A molecular phylogeny of the Petaluridae (Odonata: Anisoptera): A 160-Million-Year-Old story of drift and extinction.

Petaluridae (Odonata: Anisoptera) is a relict dragonfly family, having diverged from its sister family in the Jurassic, of eleven species that are notable among odonates (dragonflies and damselflies) for their exclusive use of fen and bog habitats, their burrowing behavior as nymphs, large body size as adults, and extended lifespans. To date, several nodes within this family remain unresolved, limiting the study of the evolution of this peculiar family. Using an anchored hybrid enrichment dataset of over 900 loci we reconstructed the species tree of Petaluridae. To estimate the temporal origin of the genera within this family, we used a set of well-vetted fossils and a relaxed molecular clock model in a divergence time estimation analysis. We estimate that Petaluridae originated in the early Cretaceous and confirm the existence of monophyletic Gondwanan and Laurasian clades within the family. Our relaxed molecular clock analysis estimated that these clades diverged from their MRCA approximately 160 mya. Extant lineages within this family were identified to have persisted from 6 (Uropetala) to 120 million years (Phenes). Our biogeographical analyses focusing on a set of key regions suggest that divergence within Petaluridae is largely correlated with continental drift, the exposure of land bridges, and the development of mountain ranges. Our results support the hypothesis that species within Petaluridae have persisted for tens of millions of years, with little fossil evidence to suggest widespread extinction in the family, despite optimal conditions for the fossilization of nymphs. Petaluridae appear to be a rare example of habitat specialists that have persisted for tens of millions of years.

Expanding the Availability of Scalp Cooling to All Patients at Risk of Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia.

Alopecia is an undesirable side effect of cancer chemotherapy. The mitigation of alopecia is a desirable adjunct treatment for patients with cancer. FDA-cleared scalp cooling (SC) devices have been successfully used to prevent or reduce chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA). This paper provides an understanding of the implementation and value of the new Insurance-Based Billing Model used in the USA for SC and its benefits compared with the original self-pay model. This improved compensation change will result in all patients in need, including underserved and disadvantaged populations, receiving equitable healthcare by allowing access to this valuable supportive care technology.

Exploring chromosome evolution in 250 million year old groups of dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta:Odonata).

Using recently published chromosome-length genome assemblies of two damselfly species, Ischnura elegans and Platycnemis pennipes, and two dragonfly species, Pantala flavescens and Tanypteryx hageni, we demonstrate that the autosomes of Odonata have undergone few fission, fusion, or inversion events, despite 250 million years of separation. In the four genomes discussed here, our results show that all autosomes have a clear ortholog in the ancestral karyotype. Despite this clear chromosomal orthology, we demonstrate that different factors, including concentration of repeat dynamics, GC content, relative position on the chromosome, and the relative proportion of coding sequence all influence the density of syntenic blocks across chromosomes. However, these factors do not interact to influence synteny the same way in any two pairs of species, nor is any one factor retained in all four species. Furthermore, it was previously unknown whether the micro-chromosomes in Odonata are descended from one ancestral chromosome. Despite structural rearrangements, our evidence suggests that the micro-chromosomes in the sampled Odonata do indeed descend from an ancestral chromosome, and that the micro-chromosome in P. flavescens was lost through fusion with autosomes.

Evolution of Odonata: genomic insights.

Odonata is an order of insects that comprises ∼6500 species. They are among the earliest flying insects, and one of the first diverging lineages in the Pterygota. Odonate evolution has been a topic of research for over 100 years, with studies focusing primarily on their flight behavior, color, vision, and aquatic juvenile lifestyles. Recent genomics studies have provided new interpretations about the evolution of these traits. In this paper, we look at how high-throughput sequence data (i.e. subgenomic and genomic data) have been used to answer long-standing questions in Odonata ranging from evolutionary relationships to vision evolution to flight behavior. Additionally, we evaluate these data at multiple taxonomic levels (i.e. ordinal, familial, generic, and population) and provide comparative analysis of genomes across Odonata, identifying features of these new data. Last, we discuss the next two years of Odonata genomic study, with context about what questions are currently being tackled.

A Chromosome-length Assembly of the Black Petaltail (Tanypteryx hageni) Dragonfly.

We present a chromosome-length genome assembly and annotation of the Black Petaltail dragonfly (Tanypteryx hageni). This habitat specialist diverged from its sister species over 70 million years ago, and separated from the most closely related Odonata with a reference genome 150 million years ago. Using PacBio HiFi reads and Hi-C data for scaffolding we produce one of the most high-quality Odonata genomes to date. A scaffold N50 of 206.6 Mb and a single copy BUSCO score of 96.2% indicate high contiguity and completeness.

