provenance of honey bee-collected pollen is often unknown, and in some cases has crossed international borders. Both deformed wing virus (DWV) and the fungal pathogen Ascosphaera apis (Claussen) Olive & Spiltoir (cause of chalkbrood disease); occur in honey bee-collected pollen, and infections have been observed in bumble bees. We used these pathogens as general surrogates for viruses and spore-forming fungal diseases to test the efficacy of 3 sterilization methods, and assessed whether treatment altered pollen quality for the bumble bee. Using honey bee-collected pollen spiked with known doses of DWV and A. apis, we compared gamma irradiation (GI), ozone fumigation (OZ), and ethylene oxide fumigation (EO) against an untreated positive control and a negative control. Following sterilization treatments, we tested A. apis spore viability, detected viral presence with PCR, and tested palatability to the bumble bee Bombus impatiens Cresson. We also measured bacterial growth from pollens treated with EO and GI. GI and EO outperformed OZ treatment in pathogen suppression. EO had the highest sterilizing properties under commercial conditions and retained palatability and supported bee development better than other treatments. These results suggest that EO sterilization reduces pathogen risks while retaining pollen quality as a food source for rearing bumble bees.

Effects of Provision Type and Pesticide Exposure on the Larval Development of Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

Wild and managed bee populations are in decline, and one of many environmental causes is the impact of pesticides on developing bees. For solitary bees, delayed larval development could lead to asynchronous adult emergence, unhealthy and inefficient adult pollinators, and decreased brood production and survival. We examined a methodology for testing Osmia lignaria Say (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) larval responses to pesticide exposure using a laboratory bioassay. We created two provision types: a homogenized blend of O. lignaria provisions from an apple orchard and homogenized almond pollen pellets collected by honey bees plus sugar water. Pesticides were administered to the provisions to compare toxic effects. We recorded larval developmental durations for second-fifth instar and for fifth instar to cocoon initiation for larvae fed provisions treated with water (control) or doses of three pesticides and a representative spray-tank mixture (acetamiprid, boscalid/pyraclostrobin, dimethoate, and acetamiprid plus boscalid/pyraclostrobin). All larvae survived to cocoon initiation when only water was added to provisions. Impacts of pesticide treatments significantly differed between the apple and almond homogenates. The greatest treatment effects occurred when the homogenized almond provision was mixed with acetamiprid alone and when combined with boscalid/pyraclostrobin. Optimizing bioassays through the use of appropriate larval food for exposing solitary bee larvae to agrochemicals is crucial for assessing risks for pollinators.

Presence of Pathogen-killed Larvae Influences Nesting Behavior of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).

The alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata (Fabricius)), a commercial pollinator used for alfalfa seed production, is susceptible to chalkbrood disease via ingested fungal spores. Diseases of insects can elicit behavioral changes in their hosts, but there are no recorded behaviors of alfalfa leafcutting bees in response to this fungal exposure. We conducted field studies to determine whether bees in pathogen-dense environments altered their nesting patterns, specifically if bees exposed to fungal spores produced higher numbers of nest cells and whether the proportions of nest cells that failed as eggs or small larvae (a state known as 'pollen ball') were greater. We found that our control bees, nontreated bees which were not exposed to chalkbrood spores other than those in the natural environment, had the highest proportion of pollen ball cells. Bees experimentally exposed to infective spores created the lowest number of nests and the fewest cells. Bees experimentally exposed to heat killed noninfective spores produced the greatest number of nests and cells overall and the greatest number of healthy progeny. We conclude that there are underlying behaviors that are elicited in response to the presence of chalkbrood spores that reduce the proportion of failed nest cells (grooming) and increase retention of bees at nesting sites (delay of bee emergence). Through further study of these behaviors, bee managers can potentially increase the productivity of their bee populations.

Bombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Microcolonies as a Tool for Biological Understanding and Pesticide Risk Assessment.

