Pharmacologic Comparison of High-Dose Hesperetin and Quercetin on MDCK II Cell Viability, Tight Junction Integrity, and Cell Shape.

The modulation of tight junction (TJ) integrity with small molecules is important for drug delivery. High-dose baicalin (BLI), baicalein (BLE), quercetin (QUE), and hesperetin (HST) have been shown to open TJs in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells, but the mechanisms for HST and QUE remain unclear. In this study, we compared the effects of HST and QUE on cell proliferation, morphological changes, and TJ integrity. HST and QUE were found to have opposing effects on the MDCK II cell viability, promotion, and suppression, respectively. Only QUE, but not HST, induced a morphological change in MDCK II into a slenderer cell shape. Both HST and QUE downregulated the subcellular localization of claudin (CLD)-2. However, only QUE, but not HST, downregulated CLD-2 expression. Conversely, only HST was shown to directly bind to the first PDZ domain of ZO-1, a key molecule to promote TJ biogenesis. The TGFß pathway partially contributed to the HST-induced cell proliferation, since SB431541 ameliorated the effect. In contrast, the MEK pathway was not involved by both the flavonoids, since U0126 did not revert their TJ-opening effect. The results offer insight for using HST or QUE as naturally occurring absorption enhancers through the paracellular route.

Opposing Effect of Naringenin and Quercetin on the Junctional Compartment of MDCK II Cells to Modulate the Tight Junction.

Maintaining tight junction (TJ) integrity is important for epithelial cell barriers. Previously, the enhancement of TJ integrity, induced by citrus-derived flavonoids, naringin (NRG) and hesperidin (HSD), was demonstrated, but the effects of their aglycones naringenin (NAR) and hesperetin (HST), and the mechanisms, have not been systematically investigated. Here we compared three series of flavonoids related to NAR, HST, quercetin (QUE) and their glycosides with the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cell monolayers. The effect of flavonoids on the protein expression level of claudin (CLD)-2 and its subcellular localization were investigated. NAR, NRG, and HSD increased the CLD-2 localization at the TJ compartment, and its protein expression level. QUE and HST showed TJ-mitigating activity. Narirutin (NRT), neohesperidin (NHD) and rutin (RUT) did not affect the TJ. In addition, NAR and QUE induced an increase or decrease of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of the MDCK II monolayers. Two known signaling pathways, phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), were further compared with NAR. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis (2D PAGE) analysis of whole-cell proteins treated with NAR, AICA-riboside (AMPK activator) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) showed in both a distinct pattern. This suggests the target of NAR's CLD-2 or zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) modulation was unique.

Cellular uptake and in vivo distribution of polyhistidine peptides.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are arginine/lysine-rich sequences, and they are effectively internalized into cells. In this process, positive charge is crucial. In the present study, we found polyhistidine peptides (PHPs), as the novel CPP, which are efficiently internalized into cells in a positive charge-independent manner. Interestingly, cellular uptake of the PHPs increased as the chain length increased, reaching a maximum uptake at H16 (HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH-NH2). This H16 peptide showed up to 14.6-fold higher cell-penetrating capacity against HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells relative to a major CPP, the octa-arginine (RRRRRRRR-NH2) peptide. Cellular uptake of the H16 peptide is mainly due to macropinocytosis and most of the H16 peptide localizes in the lysosome and Golgi apparatus. However, a cytoplasmic pro-apoptotic domain (KLAKLAKKLAKLAK-NH2) conjugated to the H16 peptide showed cytotoxic effects. This indicates that a proportion of the H16 peptide escapes from the macropinosome to the cytoplasm. In a protein transduction study, green fluorescence protein fused to the H16 peptide (GFP-H16) was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography, detected using an anti-His-tag antibody and internalized into cells. This serial process reveals that H16 functions as a His-tag and protein transduction domain. Furthermore, in vivo distribution analysis showed that the H16 peptide accumulates immediately in tumor tissue and is retained up to 132h following injection into the tumor (HT1080 human fibrosarcoma)-bearing mice. This is the first observation of a His-polymer being internalize into cells efficiently. The findings suggest that PHPs are novel CPPs. In particular, the H16 peptide represents a promising drug delivery carrier candidate in medical and biotechnological fields.