Sensing nature's alarm: SnO2/MXene gas sensor unveils methyl jasmonate signatures of plant insect stress.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence into agriculture presents challenges, particularly due to hardware limitations, especially in sensors. Currently, pest detection relies heavily on manual scouting by humans. Therefore, the objective of this study is to create a chemoresistive sensor that enables early identification of the characteristic volatile compound, viz., methyl jasmonate, released during pest infestations. Given the lower reactivity of esters, we have fine-tuned a composite consisting of SnO2 nanoparticles and 2D-MXene sheets to enhance adsorption and selective oxidation, resulting in heightened sensitivity. The optimized composite demonstrated a notable response even at concentrations as low as 120 ppb, successfully confirming pest infestations in tomato crops.

Morphometric analysis of sacral corridor in the upper three sacral segments to prevent neurovascular injury.

Although studies of the sacral corridor dimension have been reported in the European population, little attention has been paid to this issue in the Asian population. The purpose of the study is to estimate the safe dimension of the corridor to avoid neurovascular damage during the fixation of the sacral fracture. The study aimed to examine the cephalocaudal (vertical) and the anteroposterior diameter of the bony passage in the upper three sacral segments. The study further examines the effect of age and sex on corridor dimensions at different sacral levels. Three-dimensionally reconstructed sacra from computed tomography of normal subjects were included in the study. Cephalocaudal and anteroposterior diameters were measured in coronal and axial sections using Geomagic Freeform Plus software. Anteroposterior diameter of the sacral corridor at the first, second, and third sacral segments are significantly higher in males (P=0.013, 0.0011, and <0.0001, respectively). The length of the sacrum also revealed sexual dimorphism (P<0.00016). The anteroposterior diameter of the second sacral segment (ap-S2c) correlated moderately with the first sacral anteroposterior diameter (ap-S1c) (R=0.519, P<0.001). The ap-S2c exhibited a moderate correlation to the third sacral segment (ap-S3c) (R=0.677, P<0.001). The sacral corridor at the level of S1 has the largest cephalocaudal (18.25 mm) and anteroposterior diameter (17.11 mm). Placement of the screw in the first sacral corridor may avoid damage to the neurovascular bundle during the fixation of the sacral fracture.

Knowledge about glaucoma among adults in Africa: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Africa is one of the continents with a substantial burden of glaucoma, where it is approximately twice as common as it is worldwide. If left untreated, glaucoma can cause blindness and permanent vision loss if it is not addressed promptly. Good knowledge is essential for preventing glaucoma's irreversible blindness and ocular damage. However, no systematic review has been done to report the pooled percentage of adults in Africa who have good knowledge about glaucoma. This study aimed to estimate the level of knowledge about glaucoma in Africa and its determinants. METHODS: The study followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic review. Seven electronic databases which include PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, PROQUEST (PQDT), CINAHL (EBSCO), Google Scholar, African Journal Online, and WHO HINARI databases were searched from January 1, 2013, to July 31, 2023for studies conducted with a focus on the knowledge about glaucoma among adults in Africa. The quality of the final articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute quality assessment tool for cross-sectional studies. RESULTS: In the present systematic review, 2781 articles were initially identified and evaluated. Of these, eight studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. In this review, the proportion of knowledge about glaucoma among adults in Africa was low. Educational status, family history of glaucoma, occupation, being a male, and having a history of eye examination were the main determinants of good knowledge about glaucoma among adults in Africa. CONCLUSION: The systematic review found that only a few had good knowledge about glaucoma. Education campaigns and eye exam promotions are recommended to enhance awareness. TRAIL REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered on 30/07/2023 with PROSPERO ID: CRD42023430723.

