Effects of attentional focus strategies in drop landing biomechanics of individuals with unilateral functional ankle instability.

Background: Functional Ankle Instability (FAI) is a pervasive condition that can emerge following inadequate management of lateral ankle sprains. It is hallmarked by chronic joint instability and a subsequent deterioration in physical performance. The modulation of motor patterns through attentional focus is a well-established concept in the realm of motor learning and performance optimization. However, the precise manner in which attentional focus can rehabilitate or refine movement patterns in individuals with FAI remains to be fully elucidated. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of attentional focus strategies on the biomechanics of single-leg drop landing movements among individuals with FAI. Methods: Eighteen males with unilateral FAI were recruited. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using an infrared three-dimensional motion capture system and force plates. Participants performed single-leg drop landing tasks under no focus (baseline), internal focus (IF), and external focus (EF) conditions. Biomechanical characteristics, including joint angles, ground reaction forces, and leg stiffness, were assessed. A 2 × 3 [side (unstable and stable) × focus (baseline, IF, and EF)] Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) analyzed the effects of attentional focus on biomechanical variables in individuals with FAI. Results: No significant interaction effects were observed in this study. At peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), the knee flexion angle was significantly influenced by attentional focus, with a markedly greater angle under EF compared to IF (p < 0.001). Additionally, at peak vGRF, the ankle joint plantarflexion angle was significantly smaller with EF than with IF (p < 0.001). Significant main effects of focus were found for peak vGRF and the time to reach peak vGRF, with higher peak vGRF values observed under baseline and IF conditions compared to EF (p < 0.001). Participants reached peak vGRF more quickly under IF (p < 0.001). Leg Stiffness (kleg) was significantly higher under IF compared to EF (p = 0.001). Conclusion: IF enhances joint stability in FAI, whereas EF promotes a conservative landing strategy with increased knee flexion, dispersing impact and minimizing joint stress. Integrating these strategies into FAI rehabilitation programs can optimize lower limb biomechanics and reduce the risk of reinjury.

A one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of morphologically controllable yolk-shell structured CoFe glycerate spheres for oxygen evolution reaction.

CoFe-based catalysts are efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media. Here, we present a simple one-pot hydrothermal method for synthesizing a series of CoFe glycerates with controllable surface morphologies and investigate their potential as highly efficient catalysts for the OER in alkaline media. These CoFe glycerates exhibit a unique yolk-shell microsphere structure assembled from ultrathin nanosheets. The adjustment of the surface nanosheet size is achieved by varying the CoFe ratio, ensuring a more efficient electrocatalytic system for the OER process. Due to the abundant active sites provided by the yolk-shell structure and interleaved ultrathin nanosheets, Co3Fe1 glycerate (Co3Fe1 gly) demonstrates a low overpotential (283 mV) and a small Tafel slope (44.61 mV dec-1) at 10 mA cm-2. Additionally, Co3Fe1 gly exhibits excellent durability in alkaline electrolytes. Moreover, a series of characterizations demonstrate that the active sites of Co3Fe1 gly are the high-valence Co species generated during the OER process. This study opens a promising avenue for utilizing efficient and low-cost electrocatalysts to enhance OER performance.

Surface-programmed microbiome assembly in phycosphere to microplastics contamination.

