Stage III Chorioamnionitis is Associated with Reduced Risk of Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity.

OBJECTIVE: To identify whether histologically confirmed chorioamnionitis (hCAM) is associated with development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively analyzed 2 different cohorts. Cohort 1 was the national database of newborns in Japan born at ≤1500g or <32 weeks' gestation (January 2003 through April 2021, n = 38 013). Cohort 2 was babies born at <1500g from a single institution in Tsuchiura, Japan, (April 2015 through March 2018, n = 118). RESULTS: For Cohort1, after adjusting for potential confounders, stage III CAM (n = 5554) was associated with lower odds of severe ROP (stage ≥3 or required peripheral retinal ablation) by 14% (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78-0.94]. CAM of stage I (n = 3277) and II (n = 4319) was not associated with the risk of ROP. For Cohort 2, the odds of severe ROP were significantly reduced in moderate to severe hCAM groups (stage II, OR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.05-0.82; stage III, OR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01-0.84). Neonates with funisitis, comorbidity of hCAM, and a finding of fetal inflammatory response had lower odds of severe ROP (OR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.93). CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for confounders, severe hCAM with fetal inflammatory response was associated with reduced risk of ROP.

The Feasibility of Deep Learning-Based Reconstruction for Low-Tube-Voltage CT Angiography for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of deep learning reconstruction (DLR) on low-tube-voltage computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS: We enrolled 30 patients who underwent TAVI-CT on a 320-row CT scanner. Electrocardiogram-gated coronary CTA (CCTA) was performed at 100 kV, followed by nongated aortoiliac CTA at 80 kV using a single bolus of contrast material. We used hybrid-iterative reconstruction (HIR), model-based IR (MBIR), and DLR to reconstruct these images. The contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated. Five-point scales were used for the overall image quality analysis. The diameter of the aortic annulus was measured in each reconstructed image, and we compared the interobserver and intraobserver agreements. RESULTS: In the CCTA, the CNR and image quality score for DLR were significantly higher than those for HIR and MBIR ( P < 0.01). In the aortoiliac CTA, the CNR for DLR was significantly higher than that for HIR ( P < 0.01) and significantly lower than that for MBIR ( P ≤ 0.02). The image quality score for DLR was significantly higher than that for HIR ( P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the image quality scores for DLR and MBIR. The measured aortic annulus diameter had high interobserver and intraobserver agreement regardless of the reconstruction method (all intraclass correlation coefficients, >0.89). CONCLUSIONS: In low tube voltage TAVI-CT, DLR provides higher image quality than HIR, and DLR provides higher image quality than MBIR in CCTA and is visually comparable to MBIR in aortoiliac CTA.

[Possible Radiation Dose Reduction in Abdominal Plain CT Using Deep Learning Reconstruction].

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the low-contrast detectability of CT images assuming hepatocellular carcinoma and to determine whether dose reduction in abdominal plain CT imaging is possible. METHODS: A Catphan 600 was imaged at 350, 250, 150, and 50 mA using an Aquilion ONE PRISM Edition (Canon) and reconstructed using deep learning reconstruction (DLR) and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR). A low-contrast object-specific contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRLO) was measured and compared in a 5-mm module with a CT value difference of 10 HU, assuming hepatocellular carcinoma; a visual examination was also performed. Moreover, an NPS within a uniform module was measured. RESULTS: CNRLO was higher for DLR at all doses (1.12 at 150 mA for DLR and 1.07 at 250 mA for MBIR). On visual evaluation, DLR could detect up to 150 mA and MBIR up to 250 mA. The NPS was lower for DLR at 0.1 cycles/mm at 150 mA. CONCLUSION: The low-contrast detection performance was better with DLR than with MBIR, indicating the possibility of dose reduction.

Neonatal asphyxia as an inflammatory disease: Reactive oxygen species and cytokines.