Utility of three-dimensional proton density-weighted sequence MRI in knee for the assessment of Anterolateral complex in Anterior cruciate ligament injury.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the proportion and pattern of injury of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and the Kaplan fibre (KF) complex in knees with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries on MRI using three-dimensional (3D) proton density (PD) sequences. METHODS: A total of 88 patients having ACL injury were included in this cross-sectional study. 3D PD sequences were used to assess injury of ALL and the KF complex and were graded on a scale of 0 to 3. MR images were evaluated by two radiologists. Interobserver agreement was determined using Cohen Kappa. RESULTS: Femoral, meniscal, and tibial portions of ALL were visualized in 90.9%, 92%, and 94.3% of the study subjects, respectively. Proximal and distal KF were visualized in 92% and 93.2% of patients, respectively. Injury to ALL and KF was seen in 63.6% and 17% of the patients, respectively. Excellent interobserver agreement was noted for the identification and grading of ALL and KF complex injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Oblique reformatted 3DPD MRI reliably detect ALC; however, ALL injury is better characterized than KF injury using this sequence. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: Given the potential role of anterolateral complex (ALC) in maintaining the rotational stability of the knee, ALC assessment using the 3D PD sequences and their oblique reformatted images should be incorporated as routine review area of the knee MRI, particularly in the setting of ACL tear.

Handheld Crop Pest Sensor Using Binary Catalyst-Loaded Nano-SnO2 Particles for Oxidative Signal Amplification.

In agriculture, pest management is a major challenge. Crop releases volatiles in response to the pest; hence, sensing these volatile signals at a very early stage will ease pest management. Here, binary catalyst-loaded SnO2 nanoparticles of <5 nm were synthesized for the repeated capture and oxidation of the signature volatile and its products to amplify the chemoresistive signal to detect concentrations as low as ≈120 ppb. The sensitivity may be due to the presence of the elements in the Sn-Fe-Pt bond evidenced by extended X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) that captures and oxidize the volatile without escaping. This strong catalyst may oxidize nontarget volatiles and can cause false signals; hence, a molecular sieve filter has been coupled to ensure high selectivity for the detection ofTuta absolutainfestation in tomato. Finally, with the support of a mobile power bank, the optimized sensor has been assembled into a lightweight handheld device.

Heart failure drug classes and 30-day unplanned hospital readmission among patients with heart failure in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Drug therapy is a crucial aspect of heart failure management and has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in heart failure patients. However, the comparative effects of these drug classes on readmission rates have not been well studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between different classes of heart failure drugs and 30-day readmission rates in patients with heart failure. METHOD: A multicenter, hospital-based retrospective cohort design was employed and 572 randomly selected patients with heart failure were included. Data were entered in Epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed with STATA version 17. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to estimate and compare survival time. A Cox proportional hazard model was utilized, employing both bi-variable and multi-variable analyses, to examine the effect of predictors on the timing of unplanned hospital readmissions. The strength of the association was assessed using an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), and statistical significance was declared for p-values < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: In this study, a total of 151 (26.40%) heart failure patients were readmitted within 30 days of discharge. In the multivariate cox proportional hazards analysis being an age (> 65 year) (AHR: 2.34, 95%CI: 1.63, 3.37), rural in residency (AHR: 1.85, 95%CI: 1.07, 3.20), hospital stays > 7 Days (AHR: 3.68, 95%CI: 2.51,5.39), discharge with Diuretics (AHR: 2.37, 95%CI: 1.45, 3.86), and discharge with Beta-Blocker (AHR: 0.48, 95%CI: 0 0.34, 0.69) were identified as independent predictors of unplanned hospital readmission. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients, being in rural areas, longer hospital stays, and discharges of patients on diuretics and not on beta-blockers were independent predictors of unplanned hospital readmission. Therefore, working on these factors will help to reduce the hazard of unplanned hospital readmissions, improve patient outcomes, and increase the efficiency of heart failure management.

Overview of hepatocellular carcinoma: from molecular aspects to future therapeutic options.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most highly prevalent malignant tumor globally and the second most common cause of mortality. HCC develops with complex pathways that occur through multistage biological processes. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are the causative etiologies of HCC. HCC develops as a result of epigenetic changes, protein-coding gene mutations, and altered signaling pathways. Biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for HCC open up new possibilities for treating the disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are included in the treatment options in combination with molecular targeted therapy.

All-Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Highly Flexible and Stable Capacitive Pressure Sensors with Engineered Interfaces for Conformable Electronic Skin.