Bioimpedance spectroscopy for breast cancer-related lymphedema assessment: clinical practice guidelines.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a significant concern for patients following breast cancer treatment, and assessment for BCRL represents a key component of survivorship efforts. Growing data has demonstrated the benefits of early detection and treatment of BCRL. Traditional diagnostic modalities are less able to detect reversible subclinical BCRL while newer techniques such as bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) have shown the ability to detect subclinical BCRL, allowing for early intervention and low rates of chronic BCRL with level I evidence. We present updated clinical practice guidelines for BIS utilization to assess for BCRL. METHODS AND RESULTS: Review of the literature identified a randomized controlled trial and other published data which form the basis for the recommendations made. The final results of the PREVENT trial, with 3-year follow-up, demonstrated an absolute reduction of 11.3% and relative reduction of 59% in chronic BCRL (through utilization of compression garment therapy) with BIS as compared to tape measurement. This is in keeping with real-world data demonstrating the effectiveness of BIS in a prospective surveillance model. For optimal outcomes patients should receive an initial pre-treatment measurement and subsequently be followed at a minimum quarterly for first 3 years then biannually for years 4-5, then annually as appropriate, consistent with previous guidelines; the target for intervention has been changed from a change in L-Dex of 10 to 6.5. The lack of pre-operative measure does not preclude inclusion in the prospective surveillance model of care. CONCLUSION: The updated clinical practice guidelines present a standardized approach for a prospective model of care using BIS for BCRL assessment and supported by evidence from a randomized controlled trial as well as real-world data.

Reducing rates of chronic breast cancer-related lymphedema with screening and early intervention: an update of recent data.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a dreaded complication of breast cancer treatment that can lead to morbidity, diminished quality of life, and psychosocial harm and is associated with increased costs of care. Increasingly, data has supported the concept of prospective BCRL surveillance coupled with early intervention to mitigate these effects. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the literature searching for published randomized and prospective data evaluating prospective BCRL surveillance with early intervention. RESULTS: We identified 12 studies (2907 patients) including 4 randomized trials (1203 patients) and 8 prospective studies (1704 patients). Randomized data consistently demonstrate that early intervention reduces rates of progression to chronic BCRL with multiple paradigms and diagnostic modalities utilized; the strongest data comes from the randomized PREVENT trial, which demonstrated early detection with bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), coupled with early intervention with a compression garment applied for 12 h a day over 4 weeks, significantly reduced the rate of chronic BCRL compared to tape measurement coupled with early intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Current data support the role of prospective BCRL surveillance with early detection and intervention to reduce rates of chronic BCRL. Breast cancer patients at risk for BCRL should undergo prospective surveillance as part of survivorship. Because level 1 data demonstrate that BIS is superior to conventional tape measure, it should be included as the standard BCRL diagnostic modality unless an equally effective modality is employed. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS: Breast cancer survivor should undergo prospective BCRL screening with BIS.

Evolutionary history and divergence times of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) revealed through transcriptomics.

Dragonflies and damselflies are among the earliest flying insects with extant representatives. However, unraveling details of their long evolutionary history, such as egg laying (oviposition) strategies, is impeded by unresolved phylogenetic relationships, particularly in damselflies. Here we present a transcriptome-based phylogenetic reconstruction of Odonata, analyzing 2,980 protein-coding genes in 105 species representing nearly all the order's families. All damselfly and most dragonfly families are recovered as monophyletic. Our data suggest a sister relationship between dragonfly families of Gomphidae and Petaluridae. According to our divergence time estimates, both crown-Zygoptera and -Anisoptera arose during the late Triassic. Egg-laying with a reduced ovipositor apparently evolved in dragonflies during the late Jurassic/early Cretaceous. Lastly, we also test the impact of fossil choice and placement, particularly, of the extinct fossil species, †Triassolestodes asiaticus, and †Proterogomphus renateae on divergence time estimates. We find placement of †Proterogomphus renateae to be much more impactful than †Triassolestodes asiaticus.

Comparative phylogeography uncovers evolutionary past of Holarctic dragonflies.

Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of five northern dragonfly species to evaluate what role the last glaciation period may have played in their current distributions. We look at the population structure and estimate divergence times for populations of the following species: Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus), Aeshna subarctica Walker, Sympetrum danae (Sulzer), Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus and Somatochlora sahlbergi Trybom across their Holarctic range. Our results suggest a common phylogeographic pattern across all species except for S. sahlbergi. First, we find that North American and European populations are genetically distinct and have perhaps been separated for more than 400,000 years. Second, our data suggests that, based on genetics, populations from the Greater Beringian region (Beringia, Japan and China) have haplotypes that cluster with North America or Europe depending on the species rather than having a shared geographic affinity. This is perhaps a result of fluctuating sea levels and ice sheet coverage during the Quaternary period that influenced dispersal routes and refugia. Indeed, glacial Beringia may have been as much a transit zone as a refugia for dragonflies. Somatochlora sahlbergi shows no genetic variation across its range and therefore does not share the geographic patterns found in the other circumboreal dragonflies studied here. Lastly, we discuss the taxonomic status of Sympetrum danae, which our results indicate is a species complex comprising two species, one found in Eurasia through Beringia, and the other in North America east and south of Beringia. Through this study we present a shared history among different species from different families of dragonflies, which are influenced by the climatic fluctuations of the past.

An integrative phylogenomic approach illuminates the evolutionary history of cockroaches and termites (Blattodea).

Phylogenetic relationships among subgroups of cockroaches and termites are still matters of debate. Their divergence times and major phenotypic transitions during evolution are also not yet settled. We addressed these points by combining the first nuclear phylogenomic study of termites and cockroaches with a thorough approach to divergence time analysis, identification of endosymbionts, and reconstruction of ancestral morphological traits and behaviour. Analyses of the phylogenetic relationships within Blattodea robustly confirm previously uncertain hypotheses such as the sister-group relationship between Blaberoidea and remaining Blattodea, and Lamproblatta being the closest relative to the social and wood-feeding Cryptocercus and termites. Consequently, we propose new names for various clades in Blattodea: Cryptocercus + termites = Tutricablattae; Lamproblattidae + Tutricablattae = Kittrickea; and Blattoidea + Corydioidea = Solumblattodea. Our inferred divergence times contradict previous studies by showing that most subgroups of Blattodea evolved in the Cretaceous, reducing the gap between molecular estimates of divergence times and the fossil record. On a phenotypic level, the blattodean ground-plan is for egg packages to be laid directly in a hole while other forms of oviposition, including ovovivipary and vivipary, arose later. Finally, other changes in egg care strategy may have allowed for the adaptation of nest building and other novelties.

Extremely low genetic diversity in a circumpolar dragonfly species, Somatochlora sahlbergi (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera).

We present the first empirical treatment of the northernmost breeding dragonfly, Somatochlora sahlbergi. We sequenced populations from United States, Canada, Finland, Sweden and Norway for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and D2 region of 28s. We found that, despite geographic barriers across its vast arctic range, S. sahlbergi is a single species. Not only does it appear to interbreed across its entire range, there also seems to be almost no variation among European and North American populations in their COI gene fragment (the barcode gene), which is usually extremely variable. We further found that characters thought to be diagnostic for the larvae of S. sahlbergi were absent in our European samples. We review and re-describe the habitat of this species based on new findings from recent field observations. Finally, we report for the first time the likely presence of this species in Japan. We hope our findings will encourage further study of this species and other under-studied insect taxa that inhabit the remote Arctic.

Topological support and data quality can only be assessed through multiple tests in reviewing Blattodea phylogeny.

Assessing support for molecular phylogenies is difficult because the data is heterogeneous in quality and overwhelming in quantity. Traditionally, node support values (bootstrap frequency, Bayesian posterior probability) are used to assess confidence in tree topologies. Other analyses to assess the quality of phylogenetic data (e.g. Lento plots, saturation plots, trait consistency) and the resulting phylogenetic trees (e.g. internode certainty, parameter permutation tests, topological tests) exist but are rarely applied. Here we argue that a single qualitative analysis is insufficient to assess support of a phylogenetic hypothesis and relate data quality to tree quality. We use six molecular markers to infer the phylogeny of Blattodea and apply various tests to assess relationship support, locus quality, and the relationship between the two. We use internode-certainty calculations in conjunction with bootstrap scores, alignment permutations, and an approximately unbiased (AU) test to assess if the molecular data unambiguously support the phylogenetic relationships found. Our results show higher support for the position of Lamproblattidae, high support for the termite phylogeny, and low support for the position of Anaplectidae, Corydioidea and phylogeny of Blaberoidea. We use Lento plots in conjunction with mutation-saturation plots, calculations of locus homoplasy to assess locus quality, identify long branch attraction, and decide if the tree's relationships are the result of data biases. We conclude that multiple tests and metrics need to be taken into account to assess tree support and data robustness.

Let us cut to the core: is core biopsy enough for subcentimeter breast cancer?