Neonatologists resuscitate asphyxiated neonates by every available means, including positive ventilation, oxygen therapy, and drugs. Asphyxiated neonates sometimes present symptoms that mimic those of inflammation, such as fever and edema. The main pathophysiology of the asphyxia is inflammation caused by hypoxic-ischemic reperfusion. At birth or in the perinatal period, neonates may suffer several, hypoxic insults, which can activate inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediator production leading to the release of larger quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This in turn triggers the production of oxygen stress-induced high mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1), an endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) protein bound to toll-like receptor (TLR) -4, which activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), resulting in the production of excess inflammatory mediators. ROS and inflammatory mediators are produced not only in activated inflammatory cells but also in non-immune cells, such as endothelial cells. Hypothermia inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators. A combination therapy of hypothermia and medications, such as erythropoietin and melatonin, is attracting attention now. These medications have both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As the inflammatory response and oxidative stress play a critical role in the pathophysiology of neonatal asphyxia, these drugs may contribute to improving patient outcomes.

Characteristics of the deep learning-based virtual monochromatic image with fast kilovolt-switching CT: a phantom study.

PURPOSE: We assessed the physical properties of virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) obtained with different energy levels in various contrast settings and radiation doses using deep learning-based spectral computed tomography (DL-Spectral CT) and compared the results with those from single-energy CT (SECT) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Catphan® 600 phantom was scanned by DL-Spectral CT at various radiation doses. We reconstructed the VMIs obtained at 50, 70, and 100 keV. SECT (120 kVp) images were acquired at the same radiation doses. The standard deviations of the CT number and noise power spectrum (NPS) were calculated for noise characterization. We evaluated the spatial resolution by determining the 10% task-based transfer function (TTF) level, and we assessed the task-based detectability index (d'). RESULTS: Regardless of the radiation dose, the noise was the lowest at 70 keV VMI. The NPS showed that the noise amplitude at all spatial frequencies was the lowest among other VMI and 120 kVp images. The spatial resolution was higher for 70 keV VMI compared to the other VMIs, except for high-contrast objects. The d' of 70 keV VMI was the highest among the VMI and 120 kVp images at all radiation doses and contrast settings. The d' of the 70 keV VMIs at the minimum dose was higher than that at the maximum dose in any other image. CONCLUSION: The physical properties of the DL-Spectral CT VMIs varied with the energy level. The 70 keV VMI had the highest detectability by far among the VMI and 120-kVp images. DL-Spectral CT may be useful to reduce radiation doses.

Transcriptome analysis of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells revealed fetal programming due to chorioamnionitis.

Although chorioamnionitis (CAM) has been demonstrated to be associated with numerous short- and long-term morbidities, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. One of the reasons for this is the lack of appropriate models for analyzing the relationship between the fetal environment and chorioamnionitis and fetal programming in humans. In this study, we aimed to clarify the fetal programming caused by CAM using the gene expression profiles of UCMSCs. From nine preterm neonates with CAM (n = 4) or without CAM (n = 5), we established UCMSCs. The gene expression profiles obtained by RNA-seq analysis revealed distinctive changes in the CAM group USMSCs. The UCMSCs in the CAM group had a myofibroblast-like phenotype with significantly increased expression levels of myofibroblast-related genes, including α-smooth muscle actin (p < 0.05). In the pathway analysis, the genes involved in DNA replication and G1 to S cell cycle control were remarkably decreased, suggesting that cellular proliferation was impaired, as confirmed by the cellular proliferation assay (p < 0.01-0.05). Pathway analysis revealed that genes related to white fat cell differentiation were significantly increased. Our results could explain the long-term outcomes of patients who were exposed to CAM and revealed that UCMSCs could be an in vitro model of fetal programming affected by CAM.

Importance of the heart rate in ultra-high-resolution coronary CT angiography with 0.35 s gantry rotation time.

