Evaluation of DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Betel-Quid Use Disorder Using the Addiction Characteristics Defined by American Society of Addiction Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), categorizes betel-quid use disorder (BUD) under Other (Or Unknown) Substance Use Disorder, and the diagnostic criteria used are adapted from those of Substance Use Disorder. Because different substances have different characteristics, an improved set of diagnostic criteria is required to better detect BUD. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the different measures of accuracy for DSM-5 BUD by using the addiction characteristics defined by the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). METHODS: A certified psychiatrist conducted face-to-face diagnostic interviews. Questionnaires were administered to assess betel-quid use history, patterns of use, and dependence features. All betel-quid users were evaluated for BUD by using the DSM-5 criteria and addiction characteristics defined by the ASAM. RESULTS: One of the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for BUD, namely large amount of time spent on obtaining and using betel quid and recovering from betel-quid use, showed the lowest sensitivity of 0.14, lowest diagnostic accuracy of 0.63, and lowest diagnostic odds ratio of 2.61. Another DSM-5 diagnostic criterion, namely continued betel-quid use despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems, had the lowest specificity of 0.49. The diagnostic threshold of five or more DSM-5 BUD criteria showed a sensitivity of 0.86 and a specificity of 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to evaluate the different measures of accuracy for DSM-5 BUD. Given that each addictive substance has unique addictive characteristics, the composition and number of criteria for diagnosing DSM-5 BUD must be reconsidered.

This is the first study to evaluate the different measures of accuracy for DSM-5 betel-quid use disorder.The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, great deal of time spent on obtain, use, and recover from betel-quid use, has the lowest sensitivity, lowest diagnostic accuracy, and lowest diagnostic odds ratio.The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, continued betel-quid use despite knowing of physical or psychological problems, has the lowest specificity.The diagnostic threshold for DSM-5 betel-quid use disorder at five or more showed the best sensitivity and a specificity.

Quality and correctness of AI-generated versus human-written abstracts in psychiatric research papers.

This study aimed to assess the ability of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based chatbot to generate abstracts from academic psychiatric articles. We provided 30 full-text psychiatric papers to ChatPDF (based on ChatGPT) and prompted generating a similar style structured or unstructured abstract. We further used 10 papers from Psychiatry Research as active comparators (unstructured format). We compared the quality of the ChatPDF-generated abstracts with the original human-written abstracts and examined the similarity, plagiarism, detected AI-content, and correctness of the AI-generated abstracts. Five experts evaluated the quality of the abstracts using a blinded approach. They also identified the abstracts written by the original authors and validated the conclusions produced by ChatPDF. We found that the similarity and plagiarism were relatively low (only 14.07% and 8.34%, respectively). The detected AI-content was 31.48% for generated structure-abstracts, 75.58% for unstructured-abstracts, and 66.48% for active comparators abstracts. For quality, generated structured-abstracts were rated similarly to originals, but unstructured ones received significantly lower scores. Experts rated 40% accuracy with structured abstracts, 73% with unstructured ones, and 77% for active comparators. However, 30% of AI-generated abstract conclusions were incorrect. In conclusion, the data organization capabilities of AI language models hold significant potential for applications to summarize information in clinical psychiatry. However, the use of ChatPDF to summarize psychiatric papers requires caution concerning accuracy.

Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

Background: This study evaluated the associations between inattention, impulsivity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) across the menstrual cycle. Methods: This study enrolled 58 women with PMDD and 50 controls. Symptoms were assessed using the Attention and Performance Self-Assessment Scale and the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory during the pre-ovulatory (PO), mid-luteal (ML), and late luteal (LL) phases of the menstrual cycle. Results: The chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between ADHD and PMDD. Women with PMDD experienced a greater increase in scores of prospective everyday memory problems and difficulties maintaining focused attention from the PO phase to LL phase than the controls; in addition, they had higher scores in dysfunctional impulsivity during the LL phase than the controls. Among women in the PMDD group, those with ADHD had higher scores in prospective everyday memory problems and dysfunctional impulsivity during the PO and ML phases than those without ADHD. Women in the PMDD group without ADHD had a greater increase in scores of prospective everyday memory problems, difficulties maintaining focused attention, and dysfunctional impulsivity from the PO phase to the LL phase than the controls. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that women with PMDD were more likely to have comorbid ADHD and higher levels of inattention across the menstrual cycle. PMDD was associated with increased impulsivity during the LL phase, independent of ADHD, but it was not associated with a persistent elevation of impulsivity. Furthermore, PMDD women with comorbid ADHD experienced higher inattention and impulsivity during the PO and ML phases than those without it. Thus, ADHD comorbidity should be assessed when assessing or intervening in the symptoms of inattention and impulsivity in women with PMDD.

Estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

The interplay between ovarian hormones, stress, and inflammatory markers in developing premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) remains inadequately understood. This study investigated the associations of dynamic changes in the levels of estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with PMDD during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. A total of 58 women with PMDD and 50 healthy women were recruited in this study. These women's estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, BDNF, and VEGF levels were evaluated during the preovulation (PO), mid-luteal (ML), and late-luteal (LL) phases. Furthermore, the severity of P MDD symptoms, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, inattention, craving for sweet foods, and fatigue was assessed. The findings revealed that women with PMDD with higher levels of progesterone during the ML or LL phase or a greater increase (ML-PO) or higher sum (ML + LL) of luteal progesterone level exhibited a greater increase in PMDD symptoms during the luteal phase than did the healthy controls. Furthermore, women with PMDD exhibited higher cortisol levels during the LL phase than did the controls. The BDNF level was negatively correlated with PMDD severity. Furthermore, BDNF and VEGF levels were negatively correlated with inattention and craving for sweet foods among women with PMDD. These results suggest an association between progesterone and the exacerbation of PMDD symptoms during the LL phase. Women with PMDD have relatively high cortisol levels during the LL phase. Future investigations with experimental designs or larger sample sizes are warranted to verify the roles of progesterone and cortisol in the development of PMDD.

Efficacy of a Smartphone App in Enhancing Medication Adherence and Accuracy in Individuals With Schizophrenia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Poor medication adherence or inaccuracy in taking prescribed medications plays an important role in the recurrence or worsening of psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, and the COVID-19 pandemic impacted their medication adherence with exacerbated symptoms or relapse. The use of mobile health services increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and their role in improving mental health is becoming clearer. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a smartphone app (MedAdhere) on medication adherence and accuracy among patients with schizophrenia and to measure their psychiatric symptoms and cognitive functions. METHODS: In this 12-week experimental study, participants were provided interventions with the MedAdhere app, and data were collected between June 2021 and September 2022. A total of 105 participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control groups. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination to measure the participants' psychiatric symptoms and cognitive functions. Generalized estimating equations were used for data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 94 participants met the inclusion criteria and completed the protocol, and the medication adherence rate of the experimental group was 94.72% (2785/2940) during the intervention. Psychotic symptoms (positive, negative, and general psychopathology symptoms) and cognitive functions (memory, language, and executive function) were significantly improved in the experimental group compared to the control group after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The MedAdhere app effectively and significantly improved medication adherence and, thereby, the psychiatric symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. This artificial intelligence assisted app could be extended to all patients who need to be reminded to take medication on schedule. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05892120; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05892120.

