Characterization of small radiophotoluminescence dosemeter in terms of HP(0.07) for extremity dose monitoring of medical personnel.

An additional extremity monitoring using a ring badge must be appropriately conducted for inhomogeneous exposure around radiation workers' extremity. Commercially available glass dosemeters are characterized in terms of Hp(0.07) for the application of additional extremity monitoring. A series of experiments demonstrated that the response of the model GD-352M radiophotoluminescence dosemeter fully matched the IEC's criteria for an extremity dosemeter for medical personnel. Although the model GD-302M has excellent angular dependence, the material and the shape of energy compensation filter still need to be optimized to improve its energy dependence in the range between 30 and 100 keV. The combine use of both types of glass dosemeters for 'paired dosemeter' together with introduction of a simple algorithm may be a promising method to improve the response in the energy range below 20 keV.

Effectiveness of simplified dose estimation equations for triage after criticality accident-a case study of dose assessment in the JCO criticality accident.

The dosimetry for the triage of personnel encountering a criticality accident was investigated. The JCO criticality accident of 1999 was selected as a case study, and attention was paid to the identification and the segregation of severely exposed personnel. A series of Monte Carlo calculations revealed that simplified equations proposed by ANSI to estimate dose with respect to distance work well to determine the region of interest for triage.

EXPOSURE INHOMOGENEITY FROM 241AM AND 90SR/90Y SOURCES IN TERMS OF THE EYE LENS MONITORING IN THE NUCLEAR FACILITIES.

This article highlights the issues of exposure inhomogeneity that are relative to eye lens monitoring for low-energy photons from 241Am and beta-rays from 90Sr/90Y including a personal protective equipment because eye lens exposure has been concerned more than before due to the proposed reduction of relevant dose limit. These nuclides are common and concerned sources in the nuclear industry. Our previous study presented a quantitative estimation of exposure inhomogeneity, which was applied to simple but typical exposure situations. For the present study, exposure inhomogeneity of 241Am was approximately within a factor of 1.6, implying a more homogeneous situation than expected. Regarding 90Sr/90Y exposure, estimation from both Hp(10) and Hp(0.07) on trunk would lead to an over- or underestimation by a factor of more than 10. In contrast, Hp(3) measurement on trunk will improve by up to a factor of 2. With respect to the personal protective equipment, lead apron and protective glasses are effective for the 60-keV photons for both anterior-posterior and rotational irradiations, while a full-face respirator can reduce the eye lens dose by approximately 17% for 90Sr/90Y betas. As a whole, this study demonstrated that the effect of protective equipment could be effectively incorporated into the homogeneity evaluation.

QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF EXPOSURE INHOMOGENEITY IN TERMS OF EYE LENS AND EXTREMITY MONITORING FOR RADIATION WORKERS IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY.

To manage the equivalent doses for radiation workers, exposure inhomogeneity is an important factor in the decision-making process related to protection measures and additional monitoring. Our previous study proposed the methodology to evaluate the inhomogeneity of exposure quantitatively. In this study, we applied proposed method to five different types of actual exposure situations encountered in the nuclear industry. Two of them were conventionally characterized as homogeneous exposure, and the other three were conventionally characterized as inhomogeneous exposure. The evaluation of homogeneity exposure was conducted using Monte Carlo calculations with two simplified models, which were then verified with phantom experiments. Consequently, all of the evaluations reproduced the experimental results, implying that our proposed method would be applicable for actual work conditions in the nuclear industry. Furthermore, the two presumed homogeneous exposure situations were found to be rather inhomogeneous because of the contribution of positrons and the limited source region. The results also show that the worker's posture has an impact on the inhomogeneity rather than the energy of incident radiation in nuclear works. The investigation also implies that obtaining the information on the most probable posture of the exposed worker, as well as the existence of the weekly penetrating radiation such as ß± ray as a main source of exposure would be the key for more precise estimation.

CORRECTION FACTORS FOR ATTENUATION AND SCATTERING OF THE WALL OF A CYLINDRICAL IONIZATION CHAMBER IN THE 6-7 MeV HIGH-ENERGY PHOTON REFERENCE FIELD.

In high-energy photon reference fields the value of the air kerma rate is determined by using ionization chambers (ICs). From the charge collected inside the IC the dose can be calculated using a set of calibration and correction factors according to ISO 4037-2. A crucial parameter is the correction for the attenuation and scattering of the primary radiation due to the chamber wall. This parameter can be determined using Monte Carlo calculations. The evaluation of the factor was performed for a commercially available IC of the type Victoreen 550-3 under different build-up conditions. The results were verified by measurements in the R-F high-energy photon fields according to ISO 4037-1 at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA).

CHARACTERIZATION OF AN IN-HOUSE DEVELOPED MULTI-CYLINDRICAL MODERATOR NEUTRON SPECTROMETER.

This article describes the characterization of an in-house developed multi-cylindrical moderator neutron spectrometer, which consists of a cylindrical 3He proportional counter and cylindrical moderator shells of different sizes. The response matrix of the spectrometer was calculated by Monte Carlo simulations for neutron energies from 1 × 10-8 to 10 MeV and verified with measurements in 0.144 MeV, 1.2 MeV and 241AmBe neutron standard fields. Influence of scattered neutrons was properly eliminated from the measured response using the shadow cone technique. The calculated and measured responses were in good agreement in most cases. Differences were <10% for all moderated counter configurations, while larger deviations were observed for the bare counter configuration. The performance of the neutron spectrometer in terms of spectrum unfolding was verified in the 241AmBe neutron standard field, showing reliable neutron spectrum and fluence rate in the energy range up to 10 MeV as investigated in this work.