Bumble bees provide valuable pollination services to many wild and agricultural plants. Populations of some bumble bee species are in decline, prompting the need to better understand bumble bee biology and to develop methodologies for assessing the effects of environmental stressors on these bees. Use of bumble bee microcolonies as an experimental tool is steadily increasing. This review closely examines the microcolony model using peer-reviewed published literature identified by searching three databases through November 2018. Microcolonies have been successfully used for investigating a range of endpoints including behavior, the gut microbiome, nutrition, development, pathogens, chemical biology, and pesticides/xenobiotics. Methods for the initiation and monitoring of microcolonies, as well as the recorded variables were catalogued and described. From this information, we identified a series of recommendations for standardizing core elements of microcolony studies. Standardization is critical to establishing the foundation needed to support use of this model for biological response investigations and particularly for supporting use in pesticide risk assessment.

Mixed infections reveal virulence differences between host-specific bee pathogens.

Dynamics of host-pathogen interactions are complex, often influencing the ecology, evolution and behavior of both the host and pathogen. In the natural world, infections with multiple pathogens are common, yet due to their complexity, interactions can be difficult to predict and study. Mathematical models help facilitate our understanding of these evolutionary processes, but empirical data are needed to test model assumptions and predictions. We used two common theoretical models regarding mixed infections (superinfection and co-infection) to determine which model assumptions best described a group of fungal pathogens closely associated with bees. We tested three fungal species, Ascosphaera apis, Ascosphaera aggregata and Ascosphaera larvis, in two bee hosts (Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata). Bee survival was not significantly different in mixed infections vs. solo infections with the most virulent pathogen for either host, but fungal growth within the host was significantly altered by mixed infections. In the host A. mellifera, only the most virulent pathogen was present in the host post-infection (indicating superinfective properties). In M. rotundata, the most virulent pathogen co-existed with the lesser-virulent one (indicating co-infective properties). We demonstrated that the competitive outcomes of mixed infections were host-specific, indicating strong host specificity among these fungal bee pathogens.

Análise clínica do brincar de crianças do espectro autista / Clinical analysis of play skills in children with autistic spectrum disorders / Examen clínico de juego de niños con trastornos del espectro autista

Este trabalho buscou comparar o brincar livre em crianças do espectro autista por meio de dois instrumentos distintos. Tais instrumentos foram a análise das transcrições, com foco psicanalítico, e a análise por meio do protocolo de observação comportamental de origem teórica da cognição social. A partir de tal comparação, objetivou-se analisar as contribuições desses instrumentos para pensar a intervenção terapêutica. Fizeram parte do estudo três díades mãe-criança. Os procedimentos constituíram-sede entrevista inicial com as mães e filmagens de 30 minutos de cada uma das díades em situação de interação no brincar livre. Os resultados obtidos com o uso do protocolo e da transcrição revelam pontos de convergência e divergência, como a análise da funcionalidade e nível de simbolismo no brincar das crianças. Enquanto a avaliação observacional fornece um olhar qualitativo que permite confirmar ou refutar dados do protocolo, este fornece dados quantitativos que permitem comparar cada sujeito a distintas populações, permitindo também objetivar os dados para confirmar ou não as impressões advindas do olhar qualitativo.

This study aimed to compare free playing in children on the autistic spectrum by two instruments of evaluation. These instruments were the analysis of the transcripts, focusing on psychoanalysis, and analysis through the behavioral observation protocol of theoretical source of social cognition. From this comparison, it was aimed to analyze the contributions of these two forms of analysis of playing to think about therapeutic intervention. Study participants were three mothers and their children. The procedures consisted of initial interview with the mothers and 30 minutes of footage of each dyad in interaction situations in free playing. The results obtained using the protocol and the transcript reveal points of convergence and divergence, as the analysis of functionality and level of symbolism in the playing of children. While observational assessment provides a qualitative look to confirm or refute data protocol, it provides quantitative data for comparing each subject to different populations, allowing also the data to confirm or not the impressions that come from a qualitative look.

Este estudio buscó comparar el juego libre de niños con trastornos del espectro autista, por medio de dos diferentes instrumentos. Estos instrumentos fueron el análisis de transcripciones, realizada con un enfoque psicoanalítico, y el análisis a través del protocolo de observación del comportamiento, apoiado en la teoría de la cognición social. De esta comparación, se analizó las contribuciones de estas herramientas para pensar en la intervención terapéutica. Los participantes del estudio fueron tres díadas madre-niño. El procedimiento consistió en una entrevista inicial con las madres y filmaciones de 30 minutos de cada díada en situaciones de interacción en el juego libre. Los resultados obtenidos con el protocolo y la transcripción revelan puntos de convergencia y divergencia en el análisis de la funcionalidad y del nivel de simbolismo en el juego de los niños. Mientras la evaluación por observación proporciona una mirada cualitativa que permite confirmar o refutar datos del protocolo, este fornece datos cuantitativos que permiten comparar cada sujeto a diferentes poblaciones, permitiendo también objetivar los datos para confirmar o no las impresiones procedentes de la mirada cualitativa.