Comparisons of Quality, Correctness, and Similarity Between ChatGPT-Generated and Human-Written Abstracts for Basic Research: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: ChatGPT may act as a research assistant to help organize the direction of thinking and summarize research findings. However, few studies have examined the quality, similarity (abstracts being similar to the original one), and accuracy of the abstracts generated by ChatGPT when researchers provide full-text basic research papers. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the applicability of an artificial intelligence (AI) model in generating abstracts for basic preclinical research. METHODS: We selected 30 basic research papers from Nature, Genome Biology, and Biological Psychiatry. Excluding abstracts, we inputted the full text into ChatPDF, an application of a language model based on ChatGPT, and we prompted it to generate abstracts with the same style as used in the original papers. A total of 8 experts were invited to evaluate the quality of these abstracts (based on a Likert scale of 0-10) and identify which abstracts were generated by ChatPDF, using a blind approach. These abstracts were also evaluated for their similarity to the original abstracts and the accuracy of the AI content. RESULTS: The quality of ChatGPT-generated abstracts was lower than that of the actual abstracts (10-point Likert scale: mean 4.72, SD 2.09 vs mean 8.09, SD 1.03; P<.001). The difference in quality was significant in the unstructured format (mean difference -4.33; 95% CI -4.79 to -3.86; P<.001) but minimal in the 4-subheading structured format (mean difference -2.33; 95% CI -2.79 to -1.86). Among the 30 ChatGPT-generated abstracts, 3 showed wrong conclusions, and 10 were identified as AI content. The mean percentage of similarity between the original and the generated abstracts was not high (2.10%-4.40%). The blinded reviewers achieved a 93% (224/240) accuracy rate in guessing which abstracts were written using ChatGPT. CONCLUSIONS: Using ChatGPT to generate a scientific abstract may not lead to issues of similarity when using real full texts written by humans. However, the quality of the ChatGPT-generated abstracts was suboptimal, and their accuracy was not 100%.

Heterogeneity of gaming disorder: A clinically-based typology for developing personalized interventions.

Background: The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines the three key diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder (GD). These are loss of control over gaming, gaming as a priority over daily activities, and impaired functioning due to gaming. While this definition has implications for the prevention and treatment of GD, there is significant heterogeneity in the symptoms and etiology of GD among individuals, which results in different treatment needs. Cognitive control, emotional regulation, and reward sensitivity are three critical dimensions in the etiology model for GD. Aspects such as gender, comorbidity, motivation for gaming, stage or severity of GD, and risk factors all contribute to the heterogeneity of etiology among individuals with the disorder. Method: On the basis of clinical symptoms and comorbidity characteristics among approximately 400 patients with gaming disorder, the present paper proposes a clinical typology of patients with GD based on the authors' clinical experience in treating individuals with GD. Results: The findings indicated three common types of patients with GD: (i) impulsive male patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (ii) dysphoria patients with dysfunctional coping skills, and (iii) isolated patients with social anxiety. The paper also discusses the presentation and treatment priority for these patients. Conclusion: Personalized treatments for patients with GD should be developed to fit their individual needs. Future studies should examine the heterogeneity of GD and confirm these types, as well as obtain evidence-based information that can help in the development of personalized treatment. Treatment resources should be developed, and professionals should be trained to provide integrated individualized treatment.

Electron Spin Polarization and Rectification Driven by Chiral Perylene Diimide-Based Nanodonuts.

The chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect allows thin-film layers of chiral conjugated molecules to function as spin filters at ambient temperature. Through solvent-modulated dropcasting of chiral l- and d-perylene diimide (PDI) monomeric building blocks, two types of aggregate morphologies, nanofibers and nanodonuts, may be realized. Spin-diode behavior is evidenced in the nanodonut structures. Stacked PDI units, which form the conjugated core of these nanostructures, dominate the nanodonut-Au electrode contact; in contrast, the AFM tip contacts largely the high-resistance solubilizing alkyl chains of the chiral monomers that form these nanodonuts. Current-voltage responses of the nanodonuts, measured by magnetic conductive AFM (mC-AFM), demonstrate substantial spin polarizations as well as spin current rectification ratios (>10) that exceed the magnitudes of those determined to date for other chiral nanoscale systems. These results underscore the potential for chiral nanostructures, featuring asymmetric molecular junctions, to enable CISS-based nanoscale spin current rectifiers.