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of the heart rate (HR) on the motion artifact in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with ultra-high-resolution-CT (U-HRCT), and we clarified the upper limit of optimal HR in CCTA with U-HRCT in a comparison with conventional-resolution-CT (CRCT) on a cardiac phantom and in patients with CCTA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A pulsating cardiac phantom equipped with coronary models was scanned at static and HR simulations of 40-90 beats/min (bpm) at 10-bpm intervals using U-HRCT and CRCT, respectively. The sharpness and lumen diameter of the coronary model were quantitatively compared between U-HRCT and CRCT stratified by HR in the phantom study. We also assessed the visual inspections of clinical images in CCTA with U-HRCT. RESULTS: At the HRs ≤ 60 bpm, the error of the lumen diameter of the U-HRCT tended to be smaller than that of the CRCT. However, at the HRs > 60 bpm, the inverse was shown. For the image sharpness, the U-HRCT was significantly superior to the CRCT (p < 0.05). In the visual assessment, the scores were negatively correlated with HRs in patients (Spearman r = - 0.71, p < 0.01). A receiver-operating characteristic analysis revealed the HR of 61 bpm as the optimal cutoff of the non-diagnostic image quality, with an area under the curve of 0.87, 95% sensitivity, and 71% specificity. CONCLUSION: At HRs ≤ 60 bpm, U-HRCT was more accurate in the imaging of coronary arteries than CRCT. The upper limit of the optimal HR in CCTA with U-HRCT was approx. 60 bpm.

Genome Analysis in Sick Neonates and Infants: High-yield Phenotypes and Contribution of Small Copy Number Variations.

OBJECTIVE: To delineate the diagnostic efficacy of medical exome, whole exome, and whole genome sequencing according to primary symptoms, the contribution of small copy number variations, and the impact of molecular diagnosis on clinical management. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective study of 17 tertiary care centers in Japan, conducted between April 2019 and March 2021. Critically ill neonates and infants less than 6 months of age were recruited in neonatal intensive care units and in outpatient clinics. The patients underwent medical exome, whole exome, or whole genome sequencing as the first tier of testing. Patients with negative results after medical exome or whole exome sequencing subsequently underwent whole genome sequencing. The impact of molecular diagnosis on clinical management was evaluated through contacting primary care physicians. RESULTS: Of the 85 patients, 41 (48%) had positive results. Based on the primary symptoms, patients with metabolic phenotypes had the highest diagnostic yield (67%, 4/6 patients), followed by renal (60%, 3/5 patients), and neurologic phenotypes (58%, 14/24 patients). Among them, 4 patients had pathogenic small copy number variations identified using whole genome sequencing. In the 41 patients with a molecular diagnosis, 20 (49%) had changes in clinical management. CONCLUSIONS: Genome analysis for critically ill neonates and infants had a high diagnostic yield for metabolic, renal, and neurologic phenotypes. Small copy number variations detected using whole genome sequencing contributed to the overall molecular diagnosis in 5% of all the patients. The resulting molecular diagnoses had a significant impact on clinical management.

Low-radiation dose scan protocol for preoperative imaging for dental implant surgery using deep learning-based reconstruction in multidetector CT.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the impact of a deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) technique on image quality and reduction of radiation exposure, and to propose a low-dose multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) scan protocol for preoperative imaging for dental implant surgery. METHODS: The PB-1 phantom and a Catphan phantom 600 were scanned using volumetric scanning with a 320-row MDCT scanner. All scans were performed with a tube voltage of 120 kV, and the tube current varied from 120 to 60 to 40 to 30 mA. Images of the mandible were reconstructed using DLR. Additionally, images acquired with the 120-mA protocol were reconstructed using filtered back projection as a reference. Two observers independently graded the image quality of the mandible images using a 4-point scale (4, superior to reference; 1, unacceptable). The system performance function (SPF) was calculated to comprehensively evaluate image quality. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed for statistical analysis, with statistical significance set at p value < 0.05. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the image quality acquired with the 40-mA tube current and reconstructed with the DLR technique (40DLR), and that acquired with the reference protocol (3.00, 3.00, p = 1.00). The SPF at 1.0 cycles/mm acquired with 40DLR was improved by 156.7% compared to that acquired with the reference protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed protocol, which achieves a two-thirds reduction in radiation dose, can provide a minimally invasive MDCT scan of acceptable image quality for dental implant surgery.