Rapid development of flexible pressure sensors is indispensable in electronic skin to have the sensing capability to static and dynamic pressures. Besides high sensitivity and low hysteresis, the high flexibility and stability of these sensors are of paramount importance owing to the application requirement of conformable pressure mapping and rugged structure. Here, we describe a novel approach for highly flexible capacitive pressure sensors with engineered stable interfaces employing PDMS-based substrates and a micropyramidal dielectric layer, Au electrodes, and molecular adhesive. The sensor/matrix stack consists of five interfaces with strong interfacial adhesion achieved using MPTMS molecular adhesive and a partially cured PDMS lamination layer. A highly flexible capacitive pressure sensor capable of a wide pressure sensing range (up to 550 kPa) is developed with a high sensitivity (46.6 MPa-1 in ≤1 kPa), capability to sense pressure as low as 27 Pa, low hysteresis (4.05%), and high stability for large pressures (11,400 cycles @ 250 kPa). The sensor is successfully demonstrated for arterial pulse signal acquisition and performing a press task when attached on the forefinger. A flexible pressure sensor matrix of 4 × 4 pixels is developed. It can be flexed or crumpled; hence, it is conformably attached on a planar surface and a non-planar 3D-printed surface for single-point and multipoint pressure sensing. The sensor exhibited a maximum shear strain of 2.27 N before breakage. These highly flexible pressure sensor and matrix are also compared with a semi-flexible IO-PET electrode-based pressure sensor and matrix to clearly bring out the flexibility and stability advantages. The proposed process is simple and scalable and offers a conformably stable pressure sensor matrix for electronic skin development.

Youths with disabilities: Utilization and predictors of Youths Friendly Reproductive Health Services in Dessie City Administration, North East Ethiopia, 2021: A cross-sectional study.

Background and Aims: Younger generations with disabilities are more likely to be affected and have severe difficulties receiving specific services. Ethiopia is no exception to the global trend of poverty-stricken countries with a higher frequency of illness or disability. This study aimed to assess the utilization of Youths Friendly Reproductive Health Services (YFRHS) and predictors among youths with disabilities in Dessie City, North East, Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected from the literature using questionnaires. Bivariable analysis was performed for each independent variable with a p < 0.25 on the data imported to multivariate logistic regression analysis. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) at a 5% level of significance has measured the strength of association between utilization of youth-friendly reproductive services among disabilities and independent variables. Results: Of 423 participants, 91% responded. About 42% of participants had used YFRHS. Youths in the age group of 20-24 years were 2.8 times more likely to use such services than 15-19-year-olds (AOR = 2.8, 95% CI: [1.04, 7.44]). Disabled youths living alone were 3.6 times more likely to use the services than those with parents (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: [1.36, 9.35]). Youths with a visual impairment were 80% less likely to use the services than youths with hearing impairments (AOR = 0.2, 95% CI: [0.18, 0.30]), and disabled youths with poor knowledge were 90% less likely to use the services than participants with good knowledge (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI: [0.01, 0.61]) were statistically significant. Conclusion: The utilization of YFRHS among youths with disabilities in Dessie Town was low. Participants aged 20-24 years, who lived alone, had visual impairment, and had poor knowledge, were found to be significantly associated.

Analyzing Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Clustering in PC12 Cells in Response to Hypoxia Using Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM).

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a hormone that plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis. The Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1R) is expressed in acute O2 sensitive cells, including carotid body (CB) type I cells and pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, and Ang II increases cell activity. While a functional role for Ang II and AT1Rs in increasing the activity of O2 sensitive cells has been established, the nanoscale distribution of AT1Rs has not. Furthermore, it is not known how exposure to hypoxia may alter the single-molecule arrangement and clustering of AT1Rs. In this study, the AT1R nanoscale distribution under control normoxic conditions in PC12 cells was determined using direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). AT1Rs were arranged in distinct clusters with measurable parameters. Across the entire cell surface there averaged approximately 3 AT1R clusters/µm2 of cell membrane. Cluster area varied in size ranging from 1.1 × 10-4 to 3.9 × 10-2 µm2. Twenty-four hours of exposure to hypoxia (1% O2) altered clustering of AT1Rs, with notable increases in the maximum cluster area, suggestive of an increase in supercluster formation. These observations could aid in understanding mechanisms underlying augmented Ang II sensitivity in O2 sensitive cells in response to sustained hypoxia.