Estereotipia é linguagem? Sentidos na terapêutica de crianças do espectro autista / Is stereotype language? Senses in the therapeutics of children of the autistic spectrum / Esteriotipia es lenguaje? Sentidos en la terapia de niños con espectro autista

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as possíveis relações entre as estereotipias e o desenvolvimento de linguagem em crianças do espectro autista. Os sujeitos deste estudo foram três meninos com diagnósticode Transtorno Global do Desenvolvimento, suas mães e a fonoaudióloga responsável pela condução do processo terapêutico. Foram realizadas filmagens de trinta minutos com cada uma das crianças em interação com suas mães ou com a fonoaudióloga, na brincadeira livre, durante o primeiro e décimo mês de terapia. Também foram feitas entrevistas continuadas com as mães. Os dados foram transcritos e analisados qualitativamente. Em todos os casos, inicialmente foi observado que o aumento dos jargões, fala ecolálica e movimentos estereotipados ocorriam mais durante os momentos em que a mãe agia de forma diretiva para captar a atenção do filho. O sujeito 1 apresentou menor evolução em termos de supressão deestereotipias, o que esteve relacionado à maior gravidade do distúrbio psíquico e de linguagem. Os sujeitos 2 e 3 apresentaram maior desenvolvimento de linguagem oral, tanto em termos de ocupação de posições discursivas quanto em relação ao maior domínio gramatical, bem como diminuição das estereotipias. Verificou-se a diminuição das estereotipias correlacionada ao desenvolvimento da linguagem nos trêssujeitos estudados, sobretudo nos sujeitos 2 e 3 que iniciaram a fala. Todos os sujeitos demonstraram que as estereotipias eram engatilhadas por situações dialógicas, ou seja, embora menos evoluídas em termosexpressivos do que outras formas linguísticas, não eram desprovidas de sentido.

The aim of this research was to investigate the possible relationship between stereotypes and language development in autistic spectrum children. The subjects of this study were three boys with diagnoses ofGlobal Development Disorder, their mothers and the speech therapist responsible for the conduction of the therapeutic process. Films of thirty minutes were made of children in interaction with their mothers or with the speech therapist in free play during the first and tenth month of the therapy. Continued interviews were made with the mothers, too. The data were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. In all the cases, at first it was observed that the increasing of the jargons, echolalia speech and stereotyped movements occurred more on moments in which the mother acted on a directive form to catch the attention of her son. The subject 1 presented lesser evolution suppression terms of stereotypes due to increasing precariousness of his play and language development established in the beginning of the therapy. In the subjects 2 and 3 there was a great development of the oral language, not only in occupation of discursive positions, concerning a larger grammar domain, as well as a decrease of stereotypes. It was verified the diminishing of stereotypes with the development of language in the three subjects studied, overall in the subjects 2 and 3 that began the speaking. All the subjects showed that the stereotypes were triggered by dialogical situations, that is, though less advanced in expressive terms than other linguistic forms, they were not meaningless.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la posible relación entre las estereotipias y el desarrollo del lenguaje en los niños del espectro autista. Los sujetos de este estudio fueron tres niños diagnosticados con Trastorno Generalizado del Desarrollo, sus madres y el fonoaudiólogo responsable de conducir el proceso terapéutico. Fueron realizados filmes de treinta minutos con cada uno de los niños en la interacción con sus madres o con el fonoaudiólogo, en el juego libre, durante el primer y el décimo mes de la terapia. También se realizaron entrevistas continuas con las madres. Los datos fueron transcritos y analizados cualitativamente. En todos los casos, inicialmente, se observó que el aumento de la jerga,del habla con ecolalia y de los movimientos estereotipados ocurrió más en momentos cuando la madre estaba actuando de manera directiva para captar la atención del niño. El sujeto 1 mostró menor evolución en relación a la supresión de la estereotipia, debido a la precariedad de su juego y el desarrollo del lenguaje a la iniciación de la terapia. Los sujetos 2 y 3 presentaron mayor desarrollo del lenguaje oral, tanto en términos de ocupación de posiciones discursivas, cuanto con respeto al mayor dominio de la gramática, así como una disminución de las estereotipias. Hubo una reducción de las estereotipias correlacionadas con el desarrollo del lenguaje en los tres sujetos estudiados, especialmente en los sujetos2 y 3, que empezaron a hablar. Todos los sujetos demostraron que las estereotipias eran provocadas por situaciones dialógicas, o sea, aun que menos avanzadas en términos expresivos que otras formas lingüísticas, no eran sin sentido.