Furosemide clearance in very preterm neonates early in life: A pilot study using scavenged samples.

BACKGROUND: Furosemide is an off-label drug, frequently used as a diuretic in neonates with oliguria and/or edema. Its clearance in preterm neonates is lower than in term neonates or children. We aimed, herein, to clarify furosemide clearance (CL) in very preterm (VP) neonates (<28 weeks' gestation) within the first 2 weeks of life and identify the factors predictive of the pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters, such as CL. METHODS: Furosemide was administered at 0.5 or 1 mg/kg in a 0.5-h infusion via a syringe pump; blood samples were drawn from an artery or vein after the intravenous injection. The serum furosemide concentration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The PK parameters were then analyzed using Bayesian estimation. RESULTS: Thirteen blood samples were obtained from 10 VP neonates after intravenous injection. The mean postconceptional age and mean postnatal days at exposure to furosemide were 26.9 weeks and 7.1 days, respectively. The estimated mean CL was 16.5 mL/kg/h. The mean distribution volume (Vd) and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 0.37 L/kg and 15.3 h, respectively. Furosemide CL was negatively associated with serum creatinine (SCr) [CL = 84.2 - 67.1 × SCr (mg/dL)]. CONCLUSIONS: Very preterm neonates within the first 2 weeks of life had a higher CL than subjects in other preterm neonatal studies. The SCr level was the sole parameter influencing furosemide CL and might serve as a good index for furosemide dosing in VP neonates.

Deep-learning reconstruction for ultra-low-dose lung CT: Volumetric measurement accuracy and reproducibility of artificial ground-glass nodules in a phantom study.

OBJECTIVES: The lung nodule volume determined by CT is used for nodule diagnoses and monitoring tumor responses to therapy. Increased image noise on low-dose CT degrades the measurement accuracy of the lung nodule volume. We compared the volumetric accuracy among deep-learning reconstruction (DLR), model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR), and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR) at an ultra-low-dose setting. METHODS: Artificial ground-glass nodules (6 mm and 10 mm diameters, -660 HU) placed at the lung-apex and the middle-lung field in chest phantom were scanned by 320-row CT with the ultra-low-dose setting of 6.3 mAs. Each scan data set was reconstructed by DLR, MBIR, and HIR. The volumes of nodules were measured semi-automatically, and the absolute percent volumetric error (APEvol) was calculated. The APEvol provided by each reconstruction were compared by the Tukey-Kramer method. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities were evaluated by a Bland-Altman analysis with limits of agreements. RESULTS: DLR provided a lower APEvol compared to MBIR and HIR. The APEvol of DLR (1.36%) was significantly lower than those of the HIR (8.01%, p = 0.0022) and MBIR (7.30%, p = 0.0053) on a 10-mm-diameter middle-lung nodule. DLR showed narrower limits of agreement compared to MBIR and HIR in the inter- and intraobserver agreement of the volumetric measurement. CONCLUSIONS: DLR showed higher accuracy compared to MBIR and HIR for the volumetric measurement of artificial ground-glass nodules by ultra-low-dose CT. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: DLR with ultra-low-dose setting allows a reduction of dose exposure, maintaining accuracy for the volumetry of lung nodule, especially in patients which deserve a long-term follow-up.

Image quality improvement with deep learning-based reconstruction on abdominal ultrahigh-resolution CT: A phantom study.

