Extracellular Vesicles to Predict Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation - a Prospective, Multicenter Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established treatment for aortic stenosis (AS) in patients at intermediate and high surgical risk. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles involved in cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to (i) determine the effect of TAVI on plasma concentrations of five EV subtypes and (ii) evaluate the predictive value of EVs for post-TAVI outcomes. METHODS: Blood samples were collected 1 day before TAVI and at hospital discharge. Concentrations of EVs were evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Concentration of leukocytes EVs decreased after TAVI, compared to the measurement before (p = 0.008). Among 123 patients discharged from the hospital, 19.5% experienced MACCE during the median of 10.3 months. Increased pre-TAVI concentration of phosphatidylserine-exposing EVs was an independent predictor of MACCE in multivariable analysis (OR 5.313, 95% CI 1.164-24.258, p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increased pre-TAVI concentration of procoagulant, PS-exposing EVs have over fivefold higher odds of adverse outcomes.

Computed tomographic characteristics of congenital coronary artery fistulas in an adult population.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are usually congenital coronary artery anomalies of termination. AIMS: This study aimed to assess the prevalence, anatomic characteristics, and clinical significance of CAFs detected by computed tomography (CT) in an adult population. METHODS: We performed 45 817 CT examinations in 39 066 subjects between 2008 and 2020. The electronic database was manually checked using specific keywords to identify patients with CAFs. The CT characteristics of CAFs were evaluated. CAF was defined as clinically significant if it was the most plausible cause of myocardial infarction, infective endocarditis, heart failure, death during follow-up, hospitalization, or if it required either percutaneous or surgical intervention. RESULTS: Of 39 066 patients, 56 CAFs were detected in 42 subjects (20 men, 47.6%) with a prevalence of 0.11%. Most CAFs originated from the right coronary artery (RCA) (48.2%) and drained into the pulmonary artery (PA) (58.9%). CAFs terminating in the PA were more frequently multiple (P <0.001) and tortuous (P <0.001) as compared to CAFs without PA drainage. Clinically significant CAFs, identified in 7 of 42 patients, were more common in younger (P = 0.03) and male (P = 0.04) subjects and had larger lumen area and diameter at the site of origin (P = 0.03, P = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the unselected adult population undergoing coronary CT angiography, the RCA and the PA are the most common sites of origin and termination of CAFs, respectively. CAFs draining into the PA are more often multiple and tortuous. Clinically meaningful CAFs are larger and most frequently detected in younger and male patients.

The association of body composition assessment with hospital length of stay in off-pump coronary artery bypass patients.

Introduction: Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a widely available, non-invasive method for body composition assessment. Aim: To elucidate the perioperative body composition alterations and their prognostic utility for hospital length of stay (LOS) in low risk, off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) patients. Material and methods: Fifty patients undergoing elective OPCAB were included in the study. Body composition assessments were performed 1 day before the scheduled surgery and on the 6th postoperative day. Patients were grouped into < 9 days (n = 29, 58%) and ≥ 9 days (n = 21, 42%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to create a body composition-based screening panel for prolonged hospital stay. Results: No significant differences in anthropometric measurements, clinical characteristics or occurrence of postoperative complications were detected between the study groups. Patients with longer hospitalization had significantly higher content of fat mass (FM%) and fat mass index (FMI), and significantly lower content of fat free mass (FFM%) baseline parameters (p = 0.011, p = 0.04 and p = 0.012, respectively). High FM% values had 15-fold, low FFM% values had 13-fold and high FMI values had 7-fold higher risk of experiencing longer stay in the hospital (p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). The combined panel of three variables (higher FM%, lower FFM% and higher FMI) had 16-fold higher risk of longer hospitalization (adjusted OR = 16.40; 95% CI: 3.52-76.34; p = 0.0004). Conclusions: Preoperative high FM and low FFM content are independent predictors of prolonged hospital length of stay in normal- and increased-BMI patients after OPCAB.