Comparison of the High-Energy Photon Reference Fields of PTB and JAEA.

A comparison has been conducted between the 6 MeV and 7 MeV (R-F) high-energy photon reference fields of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). Both fields are set up according to ISO 4037. The results of both participants are in agreement within the combined uncertainties, thus the equivalence of the measurements is demonstrated.

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHANTOMS ON THE CALIBRATION OF DOSEMETERS FOR EYE LENS DOSIMETRY.

Both a cylinder and a slab phantom have been recommended to be used as calibration phantoms for eye lens dosimetry in the International Atomic Energy Agency TECDOC. This study describes investigations on the influence of the type of phantom on the calibration of dosemeters. In order to fulfil the purpose, backscatter radiation from practically used water-filled phantoms was evaluated by calculations and experiments. For photons, the calculations showed that the cylinder phantom had 10 % lower backscattered effect at maximum than a slab phantom, and simulated well the backscattered effect of the human head or neck to within ±10 %. The irradiation results of non-filtered optically stimulated luminescence and radio-photoluminescence glass dosemeters indicated that the differences of the calibration factors between the two types of phantoms were up to 20 and 10 %, respectively, reflecting the response to backscattered photons. For electrons, no difference was found between the two types of phantoms.

Application of a CZT detector to in situ environmental radioactivity measurement in the Fukushima area.

Instead of conventional Ge semiconductor detectors and NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometers, an application of a CdZnTe semiconductor (CZT) whose crystal has the dimension of 1 cm cubic to the in situ environmental radioactivity measurement was attempted in deeply affected areas in Fukushima region. Results of deposition density on soil for (134)Cs/(137)Cs obtained seemed consistent, comparing obtained results with those measured by the Japanese government.

An attempt to decrease anisotropic emissions of neutrons from a cylindrical 241Am-Be-encapsulation source.

An attempt to decrease the anisotropic emissions of neutrons from a cylindrical (241)Am-Be-encapsulated X3 source was conducted with Monte Carlo calculations and experiments. The influence of metal materials and shapes of the external casing to the anisotropy factor were focussed on. Results obtained by calculations using MCNP4C implied that a light and spherical-shaped external casing decreases the anisotropic emission of neutrons. Experimental results using the spherical-shaped aluminium protection case also revealed that the anisotropy factor was close to 1.0 with wide zenith angle ranges.

Monte Carlo simulations of the photon calibration fields at the underground laboratory of PTB.

A unique photon calibration facility operated by Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) provides photon fields with area dose rates in the order of the natural environmental radiation and even below. This facility is located in an underground laboratory in the Asse salt mine at a depth of 490 m below ground, where the ambient dose equivalent rate is only 2 nSv h(-1). Radioactive sources of the nuclides (241)Am, (57)Co, (137)Cs, (60)Co and (226)Ra are used to generate photon fields with different characteristics. In the past, the basic properties of the photon field, especially the area dose rate at the reference point and the mean energy of the photon spectra, were calculated by using analytic methods. However, information about scattered photons is only accessible through an investigation of spectra by performing Monte Carlos simulations. Therefore, the photon spectra at the reference point of the calibration facility were calculated using the Monte Carlo transport code MCNP. The results obtained by using this method are of relevance for the traceability of the reference dose rate values to PTB's primary standards, as well as for the determination of the mean photon energy of the spectra. The latter was calculated with respect to the different quantities 'photon fluence', 'air kerma' and 'ambient dose equivalent'. The origin of the scattered component in the photon spectrum is investigated in detail by studying the photon field produced by the quasi-monoenergetic gamma emitter (137)Cs (E(γ) = 662 keV) under various geometrical conditions. Implications of the Monte Carlo simulations on the traceability of the dose rate reference values as well as on the assessment of uncertainties will be described.

Secondary charged particle equilibrium in 137Cs and 60Co reference radiation fields.

During the calibration or irradiation of dosemeters, typical irradiation geometries (collimated beams) and source-to-detector distances (1-5 m) lead to the fact that for photon energies above a few hundred keV, the secondary charged particle equilibrium is usually not ensured. The reason is that the effective beam radius at the detector position is smaller than the range of the secondary electrons produced in air whose maximum particle energy is as large as the maximum photon energy. Therefore, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends putting a build-up plate (BUP) made of polymethyl methacrylate in front of the dosemeter to be calibrated in ISO 4037-3. In this paper, the effect of the thickness of the BUP and its distance from the dosemeter at different source-to-dosemeter distances were investigated by means of measurement and calculation. It turned out that the geometrical arrangement of the source, dosemeter and BUP recommended by ISO mostly does not ensure secondary charged particle equilibrium. The consequence is to always place the BUP directly in front of the dosemeter to be calibrated or irradiated.

Evaluation of the characteristics of the neutron reference field using D2O-moderated 252Cf source.

The ambient/personal dose equivalent per fluence for D(2)O moderated (252)Cf neutron source was determined by measurement. An appropriate subtraction of the scattered neutrons is required for the accurate measurement of direct neutrons. A cubic shadow object was used for the subtraction of the scattered neutrons from the surroundings. The scattered neutrons to be subtracted vary with the position of the shadow object due to the large volume of the source. Using the Monte Carlo code MCNP-4C, the optimum positions of the shadow object were surveyed for subtracting the scattered neutrons. The energy spectra of direct neutrons were measured in the optimum position. The dosimetric parameters for the D(2)O moderated (252)Cf neutron source were reasonable, taking into account the uncertainties of the parameters.