PURPOSE: In an ultrahigh-resolution CT (U-HRCT), deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) is expected to drastically reduce image noise without degrading spatial resolution. We assessed a new algorithm's effect on image quality at different radiation doses assuming an abdominal CT protocol. METHODS: For the normal-sized abdominal models, a Catphan 600 was scanned by U-HRCT with 100%, 50%, and 25% radiation doses. In all acquisitions, DLR was compared to model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR), filtered back projection (FBP), and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR). For the quantitative assessment, we compared image noise, which was defined as the standard deviation of the CT number, and spatial resolution among all reconstruction algorithms. RESULTS: Deep learning-based reconstruction yielded lower image noise than FBP and HIR at each radiation dose. DLR yielded higher image noise than MBIR at the 100% and 50% radiation doses (100%, 50%, DLR: 15.4, 16.9 vs MBIR: 10.2, 15.6 Hounsfield units: HU). However, at the 25% radiation dose, the image noise in DLR was lower than that in MBIR (16.7 vs. 26.6 HU). The spatial frequency at 10% of the modulation transfer function (MTF) in DLR was 1.0 cycles/mm, slightly lower than that in MBIR (1.05 cycles/mm) at the 100% radiation dose. Even when the radiation dose decreased, the spatial frequency at 10% of the MTF of DLR did not change significantly (50% and 25% doses, 0.98 and 0.99 cycles/mm, respectively). CONCLUSION: Deep learning-based reconstruction performs more consistently at decreasing dose in abdominal ultrahigh-resolution CT compared to all other commercially available reconstruction algorithms evaluated.

Metal artefact reduction in the oral cavity using deep learning reconstruction algorithm in ultra-high-resolution computed tomography: a phantom study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to improve the impact of the metal artefact reduction (MAR) algorithm for the oral cavity by assessing the effect of acquisition and reconstruction parameters on an ultra-high-resolution CT (UHRCT) scanner. METHODS: The mandible tooth phantom with and without the lesion was scanned using super-high-resolution, high-resolution (HR), and normal-resolution (NR) modes. Images were reconstructed with deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR) using the MAR algorithm. Two dental radiologists independently graded the degree of metal artefact (1, very severe; 5, minimum) and lesion shape reproducibility (1, slight; 5, almost perfect). The signal-to-artefact ratio (SAR), accuracy of the CT number of the lesion, and image noise were calculated quantitatively. The Tukey-Kramer method with a p-value of less than 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: The HRDLR visual score was better than the NRHIR score in terms of degree of metal artefact (4.6 ± 0.5 and 2.6 ± 0.5, p < 0.0001) and lesion shape reproducibility (4.5 ± 0.5 and 2.9 ± 1.1, p = 0.0005). The SAR of HRDLR was significantly better than that of NRHIR (4.9 ± 0.4 and 2.1 ± 0.2, p < 0.0001), and the absolute percentage error of the CT number in HRDLR was lower than that in NRHIR (0.8% in HRDLR and 23.8% in NRIR). The image noise of HRDLR was lower than that of NRHIR (15.7 ± 1.4 and 51.6 ± 15.3, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrated that the combination of HR mode and DLR in UHRCT scanner improved the impact of the MAR algorithm in the oral cavity.

Relationship between forward propulsion and foot motion during gait in healthy young adults.

The foot contributes to propulsion and postural stability function by changing its morphology during walking through the truss/windlass mechanisms. We quantified the truss mechanism regarding foot stiffness and the windlass mechanism regarding the movement coordination between the foot arch and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. We aimed to clarify the relationship of these mechanisms with propulsive force and static foot alignment. Forty-eight healthy young adults participated and walked at a comfortable speed. The ground reaction force (GRF), ankle power, and sagittal plane motion of the foot arch and MTP joint were recorded using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The vertical GRF and foot arch motion were used to quantify foot stiffness as the truss coefficient, and the foot arch and first MTP joint were used to quantify movement coordination as the windlass coefficient. The Foot Posture Index (FPI) and arch height index (AHI) were used to assess static foot alignment. A canonical correlation analysis was performed using the foot- and gait-related index group, and then a single-correlation analysis was performed. The canonical correlation analysis showed that a composite variable consisting of FPI, AHI, and the truss coefficient was related to the anterior GRF (A-GRF) and ankle power. The truss coefficient was positively correlated with A-GRF and ankle power, whereas the windlass coefficient was positively correlated with ankle power. Therefore, the truss and windlass coefficients can be used as indices to evaluate foot function, suggesting that maintaining foot stiffness and foot arch coordination with the first MTP joint is important for propulsion.