Impact of previous coronary artery revascularization on outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Introduction: Coexistence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) raises questions regarding the safety and efficacy of TAVI in this subset of patients. Aim: To evaluate the impact of previous coronary revascularization in terms of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on clinical outcomes after TAVI. Material and methods: A total of 507 consecutive patients who underwent TAVI were divided into: non-revascularization (NR), post-PCI and post-CABG groups. The endpoints were established according to VARC-2 definitions. Results: Patients with previous coronary revascularization (36.7% of the population) were younger, more often male and their EuroSCORE II risk evaluation was significantly higher (NR 7.9% vs. post-PCI 8.0% vs. post-CABG 20.5%, p < 0.0001). Patients after PCI or CABG prior to TAVI had similar 30-day all-cause mortality rates as those without coronary revascularization at baseline (NR vs. post-PCI vs. post-CABG: 8.1% vs. 5.5% vs. 6.8%, respectively; p = 0.6). There were no differences in 12-month all-cause mortality rates between groups (NR vs. post-PCI vs. post-CABG: 15.3% vs. 14.2% vs. 16.9%, respectively; log-rank p = 0.67). In the Cox proportional-hazards regression model, acute kidney injury stage 2-3 (HR = 3.7, 95% CI: 2.14-6.33; p < 0.001) and post-TAVI stroke (HR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.57-7.8; p = 0.002) were independently correlated with 1-year mortality. Conclusions: TAVI seems to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of severe AS in patients with previous coronary revascularization.

Heart team consultations for patients with severe coronary artery disease or valvular heart disease in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center experience.

Introduction: The Heart Team (HT) as a group of experienced specialists is responsible for optimal decision-making for high-risk cardiac patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HT functioning. Methods: In this retrospective, single-center study, we evaluated the cooperation of HT in terms of the frequency of meetings, the number of consulted patients, and the trends in choosing the optimal treatment strategies for complex individuals with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) or valvular heart disease (VHD) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Results: From 2016 to May 2022, 301 HT meetings were held, and a total of 4,183 patients with severe CAD (2,060 patients) or severe VHD (2,123 patients) were presented. A significant decrease in the number of HT meetings and consulted patients (2019: 49 and 823 vs. 2020: 44 and 542 and 2021: 45 and 611, respectively, P < 0.001) as well as changes in treatment strategies-increase of conservative, reduction of invasive (2019: 16.7 and 51.9 patients/month vs. 2020: 20.4 and 24.8 patients/month and 2021:19.3 and 31.6 patients/month, respectively, P < 0.001)-were demonstrated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic slowly receded, the observed changes began to return to the pre-pandemic trends. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a decrease in the number of HT meetings and consulted patients and significant reduction of invasive procedures in favor of conservative management. Further studies should be aimed to evaluate the long-term implications of this phenomenon.

Comparison of Repair vs Replacement in Calcific and Rheumatic Mitral Disease.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of repair over replacement of rheumatic or calcified mitral valve (MV) is debatable. METHODS: Patients who underwent MV repair or replacement for rheumatic or calcified MV disease between 2006 and 2020 were identified in the Polish National Registry of Cardiac Surgery Procedures. Patients who underwent additional procedures other than coronary artery bypass grafting or tricuspid valve surgery, as well as redo or emergency cases, were excluded. The long-term survival was verified based on National Health Fund registry data. The survival was compared between MV repair and replacement in the whole cohort and after propensity score matching. RESULTS: We included 4338 patients: 1859 (43%) with pure mitral regurgitation and 2479 (57%) with mitral stenosis. MV was repaired in 543 patients (29%) with pure regurgitation and 126 (5.1%) with stenosis (P < .001). In total, 984 (23%) patients underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and 1358 (32%) tricuspid valve surgery. MV repair improved survival (hazard ratio 0.81; 95% CI 0.68-0.97; P = .022) in patients with no mitral stenosis, and had no effect in mitral stenosis (hazard ratio 1.17; 95% CI 0.85-1.59; P = .332). The results were confirmed in propensity-matched cohorts. The freedom from MV reoperation at 10 years was 95.5% ± 1.2% after repair and 96.0% ± 0.7% after MV replacement (P = .416) in the absence of stenosis and 91.8% ± 3.4% after repair vs 95.9% ± 0.5% after replacement in patients with mitral stenosis (P = .065). CONCLUSIONS: Repair of rheumatic/calcified mitral valve should be a preferred option in patients with no mitral stenosis, but confers no benefit if mitral stenosis is present.