Recalcitrance in microplastics accounts for ubiquitous white pollution. Of special interest are the capabilities of microorganisms to accelerate their degradation sustainably. Compared to the well-studied pure cultures in degrading natural polymers, the algal-bacterial symbiotic system is considered as a promising candidate for microplastics removal, cascading bottom-up impacts on ecosystem-scale processes. This study selected and enriched the algae-associated microbial communities hosted by the indigenous isolation Desmodesmus sp. in wastewater treatment plants with micro-polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, and polystyrene contamination. Results elaborated that multiple settled and specific affiliates were recruited by the uniform algae protagonist from the biosphere under manifold microplastic stress. Alteration of distinct chemical functionalities and deformation of polymers provide direct evidence of degradation in phycosphere under illumination. Microplastic-induced phycosphere-derived DOM created spatial gradients of aromatic protein, fulvic and humic acid-like and tryptophan components to expanded niche-width. Surface thermodynamic analysis was conducted to simulate the reciprocal and reversible interaction on algal-bacterial and phycosphere-microplastic interface, revealing the enhancement of transition to stable and irreversible aggregation for functional microbiota colonization and microplastics capture. Furthermore, pangenomic analysis disclosed the genes related to the chemotaxis and the proposed microplastics biodegradation pathway in enriched algal-bacterial microbiome, orchestrating the evidence for common synthetic polymer particles and ultimately to confirm the effectiveness and potential. The present study emphasizes the necessity for future endeavors aimed at fully leveraging the potential of algal-bacterial mutualistic systems within sustainable bioremediation strategies targeting the eradication of microplastic waste.

Effectiveness of resistance training in modulating inflammatory biomarkers among Asian patients with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective: Given the high incidence of sarcopenia among Asians, it is imperative to identify appropriate intervention methods. The International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia, developed by the International Conference on Sarcopenia and Frailty Research (ICFSR) task force, recommends resistance training (RT) as a primary treatment for managing sarcopenia. Inflammatory biomarkers serve as indicators of sarcopenia. However, there is currently insufficient conclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of RT in modulating inflammatory biomarker levels among Asian participants with sarcopenia. Data sources: Four databases were utilized for this study until October 9, 2023. This study focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the effects of RT on interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) about sarcopenia. This study has been registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024501855). Results: The meta-analysis included six studies from Asians involving 278 participants. The results showed a significant decrease in RT for IL-6 (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.02 to -0.44; n=5). However, no significant differences were found for TNF-α (WMD = -1.00, 95% CI = -2.47 to 0.46; n=5), CRP (WMD = -0.45, 95% CI = -1.14 to 0.23; n=3), and IL-10 (WMD = 0.13, 95% CI = -3.99 to 4.25; n=2). Subgroup analysis revealed that factors including gender selection, intervention methods, frequency, period, and duration could have a particular effect on the part of inflammatory biomarkers. Conclusion: RT has been shown to reduce part of the level of inflammatory markers, specifically IL-6, in Asian sarcopenia participants. However, other inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, CRP, and IL-10, did not show significant changes. Further research should confirm the impact of RT on these indicators and explore the potential effects of various factors on different inflammatory markers, such as diet, body composition, and medications. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=501855, identifier CRD42024501855.

Trends in Intention to Take the Second Booster COVID-19 Vaccination and Associated Factors in China: Serial Cross-Sectional Surveys.

BACKGROUND: The escalating complexity of the COVID-19 epidemic underscores the need for heightened attention to booster vaccinations. This study aims to examine the changing trend in the public's intention to receive the second COVID-19 booster vaccination over time and the associated factors following the COVID-19 policy optimization in China. METHOD: Eight cross-sectional surveys utilizing SMS questionnaire links were conducted in Guangzhou, China, from December 2022 to April 2023. The Mann-Kendall test was employed to analyze the trend in intentions to receive the second booster vaccination across the survey time. Adjusted and multivariate logistic analyses were used to analyze the factors associated with vaccination intention. Parallel analyses were performed for two subgroups with different COVID-19 infection statuses. RESULTS: A total of 9860 respondents were surveyed in the eight rounds, of which 8048 completed the first booster vaccination and were included in the analysis. The overall COVID-19 infection rate was 60.0% (4832/8048), while the overall vaccination intention was 72.2% (5810/8048) among respondents. The vaccination intention exhibited a significant declining trend over time, decreasing from 81.5% in December 2022 to 52.2% in April 2023. An adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that anxiety and depression were negatively associated with an intention to receive the second booster vaccination, while COVID-19-related preventive behaviors and a high engagement in COVID-19-related information were positively associated with an intention to receive the second booster vaccination. A subgroup analysis revealed that the association between psychological and behavioral characteristics and vaccination intention remained relatively stable among individuals with different histories of COVID-19 infections. CONCLUSION: There was a significant decline in the intention to receive the second booster vaccination following the optimization of the COVID policy in China. Our findings emphasize the urgency of the second booster vaccination and provide a foundation for the development of tailored interventions to enhance and sustain vaccination intention among the public.