A novel fast kilovoltage switching dual-energy CT with deep learning: Accuracy of CT number on virtual monochromatic imaging and iodine quantification.

PURPOSE: A novel fast kilovoltage switching dual-energy CT with deep learning [Deep learning based-spectral CT (DL-Spectral CT)], which generates a complete sinogram for each kilovolt using deep learning views that complement the measured views at each energy, was commercialized in 2020. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of CT numbers in virtual monochromatic images (VMIs) and iodine quantifications at various radiation doses using DL-Spectral CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two multi-energy phantoms (large and small) using several rods representing different materials (iodine, calcium, blood, and adipose) were scanned by DL-Spectral CT at varying radiation doses. Images were reconstructed using three reconstruction parameters (body, lung, bone). The absolute percentage errors (APEs) for CT numbers on VMIs at 50, 70, and 100 keV and iodine quantification were compared among different radiation dose protocols. RESULTS: The APEs of the CT numbers on VMIs were <15% in both the large and small phantoms, except at the minimum dose in the large phantom. There were no significant differences among radiation dose protocols in computed tomography dose index volumes of 12.3 mGy or larger. The accuracy of iodine quantification provided by the body parameter was significantly better than those obtained with the lung and bone parameters. Increasing the radiation dose did not always improve the accuracy of iodine quantification, regardless of the reconstruction parameter and phantom size. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of iodine quantification and CT numbers on VMIs in DL-Spectral CT was not affected by the radiation dose, except for an extremely low radiation dose for body size.

Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Preterm Infants After Extubation.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim is to compare the efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) against those of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) or nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) after extubation in preterm infants. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, noninferiority trial was conducted in 6 tertiary NICUs. Infants born at <34 weeks who needed noninvasive ventilation after extubation were enrolled. We randomly assigned infants to an HFNC group when HFNC was used or to an NCPAP/NIPPV group when NCPAP or NIPPV was used. The primary outcome was treatment failure within 7 days after extubation. We then examined clinical aspects of treatment failure with HFNC use. RESULTS: In total, 176 and 196 infants were assigned to the HFNC and NCPAP/NIPPV groups, respectively. The HFNC group showed a significantly higher rate of treatment failure than that of the NCPAP/NIPPV group, with treatment failure occurring in 54 infants (31%) compared with 31 infants (16%) in the NCPAP/NIPPV group (risk difference, 14.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, 6.2-23.2). Histologic chorioamnionitis (P = .02), treated patent ductus arteriosus (P = .001), and corrected gestational age at the start of treatment (P = .007) were factors independently related to treatment failure with HFNC use. CONCLUSIONS: We found HFNC revealed a significantly higher rate of treatment failure than NCPAP or NIPPV after extubation in preterm infants. The independent factors associated with treatment failure with HFNC use were histologic chorioamnionitis, treated patent ductus arteriosus, and a younger corrected gestational age at the start of treatment.

Improved scan method for dental imaging using multidetector computed tomography: a phantom study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to propose an improved scan method to shorten irradiation time and reduce radiation exposure. METHODS: The maxilla of a human head CT phantom and a Catphan phantom were used for qualitative and quantitative assessment, respectively. The phantoms were scanned by a 160-row multidetector CT scanner using volumetric and helical scanning. In volumetric scanning, the tube current varied from 120 to 60 to 30 to 20 mA with a tube voltage of 120 kV. Images were reconstructed with a bone kernel using iterative reconstruction (IR) and filtered back projection. As a reference protocol, helical scanning was performed using our clinical setting with 120 kV. Two dental radiologists independently graded the quality of dental images using a 4-point scale (4, superior to reference; 1, unacceptable). For the quantitative assessment, we assessed the system performance from each scan. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the image quality of volumetric scanning using the 60 mA protocol reconstructed with IR and that of the reference (3.08 and 3.00, p = 0.3388). The system performance values at 1.0 cycles/mm of volumetric scanning and 60 mA protocol reconstructed with IR and reference were 0.0038 and 0.0041, respectively. The effective dose of volumetric scanning using the 60 mA protocol was 51.8 µSv, which is a 64.2% reduction to that of the reference. CONCLUSIONS: We proposed an improved scan method resulting in a 64.2% reduction of radiation dose with one-fourth of irradiation time by combining volumetric scanning and IR technique in multidetector CT.

