Prevalence of Selected Immune Evasion Genes and Clonal Diversity in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nasal Carriers and Outpatients with Cut Wound Infections.

Staphylococcus aureus, being one of the most common human pathogens, is responsible for infections in both hospital and community settings. Its virulence is attributed to its ability to evade the immune system by producing immune evasion (IE) proteins. The aim of this study was to detect the frequency of selected IE genes (spin, sbi, sea, sak, chp, scin, sep, ecb), belonging to the immune evasion cluster (IEC), and IEC types in 86 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from unrelated outpatients. In order to determine the diversity of analyzed strains, the phylogenetic relatedness was also determined. All strains were examined for the presence of IE genes using polymerase chain reaction assay. To analyze the clonal relatedness of S. aureus, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed. All analyzed strains harbored the scn gene, followed by sbi (95.4%), ecb (91.7%), spin (89.5%), sak (83.7%), chp (67.4%), sep (67.4%) and sea (5.8%). Seventy-three (84.9%) S. aureus strains were classified into IEC types, of which, IEC type F was most commonly observed. IEC type A was not detected. PFGE results showed no association between clonal relatedness and the presence of IE genes/IEC types. In conclusion, the abundant and so diverse repertoire of genes determining invasion in analyzed strains may prove the fact that these strains are highly advanced and adapted to evade the host immune response.

Higher perfusion pressure and pump flow during cardiopulmonary bypass are beneficial for kidney function-a single-centre prospective study.

Background: Kidneys play an essential role in the circulatory system, regulating blood pressure and intravascular volume. They are also set on maintaining an adequate filtration pressure in the glomerulus. During the CPB, a decrease in systemic blood pressure and hemoglobin concentration may lead to renal ischemia and subsequent acute kidney injury. Methods: One hundred nine adult patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. The intervention in this study was increasing the flow of the CPB pump to reach the target MAP of > 90 mmHg during the procedure. The control group had a standard pump flow of 2.4 L/min/m2. Results: Standard pump flow of 2.4 L/min/m2 resulted in mean MAP < 90 mmHg during the CPB in most patients in the control group. Maintaining a higher MAP during CPB in this study population did not affect CSA-AKI incidence. However, it increased the intraoperative and postoperative diuresis and decreased renin release associated with CPB. Higher MAP during the CPB did not increase the incidence of cerebrovascular complications after the operation; patients in the highest MAP group had the lowest incidence of postoperative delirium, but the result did not obtain statistical significance. Conclusion: Maintaining MAP > 90 mmHg during the CPB positively impacts intraoperative and postoperative kidney function. It significantly reduces renal hypoperfusion during the procedure compared to MAP < 70 mmHg. MAP > 90 mmHg is safe for the central nervous system, and preliminary results suggest that it may have a beneficial impact on the incidence of postoperative delirium.

The Importance of Visceral Hypersensitivity in Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Plant Metabolites in IBS Treatment.

The visceral stimuli from the digestive tract are transmitted via afferent nerves through the spinal cord to the brain, where they are felt as pain. The overreaction observed in the brain of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients may be due to increased peripheral sensitivity to stimuli from the gastrointestinal tract. Although the exact pathway is uncertain, attenuation of visceral hypersensitivity is still of interest in treating IBS. It has been shown that stress stimulates the sympathetic nervous system while inhibiting the vagus nerve (VN). In addition, stress factors lead to dysbiosis and chronic low-grade inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, which can lead to lower gastrointestinal visceral hypersensitivity. Therefore, an important goal in the treatment of IBS is the normalization of the intestinal microflora. An interesting option seems to be nutraceuticals, including Terminalia chebula, which has antibacterial and antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, short-term transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation can reduce the stress-induced increase in intestinal permeability, thereby reducing inflammation. The conducted studies also indicate a relationship between the stimulation of the vagus nerve (VN) and the activation of neuromodulatory networks in the central nervous system. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that a two-way action through stimulating the VN and using nutraceuticals may become an effective therapy in treating IBS.

The molecular population structure of Swertia perennis (Gentianaceae) in Central Europe.

Phylogeographic analysis of Swertia perennis, a typical European subalpine springtime species, revealed the existence of at least five major phylogenetic lineages. A large phylogeographic separation exists among these geographical regions, which confirms the existence of glacial refugia in the Pyrenees, but also in the Eastern and Central Alps. The results obtained from the analyzes indicate the existence of three major differences between the populations of the Alps and the Pyrenees, but also between the populations of the Alps and those of other geographical regions (Carpathians, southern Czech Republic, Sudetes and northern Poland). The studied populations from the Black Forest and from north-eastern and southern Poland are a relic of the former wider distribution of these (periglacial) genetic groups within Swertia perennis. Our results also confirm the existence of biogeographical links between the Carpathians and the Hercynian Range and the Alps. Certainly, there was an exchange of genes between populations located in the eastern Alps, the Carpathians and the Hercynian ranges (Czech Republic, Jeseníky, Sudetes, Ore Mountains). This confirms previous results of comparative studies on the genetic diversity of populations of other vascular plant species.