Sequence characterization and comparative expression profile of buffalo WNT10B gene in adult and fetal tissues.

In this study, Wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site family member (WNT10B) gene was sequence characterized in the Indian water buffalo. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1176 nucleotides in buffalo, encoding 391 amino acids long protein. Nineteen nucleotide variations were observed between cattle and buffalo resulting in six amino acid changes. Phylogenetic analysis showed the clustering of ruminant species together. Real-time expression analysis of WNT10B in tissues collected from different organs of fetal and adult buffalo, revealed, the gene being abundantly expressed in the rumen and liver of the fetus. The fetal ovary, heart, kidney, lung, testis and mammary gland showed moderate expression, while in adult tissues, expression was high in the ovary, testis, brain, kidney, small intestine and liver, whereas lower expression was observed in the adult rumen. Significant differences in WNT10B expression levels were found for the brain, small intestine, testes, kidney, heart, rumen, and ovary when adult and fetal tissues were compared. A moderate level of genetic variation was found between cattle and buffalo WNT10B and expression patterns in a variety of tissues in adult buffalo implies that in addition to possible roles in adipogenesis and hematopoiesis, the WNT10B gene might be playing a significant role in other regulatory pathways as well.

Quantitative sonoelastography of the uterine cervix in predicting successful outcome of induction of labour.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the stiffness of cervix and determine its significance in predicting successful outcome of induction of labour. The primary objective was to determine the differences in elastography indices of different areas of cervix between the outcome groups of successful and failed induction of labour. A secondary objective was to find out the correlation of these elastography indices with Bishop's score and cervical length. Methods: This was a prospective, observational study conducted over a period of 6 months on pregnant women admitted in the labour room for induction of labour. Establishment of adequate regular uterine contractions - at least three contractions lasting 40-45 s in a 10-min period - was taken as end point for successful outcome of induction of labour. Even after 24 h of initiation of induction of labour, regular, adequate and painful uterine contractions were not established, then induction of labour was described as having failed. Prior to induction, cervical length measurement, Bishop's scoring and elastographic evaluation of the cervix were done by stress-strain elastography. A colour map was produced from purple to red and a five-step scale - the elastography index - was used to describe the various parts of the cervix. The differences between elastography indices of different parts of cervix were estimated using Mann-Whitney U test. Correlation of the indices with cervical length and Bishop's score was determined by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 64 women were included in the study. A significant difference (p < 0.001) was found in the elastography index of internal os between the two outcome groups of success (1.76 ± 0.64) and failure (0.54 ± 0.18). However, the elastography index of central cervical canal, external os, anterior lip and posterior lips did not differ significantly across the outcome groups. A significant positive correlation was found between elastography index of internal os and cervical length (Spearman's correlation coefficient, r = 0.441, p < 0.001) and between elastography index of external os and cervical length (r = 0.347, p = 0.005), whereas a negative correlation was seen between elastography index of external os and Bishop's score (r = -0.270, p = 0.031). Conclusion: Elastography index of internal os can be used to predict outcome of induction of labour. Cervical elastography is a promising new technique for cervical consistency assessment. Further larger studies are required to determine some cut-off point for elastography index of internal os in prediction of outcome of induction of labour and to strongly establish the usefulness of cervical elastography for pregnancy management, preventing preterm delivery and establishment of cut-off points to determine successful induction.

Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Associated Factors Towards Care of Elderly Patients among Nurses.