Association between segmental alterations of white matter bundles and cognitive performance in first-episode, treatment-naïve young adults with major depressive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Cumulative evidence has consistently shown that white matter (WM) disruption is associated with cognitive decline in geriatric depression. However, limited research has been conducted on the correlation between these lesions and cognitive performance in untreated young adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly with the specific segmental alterations of the fibers. METHOD: Diffusion tensor images were performed on 60 first-episode, treatment-naïve young adult patients with MDD and 54 matched healthy controls (HCs). Automated fiber quantification was applied to calculate the tract profiles of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) to evaluate the WM microstructural organization. Correlation analysis was performed to find the associations between the diffusion properties and cognitive performance. RESULTS: Compared with HCs, patients with MDD exhibited predominantly different diffusion properties in bilateral uncinate fasciculus (UF), corticospinal tracts (CSTs), left superior longitudinal fasciculus and anterior thalamic radiation. The FA of the temporal cortex portion of right UF was positively correlated with working memory. The MD of the temporal component of left UF was negatively correlated with working memory and positively correlated with symptom severity. Additionally, a positive correlation between the MD of left CST and the psychomotor speed, negative correlation between the MD of left CST and the executive functions and complex attentional processes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our study validated the alterations in spatial localization of WM microstructure and its correlations with cognitive performance in first-episode, treatment-naïve young adults with MDD. This study added to the knowledge of the neuropathological basis of MDD.

Palladium-Catalyzed Atroposelective Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling to Construct Axially Chiral Tetra-Substituted α-Boryl Styrenes.

Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) coupling is a valuable method for forming C─C bonds, including those between aryl moieties. However, achieving atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral styrenes via SM coupling remains challenging. In this study, a palladium-catalyzed atroposelective Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between gem-diborylalkenes and aryl halides is presented. Using the monophosphine ligand Me-BI-DIME (L2), a range of axially chiral tetra-substituted acyclic styrenes with high yields and excellent enantioselectivities are successfully synthesized. Control experiments reveal that the gem-diboryl group significantly influences the product enantioselectivities and the coupling prefers to occur at sites with lower steric hindrance. Additionally, the alkenyl boronate group in the products proves versatile, allowing for various transformations while maintaining high optical purities.

Automatic Detection of Scalp High-Frequency Oscillations Based on Deep Learning.

Scalp high-frequency oscillations (sHFOs) are a promising non-invasive biomarker of epilepsy. However, the visual marking of sHFOs is a time-consuming and subjective process, existing automatic detectors based on single-dimensional analysis have difficulty with accurately eliminating artifacts and thus do not provide sufficient reliability to meet clinical needs. Therefore, we propose a high-performance sHFOs detector based on a deep learning algorithm. An initial detection module was designed to extract candidate high-frequency oscillations. Then, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) deep learning models were designed, respectively. Finally, the weighted voting method is used to combine the outputs of the two model. In experiments, the precision, recall, specificity and F1-score were 83.44%, 83.60%, 96.61% and 83.42%, respectively, on average and the kappa coefficient was 80.02%. In addition, the proposed detector showed a stable performance on multi-centre datasets. Our sHFOs detector demonstrated high robustness and generalisation ability, which indicates its potential applicability as a clinical assistance tool. The proposed sHFOs detector achieves an accurate and robust method via deep learning algorithm.

Palladium-Catalyzed Defluorinative Alkylation of gem-Difluoroalkenes with Cyclopropanols: Stereoselective Synthesis of γ-Fluorinated γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones.

