[Chondroblast proliferative activity study in forming big alar cartilage].

Study was performed of chondroblast proliferative activity peculiarities on early stages of big alar cartilage forming. The reaction with monoclonal antibodies towards proliferating cell nuclear antigen in alar cartilage of human embryo and newly born infant rat testified to 2 cartilage growth types - appositional and interstitial. Cells proliferative activity did not depend upon their location on inner or outer side of nasal cartilaginous plate thereby not conforming existent in the literature opinion about the presence of special zones of cartilaginous tissue primary new formation in human nasal cartilage on early stages of its ontogeny.

[Embryonal morphogenesis of the intraorgan circulatory bed, lymphatic outflow pathways and innervation structures]. / Embrional'yi morfogenez vnutriorgannogo krovenosnogo rusla, puteï limfoottoka i struktur innervatsii.

Development of the circulation bed in human embryogenesis is brought about by a loop-like growth of vessels manifesting in proliferation, integration and morphofunctional transformation of the vascular loops. Proliferation of the loops ensures the blood inflow and reflux at all levels while their integration is followed by formation of hemocirculation system with appearance of the connective and major capillaries which serve the basis for development of true capillaries and capillary network in which precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules can be distinguished. Hemocirculation system is completed by formation of the arteriolar and venular collaterals and arteriolo-venular anastomoses. Non-participation in the angiogenesis of the autogenic vessel endotheliocytes and their widespread necrosis give grounds to suggest that they are genetically condemned to death. Development of lymph vessels and innervation occurs simultaneously and together with blood vessels by mechanism of their centrifugal growth.

[The loop-like growth of the vessels and the embryonic morphogenesis of the human intraorganic circulatory system]. / Petlevidnyi rost sosudov i émbrional'nyi morfogenez vnutriorgannoi sistemy krovoobrashcheniia cheloveka.

Development of the vascular bed during embryogenesis in man occurs through loop-like growth of vessels appearing as multiplication, integration, and morphofunctional transformation of vessel loops. Growth of loops provides for the establishment of transport vessels in organs and tissues, and loop integration leads to the establishment of microcirculation with the appearance of connecting and major capillaries, from which true capillaries and capillary networks are formed. Precapillary arterioles and postcapillary venules can be identified topographically in the capillary networks. Formation of blood microcirculation system is complete when morphofunctional arrangement of integrated and nonintegrated loops takes place with the appearance of arterioles and venule collaterals and arterio-venule anastomoses in the vascular network.

[Capillarotrophic insufficiency of the blood microcirculation system as one of the manifestations of general pathology]. / Kapilliarotroficheskaia nedostatochnost' sistemy mikrogemotsirkuliatsii kak odno iz proiavlenii obshchei patologii.

Capillarotrophic failure of the microhemocirculation system may be due to: a) interchangeable microvessel reduction under long-term organ and tissue ischemia, b) their transformation into the depot vessels under conditions of venous congestion, c) underdevelopment of the interchangeable part of the microcirculatory bed in children born prematurely, d) programmed capillary reduction in aged persons. True capillary deficiency in the microhemocirculation system results in centralization of tissue circulation and reduction of its metabolic efficiency. Such type of circulation we qualify as the phenomenon of microhemodynamics centralization. Capillarotrophic failure of the microhemocirculation system should be regarded as one of frequent manifestations of general pathology as its development is associated with many local and systemic human diseases. If applied to some diseases, premature birth and senility, the above phenomenon can be considered as a syndrome of the capillarotrophic deficiency of the microhemocirculation system.

[Morphologic manifestations of microcirculatory system pathology in premature infants]. / Morfologicheskie proiavleniia patologii sistemy mikrogemotsirkuliatsii u nedonoshennykh detei.

Immaturity of the interchangeable part of the microhemocirculatory bed manifested in premature neonates by true capillary insufficiency and capillary trophic failure of the microhemocirculation system. Primary functional heart failure results in hypovolemia of the greater circulation followed in early postnatal period by slow formation of new microvessels, on the one hand, and by collapse and reduction of vascular terminals, on the other. These alterations enhance the existing tissue trophic deficiency of the microcirculatory bed and decrease functional capacities of the cardiovascular system. Grave hemorheological disturbances indicating heart decompensation and irreversibility of hemodynamic alterations appear in children at the last stages of the disease.

[Importance of programmed endothelial death in the formation of intraorgan vascular bed in human embryogenesis]. / Znachenie programmirovanno i gibeli éndoteliia v postroenii vnutriorgannogo krovenosnogo rusla v embriogeneze cheloveka.

The development of the intraorgan vascular bed is brought about by means of a loop-like vascular growth which forms not only arteries and veins of all levels but that of microcirculation system as well. Embryonal angiogenesis is followed by a programmed death of the endothelium of all autochtone structures and some functioning microvessels of a closed circulation. This process is of importance in remodelling of vascular bed and formation of collateral circulation and anastomoses.

[Regularities in the formation of the hemomicrocirculation system in embryogenesis and its morphologic characterization in prematurity]. / Zakonomernosti formirovaniia sistemy hemomikrotsirkuliatsii v émbriogeneze i ee morfologicheskaia kharakteristika pri nedonoshennosti.