The Role of the Hercynian Mountains of Central Europe in Shaping Plant Migration Patterns in the Pleistocene-A Review.

The climatic changes that took place in Europe during the Quaternary period influenced plant habitats as well as their species and vegetation composition. In this article, biogeographical studies on Hercynian mountain plants that include data for the Alps, Carpathians, and European lowlands are reviewed in order to discuss the phylogeographical structure and divergence of the Hercynian populations from those in other European mountain ranges, Scandinavia, and lowlands. The analyzed studies show specific phylogeographical relations between the Hercynian mountains, Alps, Scandinavia, Carpathians, and European lowlands. The results also indicate that the genetic patterns of plant populations in the Hercynian Mountains may differ significantly in terms of origin. The main migration routes of species to the Hercynian ranges began in the Alps or Carpathians. Some species, such as Rubus chamaemorus L., Salix lapponum L., and Salix herbacea L., are glacial relics that may have arrived and settled in the Hercynian Mountains during the Ice Age and that survived in isolated habitats. The Hercynian Mountains are composed of various smaller mountain ranges and are a crossroads of migration routes from different parts of Europe; thus, intensive hybridization has occurred between the plant populations therein, which is indicated by the presence of several divergent genetic lines.

How to Naturally Support the Immune System in Inflammation-Essential Oils as Immune Boosters.

Efficient functionality of the immune system is needed to fight against the development of infectious diseases, including, among others, serious recurrent chronic infections. Research has shown that many modern common diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cardiovascular diseases, e.g., thromboembolism, cancer, obesity, or depression, are connected with inflammatory processes. Therefore, new, good stimulators of the immune system's response are sought. They include synthetic compounds as well as biological preparations such as lipopolysaccharides, enzymes, bacterial metabolites, and secondary metabolites of plants, demonstrating a multidirectional effect. Essential oils are characterized by many invaluable activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulating. Essential oils may stimulate the immune system via the utilization of their constituents, such as antibodies, cytokines, and dendritic cells. Some essential oils may stimulate the proliferation of immune-competent cells, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes. This review is focused on the ability of essential oils to affect the immune system. It is also possible that essential oil components positively interact with recommended anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial drugs. Thus, there is a need to explore possible synergies between essential oils and their active ingredients for medical use.

TFF3 as a Diagnostic Biomarker in Kidney Transplant Patients.

Intestinal trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a protein secreted by many cell types, and its serum and urine levels vary in patients with kidney disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of TFF3 in allogeneic kidney transplant patients included in the one-year follow-up. To analyze the influence of the diagnostic method used, we studied the type of biological material and the time elapsed since renal transplantation on the parameter's value. The study also aimed to investigate the relationship between TFF3 levels and creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values in the serum and urine of the patients studied. The study used blood and urine samples from adult patients (n = 19) 24-48 h, 6 months, and 12 months after kidney transplantation. We collected one-time blood and urine from healthy subjects (n = 5) without renal disease. We applied immunoenzymatic ELISA and xMap Luminex flow fluorimetry to determine TFF3 in serum and urine. There was a significant difference in TFF3 levels in the serum of patients collected on the first one or two days after kidney transplantation compared to the control group (determined by ELISA and Luminex) and six months and one year after kidney transplantation (ELISA). We observed a correlation between creatinine concentration and urinary TFF3 concentration (ELISA and Luminex) and a negative association between eGFR and urinary (ELISA) and serum (Luminex) TFF3 concentration in patients on the first and second days after kidney transplantation. We noted significant correlations between eGFR and TFF3 levels in the serum and urine of patients determined by the two methods six months and one year after transplantation. In women, we observed that urinary TFF3 concentration increased significantly with increasing creatinine and that with increasing eGFR, urinary TFF3 concentration determined by two methods decreased significantly. In the present study, the choice of diagnostic method for the determination of TFF3 in serum and urine significantly affected the concentration of this biomarker. The values of this parameter determined by ELISA were higher than those assessed using the Luminex assay. Based on the presented results, we can conclude that TFF3 has great potential to monitor renal transplant patients. Determination of this protein in parallel with creatinine and eGFR levels in serum and urine may provide helpful diagnostic information.