O brincar e a relação objetal no espectro autístico / The play and the object relationship in the autistic spectrum

Neste estudo foram investigados aspectos como o uso dos objetos e suas possibilidade de mudança em crianças do espectro autista em terapia fonoaudiológica de concepção Interacionista. Os sujeitos foram três meninos com diagnóstico de Transtorno Global do Desenvolvimento, suas mães e a fonoaudióloga. Filmaram-se as crianças durante a brincadeira livre no primeiro e décimo mês de terapia. Houve mudanças no brincar e no uso do objeto nos sujeitos. Conclui-se a efetividade da promoção do brincar em terapia, bem como que o conhecimento e a observação dos tipos de objeto e relação objetal é um importante indicador clínico.

We have investigated aspects such as the use of objects and the possibility of change in these children on the autistic spectrum in speech therapy of Interactionism conception. The subjects were three children diagnosed with Pervasive Development Disorder, their mothers and speech therapist. Children were videotaped during free play to the first and tenth month of therapy. There have been changes in play and use the object in the subjects. It is the effectiveness of the promotion of play therapy as well as the knowledge and observation of the object types and object relationship is an important clinical indicator.

Missed opportunities for preventing congenital syphilis infection in New York City.

OBJECTIVE: To describe health care providers' missed opportunities for preventing and treating congenital syphilis in New York City. METHODS: Review of congenital syphilis cases reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2009. Receipt and timing of prenatal care, serologic testing, and treatment of mothers and newborns were reviewed. Missed opportunities were defined as receipt of prenatal care plus one of the following: 1) lack of documented treatment for syphilis infection diagnosed before pregnancy; 2) absence of serologic testing during pregnancy; 3) late maternal treatment; 4) maternal treatment with a nonpenicillin regimen; or 5) lack of maternal treatment. RESULTS: In total, 195 newborns with congenital syphilis were born to 190 mothers with 191 pregnancies. Overall, 80% (95% confidence interval [CI] 74-86%, 152 of 190) of all mothers received prenatal care; 63% (95% CI 56-71%, 96 of 152) of these had one or more missed opportunities for prevention. Twelve mothers received inadequate treatment or no treatment during the case pregnancy for documented syphilis infection before pregnancy, and 42 mothers without previous syphilis diagnosis did not have serologic testing during the case pregnancy. Of 103 mothers with syphilis diagnosed before 30 weeks of gestation, 12 received late penicillin therapy, 27 received no therapy, and 3 received inappropriate (nonpenicillin) therapy. Seventeen percent (95% CI 12-22%, 33 of 193) of liveborn newborns received no treatment during their hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Providers missed well-defined opportunities to prevent congenital syphilis for the majority of cases. Combined efforts to prevent future cases include provider education and better integration of care between obstetricians and pediatricians. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

A inclusão dos pais na clínica das psicoses infantis / Inclusion of parents in children's clinic of psychoses / La inclusión de los padres em la psicosis clínica infantil

A psicose infantil é uma psicopatologia severa, comprometedora do desenvolvimento da criança em termos de linguagem, interação social, brincar, entre outros. Na perspectiva psicanalítica, a função materna e paterna tem um importante papel na estruturação do quadro psicótico. Neste trabalho, propôs-se apresentar o caso clínico de uma menina de dez anos com diagnóstico de psicose infantil, discutindo alguns aspectos relativos à evolução dos atendimentos, bem como a inclusão parental na psicoterapia infantil e às mudanças no vínculo mãe-filha. Levantaram-se reflexões acerca da relação com o Outro na psicose infantil e quais as possibilidades dessas crianças de se constituir subjetivamente.