A palladium-catalyzed defluorinative alkylation of gem-difluoroalkenes with cyclopropyl alcohols was developed. A range of γ-fluorinated γ,δ-unsaturated ketones were constructed in good yields with excellent stereoselectivities. In addition, by base-mediated intramolecular nucleophilic vinylic substitution (SNV), the products could be further transformed to 2,5-dimethylenetetrahydrofurans and analogues with excellent stereoselectivities.

A Highly Selective Fluorescent Probe for Hydrogen Sulfide and its Application in Living Cell.

A new Near-infrared fluorescent probe for hydrogen sulfide detection was synthesized by employing dicyanoisophorone based fluorescence dye as a fluorophore and methyl 3-(2-(carbonyl)phenyl)-2-cyanoacrylate group as the response unit. The Probe DCI-H2S showed a long emission wavelength (λem = 674 nm). Based on the H2S-induced addition-cyclization of deprotecting methyl 3-(2-(carbonyl)phenyl)-2-cyanoacrylate group, the probe DCI-H2S showed high selectivity, sensitivity and response speed toward hydrogen sulfide under room temperature. These numerous advantages of the probe DCI-H2S make it to potentially detect endogenous hydrogen sulfide in living organisms.

Corrigendum: Influences of cognitive load on center of pressure trajectory of young male adults with excess weight during gait initiation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1297068.].

Mechanical Performance and Failure Analysis of a 3D-Printed "Continuous Layer-Lattice Layer-Continuous Layer" Sandwich Structure.

Sandwich structures are engineered with continuous layers surrounding the inner lattices, which combines the advantages of the high strength of the continuous layer and the light weight of the lattice layer. They are widely employed in weight-critical energy-absorbing engineering fields such as aerospace, automobile, and robotics. However, the application of sandwich structures made of polymer matrix composites is still limited due to lack of essential performance investigation and adequate reference data. The following innovative works are accomplished in this paper: (i) Continuous long glass fiber (CGF) is employed within the continuous layer of the sandwich structure, with composite short carbon fiber/polyamide (SCF/N) applied within the lattice layer. (ii) Sandwich structures with different cell types and orientations of the lattice infills are designed and prepared by additive manufacturing. (iii) The basic mechanical properties of the sandwich structures, i.e., the bi-directional tension/compression compound performance, failure modes and mechanisms in characteristic directions, are analyzed systematically. (iv) The effects of geometric features on the three-point bending properties of L-shaped sandwich structures are investigated and compared with those of pure SCF/N structures. The results show that the bending resistance per unit weight was up to 54.3% larger than that of pure SCF/N, while the weight could be decreased by 49%, and the bending flexibility before fracture could be increased by 44%. These studies contribute fundamental research data to the application of sandwich structures prepared by fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites.

Daily walking kinematic characteristics of the elderly in different residential settings: experimental study on Chinese community-living elderly and long-term nursing home residents.

BACKGROUND: Long-term nursing home (NH) care helps NH residents with their daily activities and improves their quality of life, but negatively affects their independent physical activities and increases the risk of dangerous events. Dangerous events in the elderly usually occur in the conversion of walking periods when forward striding has already happened, but the body has not yet entered a completely steady walking. OBJECTIVES: Compare the gait characteristics in Chinese long-term NH residents and community-living elderly during the walking Transitional Period (TP) and Stabilization Period (SP). METHODS: 32 long-term NH residents and 33 age- and sex-matched community-living elderly were recruited. The 30-Second Chair Stand Test (30-s CST), Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), and Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (MFES) were used to assess their body function. The Xsens MVN BIOMECH system was used to collect and analyze the gait parameters of participants. RESULTS: Compared to community-living elderly, NH residents had fewer numbers of 30-s CST, took more time to complete TUGT, and lower MEFS scores. NH residents showed slower gait speed (P < 0.001), less peak hip flexion (P = 0.022) and extension (P = 0.003), knee internal rotation (P = 0.023), and ankle plantarflexion (P = 0.001) and internal rotation (P = 0.007) angles during walking. When walking progressed from TP to SP, NH residents showed increased ankle dorsiflexion (P < 0.001), decreased hip internal rotation (P < 0.001), and community-living elderly had increased hip extension (P = 0.005) angles. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese long-term NH residents had reduced lower extremities strength and postural balance, and higher fear of falling compared to community-living elderly. Their walking performance also showed high fall risk. Besides, long-term NH residents adopted a distal strategy to propel the body forward, which may be a compensatory measure to compensate for inadequate proximal joint control from forward walking to stable walking, and long-term NH residents have reduced postural stability during this process.