Circadian typologies and insomnia in individuals with internet gaming disorder comorbid with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The alteration in circadian typology and insomnia were prevalent among both Individuals with IGD and those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most comorbid psychiatric disorder of IGD. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between circadian typologies, insomnia, and internet gaming disorder (IGD) and how ADHD affects this relationship. We recruited three groups of 69 young adults: an IGD group, a control group comprising age- and sex-matched nongamers, and a group of gamers without IGD through diagnostic interviews. The participants with IGD exhibited lower composite scale of morningness (CSM) scores and thus a higher eveningness preference In addition, the score of Pittsburgh insomnia rating scale-20-item version (PIRS_20) was significantly higher among those with IGD. The participants with IGD and ADHD exhibited lower CSM scores but higher PRIS_20 scores than the participants with IGD but without ADHD. The present findings indicate that participants with IGD exhibited a tendency of eveningness preference and experienced more severe insomnia. ADHD exacerbated the eveningness preference and insomnia of individuals with IGD. Close attention should be paid to sleep problems in individuals with IGD, particularly to those with ADHD.

Attention, response inhibition, impulsivity, and decision-making within luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Cognitive impairment is a key feature of depressive disorder. Various forms of cognitive function have yet to be investigated in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) during early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phases. Therefore, we evaluated response inhibition and attention in PMDD in these two phases. We also examined the associations between cognitive functions, impulsivity, decision-making style, and irritability. There is a total of 63 female participants with PMDD and 53 controls, as determined through psychiatric diagnostic interviewing and a weekly symptoms checklist. The participants completed a Go/No-go task, Dickman's impulsivity inventory, Preference for Intuition and Deliberation scale, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory: Chinese Version-Short Form at the EL and LL phases. The women with PMDD had poorer attention in the Go trials at the LL phase and poorer response inhibition in the No-go trials at the EL and LL phases. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed an LL exacerbation of deficit in attention among PMDD group. In addition, impulsivity negatively correlated with response inhibition at the LL phase. Preference for deliberation correlated with attention at the LL phase. Women with PMDD experienced LL declined attention and impaired response inhibition across the luteal phase. Response inhibition is linked to impulsivity. The deficit in attention links preference for deliberation among women with PMDD. These results reveal the different courses in different domains of cognitive impairment in PMDD. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying cognitive dysfunction in PMDD.

Functional impairment, insight, and comparison between criteria for gaming disorder in the International Classification of Diseases, 11 Edition and internet gaming disorder in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.

Aim: This study evaluated the consistency between the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11) for gaming disorder (ICD-11-GD) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria for internet gaming disorder (DSM-5-IGD). Moreover, the functional impairment of participants and their insight of their GD were evaluated. Methods: We recruited 60 participants with GD, 45 participants who engaged in hazardous gaming (HG), and 120 controls based on a diagnostic interview. Their operationalization of functional impairment and stage of change were evaluated by interviews and questionnaires, including the Brief Gaming Negative Consequence Scale (BGNCS). Results: We observed satisfactory consistency (kappa value = 0.80) with a diagnostic accuracy of 91.5% between the ICD-11-GD and DSM-5-IGD criteria. Furthermore, 16 participants with IGD in DSM-5 were determined to have HG based on the ICD-11 criteria. Participants of GD group experienced impaired functioning in their health (96.7%), career (73.3%), social life (61.6%), academic performance (36.7%), and job performance (35%). Moreover, a proportion of them were in the pre-contemplation (25.0%), contemplation (61.7%), preparation (10%), and action stages (3.3%). Conclusion: There is a good consistency between ICD-11-GD and DSM-5-IGD criteria. The ICD-11 criteria have a high threshold for diagnosing GD. HG criteria could compensate for this high threshold and identify individuals with a gaming-related functional impairment who require help. Most of the participants with GD were in the early stage of change. Interventions to promote their insight are essential. The BGNCS can be used to examine the negative consequences of gaming and aid mental health professionals in assessing functional impairment.