Nationwide experience with transcarotid transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Insights from the POL-CAROTID registry.

BACKGROUND: The carotid artery is an alternative access route for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), especially useful in patients unsuitable for traditional access routes including transfemoral (TF), subclavian, transapical, and aortic. AIMS: To investigate the feasibility and safety of transcarotid (TC) access for TAVI in comparison to the TF approach in a multicenter setting. METHODS: A total of 41 patients, treated between December 2014 and December 2018, were retrospectively reported to the Polish Registry of Common Carotid Artery Access for TAVI (POL-CAROTID). The median follow-up time was 619 (365-944) days, and Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) definitions were applied. Clinical outcomes were compared with 41 propensity-matched TF-TAVI patients. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation [SD]) patients' age was 78.0 (7.2) years, and 29 patients (70.7%) were men. Prohibitive iliofemoral anatomy and/or obesity (46.3%) and/or the presence of a stent graft in the abdominal aorta (31.7%) were the most common indications for TC-TAVI. Device success for TC-TAVI was comparable with the matched TF-TAVI group (90.2% vs. 95.3%, respectively, P = 0.396), and no periprocedural mortality was observed. Moreover, early safety was similar between the two groups (92.7% vs. 95.3%, respectively, log-rank P = 0.658) with only 1 case of non-disabling stroke during the first month after TC-TAVI. Consequently, no cerebrovascular events were observed in the mid-term, and the clinical efficacy of TC-TAVI corresponded well with TF-TAVI (90.2% vs. 92.7%, respectively, log-rank P = 0.716). A total of 4 (9.8%) deaths were noted in the TC-TAVI cohort in comparison to 3 (7.3%) in the TF-TAVI group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study indicated that the first cohort of Polish patients with implantations of second-generation transcarotid transcatheter heart valves had a similar prognosis to TF-TAVI with regard to safety and feasibility. TC access may be considered an optimal alternative for patients in whom the TF approach is precluded.

ARTERIAL HYPEROXIA AND MORTALITY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING VENOARTERIAL EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION.

ABSTRACT: Background: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) can easily lead to supranormal oxygenation. The impact of hyperoxygenation beyond the early VA-ECMO support phase is unexplored. We sought to investigate its association with short- and long-term mortality. Methods: A total of 10,615 arterial blood gases of 179 patients undergoing VA-ECMO between 2013 and 2018 in our cardiosurgical tertiary center were analyzed for partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and its association with in-hospital, 90-day, and 1-year mortality. Patients were stratified into terciles (T) based on PaO2. Results: The median systemic PaO2 during VA-ECMO was 122 mm Hg (Q1-Q3, 111-158 mm Hg) and was significantly higher in 90-day nonsurvivors versus survivors (134 mm Hg [Q1-Q3, 114-175 mm Hg] vs. 114 mm Hg [Q1-Q3, 109-136 mm Hg]; P < 0.001). The incidence of mortality increased at all time points tested after VA-ECMO implantation along with the increasing terciles of PaO2. The lowest mortality rates were noted for patients with median PaO2 values of <115 mm Hg (T1), whereas patients with median PaO2 values of >144 mm Hg (T3) had the highest mortality rates. Bonferroni multiple testing analysis found the T3 of PaO2 to be a predictor of decreased 90-day survival in comparison with T1 (P < 0.001) and T2 (P = 0.002). Multivariable Cox regression analyses for in-hospital, 90-day, and 1-year mortality showed a significant association of the T3 compared with the T2 and the T1 of PaO2 to mortality across all endpoints. Conclusion: Hyperoxygenation during VA-ECMO might be associated with increased all-cause mortality. The results of our study further document the known toxicity of hyperoxygenation in general critical care patients and mark the need to focus specifically on VA-ECMO patients.