The childhood psychosis is a severe psychopathology, compromising the child's development in terms of language, social interaction, play, among others. In the psychoanalytic perspective, the maternal and paternal functions has an important role in structuring the psychotic state. In this paper, we proposed to present the case of a girl of ten years with a diagnosis of childhood psychosis, discussing some aspects of the evolution of care, and parental inclusion in child psychotherapy and changes in mother-daughter. Rose reflections on the relationship with the Other in childhood psychosis and the possibilities of these children to be subjectively.

La psicosis infantil es una psicopatología grave, poniendo en peligro el desarrollo del niño en términos de lenguaje, la interacción social, juegan, entre otros. En la perspectiva psicoanalítica, la función materna y paterna tiene un papel importante en la estructuración de los psicóticos. En este trabajo se propone presentar el caso de una niña de diez años con diagnóstico de psicosis infantil, discutiendo algunos aspectos de la evolución de la atención, y la inclusión de los padres en la psicoterapia infantil y los cambios en la madre-hija. Rose reflexiones sobre la relación con el Otro en la psicosis infantil y las posibilidades de estos niños a ser subjetivamente.

Abordagem terapêutica grupal com mães de crianças portadoras de distúrbios de linguagem / Group therapy approach with mothers of children with language impairment

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficiência da abordagem grupal com mães de sujeitos com distúrbios de linguagem para promover mudanças na interação dialógica da díade mãe-filho. Fizeram parte do estudo quatro díades mãe-criança. Os procedimentos constituíram-se de entrevista inicial com as mães e filmagem das díades em situação de interação antes e após a intervenção terapêutica, para interpretação do discurso materno e da atividade dialógica, bem como verificação da eficácia das sessões em grupo. O grupo terapêutico constituiu-se de oito encontros com as mães destas crianças, nos quais se discutiram temas variados acerca do desenvolvimento infantil. Os resultados mostraram que a intervenção provocou melhorias na interação mãe-filho. A intervenção terapêutica grupal auxiliou as mães no exercício da função materna, dando acolhimento às suas demandas, mostrando-se também, uma alternativa importante em clínicas do sistema público de saúde, à medida que pode reduzir a espera para atendimento fonoaudiológico.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of a group therapy approach with mothers of subjects with language impairment to promote changes in the dialogic interaction of the mother-child dyad. Four mother-child dyads participated in this study. The procedures were an initial interview with the mothers and filming of the dyads engaged in an interaction situation before and after therapeutic intervention, in order to interpret the mother's speech and the dialogic activity, as well as to verify the efficacy of group sessions. Group therapy consisted of eight meetings with the mothers, in which varied issues regarding child development were discussed. The results showed that the intervention improved mother-child interaction. The group therapy approach not only helped mothers in their role, welcoming their demands, but was also an important alternative in clinics of the public health system, since it can reduce the waiting time for Speech-Language Pathology assistance.

Entrevista continuada na clínica de linguagem infantil / Continued interview in the clinical of childish language

OBJETIVO: analisar as demandas mais comuns nas entrevistas continuadas entre Fonoaudióloga e os pais de duas meninas com retardo de aquisição da linguagem. MÉTODO: foram gravadas as entrevistas com os pais e filmadas as interações mãe-filhas. Posteriormente, esses dados foram transcritos e analisados. RESULTADOS: as demandas foram de orientação dos aspectos instrumentais, escuta de aspectos estruturais e da dinâmica familiar. CONCLUSÕES: verificou-se a importância dessas entrevistas e o quanto questões da dinâmica do casal interferiam no desenvolvimento das filhas. Houve evolução na terapêutica e nas interações a partir das entrevistas e encaminhamento dos pais à terapia de casal.

AIM: to analyze the most common demands in the continued interviews between Phonoaudiologist and the parents of two girls with delayed acquisition of language. METHOD: the interviews were recorded with the parents and the interactions between mother and child were filmed. Later, these data were transcribed and analyzed. RESULTS: the demands were of guidance of instrumental aspects, listening of structural aspects and of the family dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: It was verified the importance of these interviews and how much questions about the dynamics of the couple interfered in the development of his children. There was progress in therapy and in the interactions from the interviews and guiding of the parents to couple therapy.