Tetraspanin 1 regulates papillary thyroid tumor growth and metastasis through c-Myc-mediated glycolysis.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common form of thyroid cancer and is characterized by its tendency for lymphatic metastasis, leading to a poor prognosis. Tetraspanin 1 (TSPAN1) is a member of the tetra-transmembrane protein superfamily and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis in various studies. However, the role of TSPAN1 in PTC tumor development remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of TSPAN1 on PTC cell behavior. Our results demonstrate that knockdown of TSPAN1 inhibits PTC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while overexpression of TSPAN1 has the opposite effect. These findings suggest that TSPAN1 might play a role in the tumorigenesis and invasiveness of PTC. Mechanistically, we found that TSPAN1 activates the ERK pathway by increasing its phosphorylation, subsequently leading to upregulated expression of c-Myc. Additionally, we observed that TSPAN1-ERK-c-Myc axis activation promotes glycolytic activity in PTC cells, as evidenced by the upregulation of glycolytic genes such as LDHA. Taken together, our findings indicate that TSPAN1 acts as an oncogene in PTC by regulating glycolytic metabolism. This discovery highlights the potential of TSPAN1 as a promising therapeutic target for PTC treatment. Further research in this area could provide valuable insights into the development of targeted therapies for PTC patients.

High-Quality Cs3Cu2I5@PMMA Scintillator Films Assisted by Multiprocessing for X-ray Imaging.

In recent years, novel metal halide scintillators have shown great application potential due to their tunable emission wavelength, high X-ray absorption, and high luminescence efficiency. However, poor stability and complex device packaging remain key issues for metal halide scintillators, making it difficult to achieve high-resolution and flexible X-ray imaging applications. To address the above issues, a multiprocessing strategy was introduced to prepare Cs3Cu2I5@PMMA scintillator films for long-term stable application, mainly undergo different annealing treatments to make Cs3Cu2I5 crystals to accurately nucleate and then grow in-situ in the PMMA matrix. Then, a series of characterization results illustrate that the prepared Cs3Cu2I5@PMMA scintillator films have high crystallinity, uniform size, excellent flexibility, high stable photoluminescence (PL) and radioluminescence (RL) performance, and high-resolution X-ray imaging capability. Most importantly, Cs3Cu2I5@PMMA scintillator films can not only provide clear and accurate imaging recognition of objects with different complex structures but also maintain stable X-ray imaging quality within 60 days and can achieve flexible X-ray imaging. Therefore, we have provided an effective strategy for producing high-quality scintillator films to meet the multidimensional needs of a new generation of scintillators.

Curcumin preconditioning enhances the neuroprotective effects of olfactory mucosa-derived mesenchymal stem cells on experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.