Effect of scan mode and focal spot size in airway dimension measurements for ultra-high-resolution computed tomography of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A COPDGene phantom study.

PURPOSE: Quantitative evaluations of airway dimensions through computed tomography (CT) have revealed a good correlation with airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, large inaccuracies have been known to occur in CT airway measurements. Ultra-high-resolution CT (UHRCT) might improve measurement accuracy using precise scan modes with minimal focal spot. We assessed the effects of scan mode and focal spot size on airway measurements in UHRCT. METHODS: COPDGene Ⅱ phantom, comprising a plastic tube mimicking human airway of inner diameter 3 mm, wall thickness 0.6 mm, and inclination 30 degrees was scanned at super high resolution (SHR, beam collimation of 0.25 mm × 160 rows) and high resolution (HR, beam collimation of 0.5 mm × 80 rows) modes using UHRCT. Each acquisition was performed both with small (0.4 × 0.5 mm) and large (0.6 × 1.3 mm) focal spots. The wall area percentage (WA%) was calculated as the percentage of total airway area occupied by the airway wall. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the WA% measurement errors for each scan mode and focal spot size. RESULTS: The WA% measurement errors in the SHR mode were 9.8% with a small focal spot and 18.8% with a large one. The measurement errors in the HR mode were 13.3% with a small focal spot and 21.4% with a large one. There were significant differences between each scan mode and focal spot size (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SHR mode with a small focal spot could improve airway measurement accuracy of UHRCT.

Low Radiation Dose and High Image Quality of 320-Row Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Using a Small Dose of Contrast Medium and Refined Scan Timing Prediction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography with a low kilovoltage peak scan and a refined scan timing prediction using a small contrast medium (CM) dose. METHODS: In protocol A, 120-kVp scanning and a standard CM dose were used. The scan timing was fixed. In protocol B, 80 kVp and a 60% CM dose were used. The scan timing was determined according to the interval from the CM arrival to the peak time in the ascending aorta. We measured the CT number and recorded the radiation dose. RESULTS: Higher CT numbers were observed in the left circumflex (proximal, P = 0.0235; middle, P = 0.0007; distal, P < 0.0001) in protocol B compared with protocol A. The radiation dose in protocol B was significantly lower than in protocol A (2.2 ± 0.9 vs 4.3 ± 1.7 mSv). CONCLUSIONS: Low-contrast, low-radiation dose, high-image quality coronary CT angiography can be performed with low kilovoltage peak scanning and a refined scan timing prediction.

Improved visualization of a fine intrahepatic biliary duct on drip infusion cholangiography-computed tomography: Impact of knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the visualization of fine biliary ducts with knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction (IMR) in low-dose drip infusion computed tomography (CT) cholangiography (DIC-CT) as compared with filtered back projection (FBP) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (iDose4 ). METHODS: A total of 38 patients underwent DIC-CT for living donor liver transplantation. CT was performed approximately 20 min after the end of the infusion of meglumine iotroxate (100 mL). Images were reconstructed using FBP, iDose4 , and IMR, and 1-mm slice images at fixed window level and width were prepared for assessment. Two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of visualization of the fine biliary ducts of the caudate lobe (B1) using a 5-point scale. The visualization scores of three reconstructed images were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: For reviewer 1, the visualization score of IMR was significantly higher than that of FBP (P = 0.012), and tended to be higher than that of iDose4 (P = 0.078). For reviewer 2, the visualization score of IMR was significantly higher than those of both FBP and iDose4 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: IMR showed better visualization of B1 on DIC-CT than FBP or iDose4 . DIC-CT reconstructed with IMR may be useful to the anatomical grasp of biliary tracts in cases of hepatectomy.