Background: Ethiopia's elderly care service is relatively young and little is known about the practices or readiness of nurses to provide care. Nurses need to have good knowledge, a positive attitude, and experience when it comes to caring for the elderly or patients who are chronically providing quality care. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards care for elderly patients and associated factors among nurses working in adult care units of public hospitals in Harar, 2021. Methods: An institutional-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February 12 to July 10, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 478 study participants. Data were collected by trained data collectors using a pretested self-administered questionnaire. From the pretest, Cronbach's alpha for all items was above 0.7 for all items. Data were entered into Epi Data v.4.6 and exported to the Statistical Package for Social Science Version 26 for binary logistic regression analysis. A P-value of 0.05 was used to declare a significant association between variables. Results: The study revealed that 311 (69%) had inadequate knowledge. Having a first degree and an unfavorable attitude towards nurses showed a statistically significant association with nurses' inadequate knowledge. A total of 275 (61.0%) nurses were found to have an unfavorable attitude and were significantly associated with having a diploma and first degree, learning in a private organization, 6 to 10 years of experience, lack of training, and inadequate knowledge of nurses. A total of 297 (65.9%) study units had inadequate practice towards the care of elderly patients. Nurses' practices showed a significant association with the type of hospital, work experience, and adherence to guidelines with a response rate of 94.4%. Conclusion: The majority of nurses had inadequate knowledge, an unfavorable attitude, and inadequate practice towards the care of elderly patients. Having a first-degree and an unfavorable attitude with inadequate knowledge, lack of training and inadequate knowledge, unfavorable attitudes and less than 11 years of experience, working in non-academic hospitals, and unavailability of guidelines with inadequate practices were significantly associated.

The efficacy of Ksharsutra, Fistulectomy and Ligation of Intersphincteric Fistula Tract (LIFT) procedure in management of Fistula in ano a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Fistula in ano is always a troublesome condition for the clinician and the patients owing to its complexity, recurrences, and high morbidity since ancient times. There is no gold standard treatment modality to date documented in the literature for complex fistula in ano. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 60 consecutive adult patients attending the surgical outpatient department of a tertiary care centre in India, diagnosed with complex fistula in ano. Among them, 20 each in the Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), Fistulectomy andKsharsutra(Special medicated seton) group were respectively recruited randomly. A prospective observational study was conducted. The primary outcomes were postoperative recurrence and morbidity. Post-operative morbidity is measured in terms of postoperative pain, postoperative bleeding, pus discharge and post-operative incontinence. The result of the study were analysed after 6 months of follow-up by clinical examination at outpatient department and at 18 months follow up done telephonically. RESULTS: At 6 months of follow-up, 2 patients (10%) had a recurrence in the Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure group, 3 patients (15%) in the fistulectomy group and 6 patients (30%) in Ksharsutra group, however 3(15%), 4(20%) and 9(45%) patients developed recurrence in Ligation of Intersphincteric fistula tract, Fistulectomy and Ksharsutra group respectively at 18 month of follow-up. The differences in the recurrence were not statistically significant.The mean Visual analogue score for postoperative pain after 24 h as well as after 48 h were statistically significant in Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract versus Ksharsutra group (p < 0.05). The Visual analogue score for post-operative pain was also significant in the Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract versus the Fistulectomy group (p < 0.05). The patients treated via Fistulectomy and Ksharsutra had a higher proportion of bleeding (15%) as compared to the Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract procedure. Postoperative morbidity was statistically significant between the Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract versus the Ksharsutra and the Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract versus Fistulectomy. CONCLUSION: Ligation of intersphincteric fistula tract had less postoperative morbidity compared to Fistulectomy and Ksharsutra procedure; although recurrence was less compared to other methods it was statistically not significant.

Preoperative Patient Education Practices and Predictors Among Nurses Working in East Amhara Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, Ethiopia, 2022.

Background: The time before surgery is a traumatic period for patients. Despite this fact, no research has been conducted on nurses' preoperative patient education in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess preoperative patient education practices and associated factors among nurses working in East Amhara comprehensive specialized hospitals, Ethiopia, 2022. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted with 416 nurses. Pretested, structured questionnaires were used to collect the data. Bivariable analysis was performed for each independent variable with a P-value < 0.25 on the data imported to multivariate logistic regression analysis. AOR with a 95% CI and a P-value < 0.05 at a 5% level of significance were considered. Results: Only 38.5% of nurses were found to have good practices for preoperative patient education, with a response rate of 98%. Nurses with 6 years of work experience (AOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.692-5.874), adequate time (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.119-4.889), training (AOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.548-11.796), age 25-29 (AOR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.070-0.331), age 30-34 (AOR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.137-0.479), and knowledge (AOR = 3.73, 95% CI: 2.222-6.273) were significantly associated. Conclusion: Preoperative patient education practices among nurses were poor. Work experience, knowledge, training, and adequate time were found to be significant. Organize preoperative patient education programs for nurses that share experiences and provide ongoing training.