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Model Based on ICD-11 Criteria of Gaming Disorder and Hazardous Gaming During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose of Review: This commentary aimed to propose the screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) model for gaming disorder (GD) and hazardous gaming (HG) on the basis of the International Classification of Disease, 11th version (ICD-11) classification. Recent Findings: COVID-19 and its preventive measures increase the risk of GD and the treatment needs could exceed the capacities of mental health systems. Brief intervention could be provided for adolescents with HG after screening. Psychiatrists make diagnoses of GD or HG and then refer them to school counselors, specialized psychologists, or integrated teams based on the severity, comorbidity, and complication of GD. Summary: The classification of GD and HG was suitable to develop a SBIRT model intervention. The SBIRT should work through the shortage of resources and provide a brief intervention guild to make it practical.

Cardiac Autonomic and Cardiac Vagal Control During and After Depressive and Happiness Autobiographical Memories in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) are indices of cardiac autonomic and cardiac vagal control (CVC), both of which are markers of emotional regulation and physical health. This study examined (1) the differences in cardiac autonomic regulation and CVC during baseline, depressive, and happiness autobiographical memory tasks between participants with major depressive disorder (MDD group) and healthy controls (HC group); (2) the associations between depressive symptoms and cardiac autonomic and CVC; and (3) the reactivity and recovery of cardiac autonomic and CVC between the MDD and HC groups. Methods: A total of 168 and 178 participants were included in the MDD and HC groups, respectively. Demographic data and the Beck Depression Inventory-II were collected before the experimental procedure. Lead II electrocardiograph (ECG) was measured during baseline, depressive, and happiness autobiographical memory tasks, and then interbeat intervals from ECG were converted to the time and frequency domains of HRV and RSA. Results: The participants in the MDD group showed lower HRV (including standard deviation of normal to normal intervals, low frequency, the natural logarithm of low frequency, and the natural logarithm of high frequency) and CVC (RSA and lnRSA) than those in the HC group. Depressive symptoms were positively correlated with heart rate and negatively correlated with the indices of cardiac autonomic and CVC. There was significantly increased reactivity and recovery of cardiac autonomic and CVC during and after depressive and happiness autobiographical memory tasks in the HC group, but not in the MDD group. Discussion: Participants with MDD had cardiac autonomic and CVC dysregulation, decreased reactivity, and did not recover to baseline after emotional provocations. These results can be the theoretical basis for clinical intervention by using HRV biofeedback to restore cardiac autonomic regulation and CVC during and after emotional events in the future.

Early and Late Luteal Executive Function, Cognitive and Somatic Symptoms, and Emotional Regulation of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive and somatic symptoms were vital factors in developing personalized treatment of depressive disorder. The study aimed to evaluate the following: (1) the cognitive and somatic symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in the early luteal (EL) and later luteal (LL) phase; and (2) their association with depression and functional impairment of PMDD. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated executive function, emotion regulation, cognitive and somatic symptoms, and depression in the EL and LL phases in women with PMDD. Sixty-three women with PMDD and 53 healthy controls completed Simon's task and questionnaire to assess emotion regulation, inattention, fatigue, insomnia, and depression. RESULTS: Women with PMDD had a poor performance in Simon's task during the LL phase. They were less likely to exercise cognitive reappraisal during EL and LL phases. Their cognitive reappraisal positively correlated with executive function and negatively associated with depression. In the LL phase, they also experience higher inattention, insomnia, and fatigue, which correlate with the depression and functional impairment of PMDD. Inattention is the most associated factor of PMDD and functional impairment in controlling depression. CONCLUSION: Executive function was impaired in women with PMDD during the LL phase. Its performance correlated positively with emotion regulation and negatively with depression. The association between inattention and PMDD functional impairment indicates that evaluation and intervention for cognitive impairment were essential in treating women with PMDD. Further studies were required to elucidate the possible etiology underlying these associations.

A Pilot Randomized Control Study on Effect Brief Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback as a Complementary Treatment in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder.