The development of the intraorgan vascular bed in human embryogenesis is brought about by the growth of vascular loops followed by formation of all types of vessels including hemomicrocirculation. Three stages in the formation of hemomicrocirculatory bed can be distinguished: stage I is the integration of vascular loops by means of main and connecting capillaries; stage II-unification of the connecting and main capillaries with true capillaries; stage III consists of formation of arterio-venular, veno-venular and arteriolo-arteriolar anastomoses. Prematurely born children have deficiency of true capillaries in the hemomicrocirculation system, this manifesting by a capillary circulation deficiency and that of transcapillary tissue metabolism. This deficiency is observed in all prematurely born children but its maximum expression is found in the prematurity of degree IV and III.

[Manifestations of blood vessel growth in embryogenesis and reparative regeneration]. / Proiavleniia rosta krovenosnykh sosudov v émbriogeneze i pri reparativnoi regeneratsii.

Four types of blood vessel growths are established: a) autochtonous linked with the formation of protocapillaries from vasoformative mesenchymal cells; 2) loop-like, characterized by a vascular loop proliferation (loop from loop mechanism); c) formation of single vessels from separated growth cambial elements resulting in the link of two functioning vascular ferminals (microvessel from microvessel mechanism); d) formation of vessels-satellites associated with the anastomosis between growth germs with the microvessels from which they are being separated. All the above types of vasculogenesis are manifested in the prenatal ontogenesis, while in reparative regeneration two last types only. Sources of endothelial germ formation are described, the dynamics of transformation of newly formed capillaries into the arterioles and venules, arteries and veins are studied, materials on the reparative vasculogenesis pathology are presented.

[The morphogenesis of the microcirculatory bed in ontogeny and the pathology of its development in the early postnatal period in congenital heart defects]. / Morfogenez mikrogemotsirkuliatornogo rusla v ontogeneze i patologiia ego razvitiia v rannem postnatal'nom periode pri vrozhdennykh porokakh serdtsa.

Circulation system of the omentum majus is studied in human fetuses (42) and children up to 3 years of age (108 with a premature delivery and 73 delivered normally). Pathologic alterations in the microcirculatory system are shown to result, during an early postnatal period, from hypovolemia of the greater circulation and tissue ischemia.

[Morphologic classification of vascular changes in the microcirculation]. / Morfologicheskaia klassifikatsiia sosudistykh izmenenii sistemy mikrogemotsirkuliatsii.

Morphological vascular alterations in microhemocirculation are classified into those connected with the age (evolutional and involutional), functional, pathologic, regenerative and compensatory. Age and functional transformations of vascular terminals are related to the physiological processes. Manifestations of reparative regeneration and compensatory restructuring of the microcirculatory bed vessels are characterized. It is noted that compensatory transformations of vascular terminals are frequently combined with regenerative changes which, on the whole, represent the morphology of adaptive responses of microvessels.

[Ansiform growth of blood vessels as a fundamental principle of angiogenesis]. / Petlevidnyi rost sosudov kak osnovopolagaiushchii printsip vaskulogeneza.

Succession in formation of blood bed of the greater omentum has been studied in human fetuses (42), in premature children with the body mass of 900-2,500 g (108) and in mature children up to 3 years of age (48). Vasculogenesis in the organ of 12-week-old fetuses and in older ones is demonstrated as an ansiform growth of the vessels. In the vascular loop the afferent geniculum contains differential signs of the arterial, and the different one--the venous part of the blood bed. The top of the loop contains a growth bud and is a zone of growth; it ensures proliferation of the vascular loops and their spreading in the growing tissue mass in the organ. This principle of growth provides a ramified system of arteries and veins, reiterating the course and branching of each other. Against the background of the ansiform growth of the vessels capillary formation begins, at first connective, and then true capillaries are formed. Basing on the data obtained a conception of vasculogenesis in ontogenesis is formulated. Its main stages are--period of ansiform growth of the vessels and period of capillary formation. In the latter should be distinguished appearance of connective capillaries and formation of truely capillary network.

[Main principles of the organization of the microcirculatory bed of the human greater omentum in early ontogenesis]. / Osnovnye printsipy organizatsii gemomikrotsirkuliatornogo rusla bol'shogo sal'nika cheloveka v rannem ontogeneze.

The formation process of the terminal blood bed of the greater omentum has been studied in 42 human fetuses 14--28-week-old. The main peculiarities of the greater omentum blood bed by the 14th week of development are: paired arrangement of the afferent and deferent blood vessels and loop-shaped type of capillary growth, that joining the arteriole and venule, lend the blood stream a maximally centralized character. In 15--16 weeks of the fetal development in the omentum another type of the vascular growth occurs, characterized with appearance of single angioblastic processes that branch off the apex of the capillary loops. As a result new capillaries form; they connect apices of the capillary loops, that in their turn make bases for developing a true capillary network. Together with this, presence in ontogenesis of an autochthonous way of capillary appearance is proved, their connection with the closed blood stream is followed. Distinguishing of the loop-shaped stage in the capillary growth determines certain difference between vasculogenesis in ontogenesis and the vascular growth at reparative regeneration, since the base for the latter is only the capillary growth by means of single angioblastic processes.

[Pathologic and adaptive changes in the hemomicrocirculatory system]. / Patologicheskie i adaptivnye izmeneniia v sisteme gemomikrotsirkuliatsii.

General principles of the description and functional evaluation of the morphological changes developing in the hemomicrocirculatory bed under pathological conditions are given. A necessity of dividing vascular, intra- and extravascular (stromal) changes into pathological and adaptive is underlined. A conclusion is made that such an approach to the characteristics of morphological transformations in the microcirculation system will provide a more deep insight into mechanisms of compensation of the terminal hemodynamics disorders and into the causes of a collapse of function of the local adaptive apparatus.