Gonad recrudescence and annual sex steroid patterns in female goldspot mullet, Liza parsia reared in brackishwater pond.

Goldspot mullet, Liza parsia is a commercially important fish of South East Asia, where its farming depends on wild seed resources due to unavailability of hatchery technology. It, therefore, is important to understand the annual reproductive cycle of female L. parsia in captivity. In this study, adult male and female L. parsia (body weight ranges: 45-90 g; total length ranges: 100-125 mm, age >1 year) were collected from the wild and reared in a brackishwater pond. Thereafter, fish were randomly sampled at monthly intervals to measure the hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), levels of serum steroids (testosterone, T; 17ß-estradiol, E2 and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 17-OHP), and oocyte growth. Results exhibited that female L. parsia undergoes six different maturation stages, namely I (oocyte diameter, OD: <100 µm), II (OD: 100-350 µm), III (OD: 350-400 µm), IV (vitellogenic oocyte, OD: 400-450 µm), V (ripe oocyte, OD: 450-550 µm) and VI (atretic oocyte, OD: 60-150 µm), with synchronous oocyte development. The highest (P < 0.05) HSI (1.96 ± 0.24) and GSI (12.01 ± 0.73) were recorded in December and January, respectively. Concentration of E2 gradually increased from August and reached its peak (807.67 ± 25.98 pg mL-1, P < 0.05) in December. The level of 17-OHP (85.87 ± 0.91 pg mL-1) was at its peak during the normal spawning month (January) (P < 0.05). Overall, the results indicated that L. parsia attains maturity in brackishwater pond, which is consistent with previous observations, and altogether provide the basis to develop a breeding technology in captivity through hormonal and environmental manipulations.

Designing noise-robust quantum networks coexisting in the classical fiber infrastructure.

The scalability of quantum networking will benefit from quantum and classical communications coexisting in shared fibers, the main challenge being spontaneous Raman scattering noise. We investigate the coexistence of multi-channel O-band quantum and C-band classical communications. We characterize multiple narrowband entangled photon pair channels across 1282 nm-1318 nm co-propagating over 48 km of installed standard fiber with record C-band power (>18 dBm) and demonstrate that some quantum-classical wavelength combinations significantly outperform others. We analyze the Raman noise spectrum, optimal wavelength engineering, multi-photon pair emission in entangled photon-classical coexistence, and evaluate the implications for future quantum applications.

Of Eagle's Syndrome and Finding Some Clarity on Its Management.

Eagle's Syndrome is a much discussed yet controversial and debatable diagnosis of exclusion which is treated by many specialities with often unsatisfactory results. Due to entrapment/impingement on surrounding neurovascular structures by elongated styloid process patient may present with multitude of symptoms. Treatment is controversial and opinions are divided on choice of conservative and surgical management. Aim was to study outcomes of conservative and surgical modalities of treatment of Eagle's Syndrome and bring some clarity on management, what to offer, to whom and when. This prospective observational descriptive study included 15 patients of Eagle's Syndrome, 7 were treated with conservative method and 8 underwent resection of styloid process with intraoral approach. With objectives in mind to study efficacy of both management modalities, pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were recorded pre-intervention, post-intervention and during follow up on 1, 3 and 6 months and compared. Conservative management resulted in up to 70% reduction in pain VAS scores till 3 months of therapy (mean pre-intervention score being 3.71, 3 months-1, 6 months-1.29), while surgical modality resulted in nearly 99% reduction in mean pain VAS scores up to 3 months and even improved after 6 months (mean pre-intervention score being 6.75, 3 months-0.5, 6 months-0.13). With this we can conclude that conservative management provide satisfactory short-term (up to 3 months) results but recurrences are known, while surgical resection of elongated styloid process gives better long-term results (6 months and beyond).