Oxidative stress is essential in brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Ferroptosis, iron-dependent oxidative cell death, overwhelms the antioxidant system. Recently, Olfactory mucosa-derived mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) hold great potential for treating ferroptosis-mediated oxidative brain damage after ICH. However, massive grafted cell death, possibly caused by a hostile host brain microenvironment, lessens the effectiveness of OM-MSCs. Therefore, it is necessary to develop strategies to upregulate the therapeutic efficacy of OM-MSCs in ICH. Curcumin, a well-established traditional herbal substance, has potent antioxidant property. In the present study, curcumin preconditioning might enhance the anti-oxidative activity of OM-MSCs, thereby augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of OM-MSCs in ICH. In vitro model of ICH, we demonstrated that curcumin-preconditioned OM-MSCs co-culture is more effective in attenuating the cell injury, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis of neuronal cells compared to the native OM-MSCs treatment. In vivo model of ICH, transplantation of curcumin-preconditioned OM-MSCs also showed better neuroprotective effects. Moreover, curcumin pretreatment promoted the survival of OM-MSCs under a conditioned medium from hemin-insulted neurons by improving the anti-oxidative capacities of OM-MSCs. Collectively, our investigation suggested that curcumin preconditioning effectively enhanced the survival and neuroprotective effects of OM-MSCs in the ICH model by upregulating the anti-oxidative capacities of OM-MSCs. Curcumin-preconditioned OM-MSCs might be taken as a novel therapeutic strategy for treating ICH.

C 2-Symmetric atropisomeric N-heterocyclic carbene-palladium(II) complexes: synthesis, chiral resolution, and application in the enantioselective α-arylation of amides.

The concept of atropisomeric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-metal complexes was extended to NHCs possessing a C2-symmetry and implemented to prepare palladium-based complexes. An in-depth study of the NHC precursors and the screening of various NHC ligands enabled us to circumvent the issue associated with the formation of meso complexes. A set of 8 atropisomeric NHC-palladium complexes were prepared and then obtained with high enantiopurities, thanks to an efficient resolution by chiral HPLC at the preparative scale. These complexes displayed good activity in the intramolecular α-arylation of amides and various cyclic products were isolated with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee).

Stiffness changes in internal rotation muscles of the shoulder and its influence on hemiplegic shoulder pain.

Background: Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is a common complication in patients with stroke. The pathogenesis of HSP is complex, and muscle hypertonia, especially the hypertonia of internal rotation muscles of the shoulder, may be one of the important causes of shoulder pain. However, the relationship between muscle stiffness and HSP has not been well studied. The purpose of this study is to explore the correlations between the stiffness of internal rotation muscles and clinical symptoms in patients with HSP. Methods: A total of 20 HSP patients and 20 healthy controls were recruited for this study. The stiffness of internal rotation muscles was quantified using shear wave elastography, and Young's modulus (YM) of the pectoralis major (PM), anterior deltoid (AD), teres major ™, and latissimus dorsi (LD) were measured. Muscle hypertonia and pain intensity were evaluated using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS), respectively. The mobility of the shoulder was evaluated using the Neer score. The correlations between muscle stiffness and the clinical scales were analyzed. Results: YM of internal rotation muscles on the paretic side was higher than that of the control group in the resting and passive stretching positions (P < 0.05). YM of internal rotation muscles on the paretic side during passive stretching was significantly higher than that at rest (P < 0.05). YM of PM, TM, and LD during passive stretching were correlated with MAS (P < 0.05). In addition, the YM of TM during passive stretching was positively correlated with VAS and negatively correlated with the Neer score (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Increased stiffness of PM, TM, and LD was observed in patients with HSP. The stiffness of TM was associated with pain intensity of the shoulder and shoulder mobility.

Shifts in bacterial diversity characteristics during the primary and secondary fermentation stages of bio-compost inoculated with effective microorganisms agent.

Microbial inoculation was an effective way to improve product quality of composting and solve traditional composting shortage. However, the effect mechanism of microbial inoculation on compost microorganisms remains unclear. Here, Shifts in bacterial community, metabolic function and co-occurrence network during the primary and secondary fermentation stages of bio-compost inoculated with effective microorganisms (EM) agent were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and network analysis. Microbial inoculation promoted organic carbon transformation in early stage of secondary fermentation (days 27 to 31). The beneficial biocontrol bacteria were main dominant genera at the second fermentation stage. Microbial inoculation can be good for the survival of beneficial bacteria. Inoculation with microbes promoted amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and inhibited energy metabolism and citrate cycle (TCA cycle). Microbial inoculation could enhance complexity of bacterial network and enhance mutual cooperation among bacteria during composting.