BACKGROUND: Breast conservation therapy has become a preferred method of treating early-stage breast cancer. As care continues to evolve, certain lesions allowed less invasive treatment options. A simplified explanation of early breast cancer care is detection, biopsy, surgery, and adjuvant therapy. The authors look to challenge that algorithm for a specific type of disease. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed to identify all subcentimeter breast cancer that underwent surgery after core biopsy. These cases (n = 115) were analyzed for biopsy technique and outcome of final surgical excision to find when no residual disease was found on final pathology, potentially rendering the surgical resection an unneeded procedure. RESULTS: The authors found that 17 of 115 patients (14.8%) who underwent biopsy for subcentimeter breast cancer had no residual disease found on final surgical resection. Although the subsets were small, the largest core needle resulted in negative pathology two of three times, while the smallest gauge, never resulted in negative resection at time of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly, fifteen percent of patients were found to have no residual disease on final surgical pathology. These results were obtained when the radiologist was simply trying to get tissue diagnosis. The authors postulate that this percentage could be even higher if protocols were initiated to biopsy these small lesions with larger core biopsies and possibly alleviate the need for formal surgery in these specific, small lesion.

Radial Scar at Percutaneous Breast Biopsy That Does Not Require Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgical excision is currently recommended after pathologic radial scar is found on breast core needle biopsy because surgical upgrade to carcinoma is not uncommon. The goal of our study was to identify the true pathologic upgrade rate for a "pure" radial scar, those without associated proliferative lesion, based on indication for biopsy, biopsy type, and needle size. STUDY DESIGN: The pathology database of Continuum Health Partners was searched for the terms radial scar and radial sclerosing lesion, from January 2007 to December 2015. From review of 1,513 pathology reports, 292 cases of core biopsies without malignancy were identified. Age, indication for biopsy, type of biopsy, and excisional pathology were obtained. Data were then analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS: Two hundred nineteen (75%) of the 292 core biopsies showed pure radial scar without associated proliferative lesion, and 161 (74%) of these patients had surgical excision. Only 1 of these patients had disease that was upgraded to ductal carcinoma in situ-a 2-mm focus located 5 mm away from the radial scar biopsy cavity. This patient also had residual calcifications on mammography after the stereotactic biopsy. Six additional malignant upgrades were found in patients who had radial scar associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia (n = 5) or lobular neoplasia (n = 1) on needle biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical excision is unnecessary when radial scar is found at percutaneous needle biopsy without an associated proliferative lesion. Surgical excision is still indicated when radial scar is associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular neoplasia.

Tubular Carcinoma of the Breast: A Single Institution's Experience of a Favorable Prognosis.

Tubular carcinoma is a subtype of invasive breast cancer that comprises 1 to 4 per cent of invasive breast cancers. Prior studies show nearly 100 per cent 15 year survival rate for tubular carcinoma compared to the 89.2 per cent five year survival of all breast cancers. These encouraging statistics beg the question should tubular cancers be treated as other invasive cancers, or can some patients be spared an invasive procedure or the side effects of adjuvant therapy? Fifty-seven cases of tubular carcinoma over 16 years were analyzed. All relevant aspects of the patient's history, treatment, and outcomes were documented. The aim was compare treatment outcomes of tubular breast cancer outcomes to that of all invasive breast cancers. Of the 57 patients, local recurrence was seen in two patients (3.5%) only one of which recurred as a tubular carcinoma (1.75%). There were no cancer-related mortalities. A look into our institution's data supported the notion that tubular carcinoma of the breast is a less aggressive histological type. Of our 57 cases, only two recurrences (3.5%) were noted and there were no cancer-related mortalities. Interestingly only one patient (1.75%) recurred as tubular carcinoma. Without controlling for adjuvant therapy, recommendations cannot be made for a less aggressive treatment plan at this point. Future randomized controlled trials may lead to a less aggressive treatment plan for this favorable subtype. On the basis of this study and others like it, physicians can give evidenced-based favorable prognosis with a diagnosis of tubular carcinoma of the breast.

The Fossil Calibration Database-A New Resource for Divergence Dating.

Fossils provide the principal basis for temporal calibrations, which are critical to the accuracy of divergence dating analyses. Translating fossil data into minimum and maximum bounds for calibrations is the most important-often least appreciated-step of divergence dating. Properly justified calibrations require the synthesis of phylogenetic, paleontological, and geological evidence and can be difficult for nonspecialists to formulate. The dynamic nature of the fossil record (e.g., new discoveries, taxonomic revisions, updates of global or local stratigraphy) requires that calibration data be updated continually lest they become obsolete. Here, we announce the Fossil Calibration Database (http://fossilcalibrations.org), a new open-access resource providing vetted fossil calibrations to the scientific community. Calibrations accessioned into this database are based on individual fossil specimens and follow best practices for phylogenetic justification and geochronological constraint. The associated Fossil Calibration Series, a calibration-themed publication series at Palaeontologia Electronica, will serve as a key pipeline for peer-reviewed calibrations to enter the database.