The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVBFB) intervention in terms of reducing craving, severity of dependence, and rate of positive methamphetamine urine testing in men taking part in a methamphetamine use disorder outpatient treatment program. Sixty-one adult men received either HRVBFB treatment plus treatment as usual (TAU) over four weeks or TAU only. Men receiving HRVBFB showed significantly greater reductions in craving, dependence severity, and the rate of positive methamphetamine urine testing at the end of the intervention and four weeks of follow-up. The analyses further showed that the levels of craving and dependence severity at treatment entry were predictive of changes in craving and dependence severity at the end of treatment and follow-up, respectively. The baseline status of a positive methamphetamine urine test only predicted a positive methamphetamine urine test at the end of treatment, not at the end of the follow-up period. Our results showed HRVBFB intervention has merits as an adjunct treatment to ameliorate cravings and reduce the severity of dependence experienced by persons with methamphetamine use disorder. An added value of HRVBFB intervention is the fact that it can be easily and affordably implemented in everyday life.

The withdrawal-related affective, gaming urge, and anhedonia symptoms of internet gaming disorder during abstinence.

Aim: The study explores IGD withdrawal-related presentations, including autonomic reaction, affective symptoms, anhedonia, and gaming urge during abstinence from gaming. We prospectively evaluated these withdrawal-related symptoms (WRS) and gaming craving during abstinence from gaming. Methods: We examined 69 individuals with IGD and 69 regular gamers and evaluated their WRS (using an exploratory questionnaire), affective and behavioral WRS (using the Questionnaire on Gaming Urge-Brief Version gaming disorder questionnaire), and heart rate. All the participants attempted to abstain from gaming before our assessment. Subsequently, some participants' WRS and gaming craving before they engaged in gaming were prospectively evaluated. Results: In the IGD group, 85.5% experienced gaming WRS, including affective, anhedonia, and gaming urge symptoms. They could relieve these symptoms through gaming. The IGD group experienced more severe gaming WRS, gaming craving, and a higher heart rate than the regular gamer group. Gaming urge was most associated WRS of IGD. Participants with IGD experienced more severe gaming cravings when their gaming abstinence before the assessment was shorter. WRS attenuated at night and the following morning when they maintained their gaming abstinence after assessment. Conclusion: Individuals with IGD experience withdrawal-related affective, anhedonia, and gaming urge symptoms and a higher heart rate during abstinence. The WRS attenuated in 1 day. Most participants agreed that these symptoms could be relieved through gaming. Further prospective evaluation by objective assessment in an adequate sample was required to understand gaming withdrawal symptoms comprehensively.

Twisted molecular wires polarize spin currents at room temperature.

A critical spintronics challenge is to develop molecular wires that render efficiently spin-polarized currents. Interplanar torsional twisting, driven by chiral binucleating ligands in highly conjugated molecular wires, gives rise to large near-infrared rotational strengths. The large scalar product of the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments ([Formula: see text]), which are evident in the low-energy absorptive manifolds of these wires, makes possible enhanced chirality-induced spin selectivity-derived spin polarization. Magnetic-conductive atomic force microscopy experiments and spin-Hall devices demonstrate that these designs point the way to achieve high spin selectivity and large-magnitude spin currents in chiral materials.

Association between urbanization and Internet addiction.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Understanding the association between urbanization and Internet addiction is essential to the design and implementation of Internet addiction prevention measures in urban areas. This epidemiological review explores the urbanization-Internet addiction association and its potential underlying factors. RECENT FINDINGS: Nine studies have reported that Internet addiction prevalence is higher in urban areas, but three studies have noted the opposite. Psychiatric disorders and stress are the most commonly mentioned factors underlying the association. The effects of urbanization on Internet availability, Internet cafes, online gaming, outdoor or interactive activities, and family regulation and monitoring have been suggested to lead to higher Internet addiction risk. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, obesity, sleep problems, and the migration of parents to urban areas in search of work have strengthened the effect of urbanization on Internet addiction. SUMMARY: Early assessment and treatment provided by mental health services are crucial for mitigating the effect of urbanization on Internet addiction risk. Cities should be designed to provide adequate space for physical and interactive activities. To promote outdoor activities, air pollution, traffic congestion, and crime should be controlled. Prospective face-to-face studies involving analysis of data on pollution, traffic, and Internet addiction could provide evidence to elucidate the urbanization- Internet addiction association.