Similarity Analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae Producing Carbapenemases Isolated from UTI and Other Infections.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe infections, mainly urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pneumonia. Hospital epidemic infections caused by multiresistant strains of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae are the most concerning. NDM-producing strains are resistant to a wide range of antibiotics and have become the most significant threat. Determining the natural reservoirs and routes of infections is essential to end hospital outbreaks. Understanding the relatedness of K. pneumoniae strains is essential to determine the range and nature of the infection. The study compared phylogenetic relatedness between multiresistant K. pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients. Susceptibility to drugs and mechanisms of resistance were confirmed using phenotypic methods. PFGE was used to analyze the relatedness between strains. We analyzed 69 K. pneumoniae strains from various healthcare units. The isolates were mainly identified from urine. Strains were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics with ß-lactamase inhibitors, cephalosporins, and quinolones. Their susceptibility to aminoglycosides and carbapenem antibiotics was diverse. Most of the isolated strains produced New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase (NDM). Although K. pneumoniae strains were classified into several genotype clusters, closely related isolates were confirmed in the same hospital's wards, and in two hospitals in the same province.

Immunomodulatory effects of trans-anethole-treated Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain.

In our former studies based on a human whole-blood model infected with trans-anethole (TA)-treated Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain, we have observed that selected parameters/mechanisms of innate and acquired immune response were more enhanced in comparison to samples infected with non-treated bacteria. Due to this observation, the current study aimed to evaluate the concentration of selected proteins involved in both types of responses (IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, G-CSF, C5a, CCL1-CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9-CXCL11, MMP-8, TLR2, and PGLYRP1) in healthy participants' plasma after blood stimulation of TA-treated S. aureus Newman strain. Determination of analyzed protein concentration was conducted using Luminex and ELISA assays. Based on the results, it has been proven that the immunomodulatory potential of TA-treated S. aureus Newman strain on increasing IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, G-CSF, C5a, CCL2-CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL2, MMP-8 and PGLYRP1 levels in plasma. Moreover, it has been also demonstrated an association between TNF-α and CCL4 in a blood model infected with TA-treated cells. More research is warranted to find more underlying mechanisms involved in the effects of TA-treated S. aureus Newman in human blood, mainly whether the observed "immunity boost" can be regulated after bacteria elimination. Therefore, the potential of TA should be further explored to understand under which conditions it might help treat or prevent infections caused by S. aureus.

Improved RAPD Method for Candida parapsilosis Fingerprinting.

Recently, methods based on the analysis of arbitrarily amplified target sites of genome microorganisms have been extensively applied in microbiological studies, and especially in epidemiological studies. The range of their application is limited by problems with discrimination and reproducibility resulting from a lack of standardized and reliable methods of optimization. The aim of this study was to obtain optimal parameters of the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) reaction by using an orthogonal array as per the Taguchi and Wu protocol, modified by Cobb and Clark for Candida parapsilosis isolates. High Simpson's index values and low Dice coefficients obtained in this study indicated a high level of interspecies DNA polymorphism between C. parapsilosis strains, and the optimized RAPD method proved useful in the microbiological and epidemiological study.

Enhancement of neutrophil chemotaxis by trans-anethole-treated Staphylococcus aureus strains.

This study aimed to analyze the chemotactic response of differentiated HL-60 neutrophil-like (dHL-60) cells to trans-anethole (TA)-treated Staphylococcus aureus strains. Special attention was paid to evaluate the influence of TA on the chp gene expression level, as well as molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies on interactions of TA with chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS). The following parameters were studied: susceptibility to TA using the agar diffusion method, the chp gene detection and its expression under TA influence, and clonal diversity of S. aureus strains using molecular techniques. Furthermore, a chemotactic response of dHL-60 cells to TA-treated S. aureus using Boyden chamber assay was detected and molecular modeling using both the docking methodology and unbiased MD simulations was conducted. It was found that TA showed antibacterial activity against all strains. Three genotypes and one unique pattern were distinguished among the strains. 50% of the isolates were chp-positive. It was observed that TA reduced/inhibited chp gene expression in most S. aureus strains. Enhanced chemotactic response of dHL-60 cells to TA-treated S. aureus strains was also noted. This correlation was similar for both chp-positive and chp-negative strains. Both molecular docking and MD simulations studies confirmed that TA is preferentially bound in the complement component 5a/CHIPS interface interaction region and can interfere with any processes exploiting this binding cavity. It has been proven that dHL-60 cells exhibited a higher chemotactic response to TA-treated S. aureus strains in comparison to non-treated bacteria, regardless of the achieved expression of the chp gene or its lack. Nevertheless, further analyses are required to understand this mechanism better.

Improved efficacy of eugenol and trans-anethole in combination with octenidine dihydrochloride against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by yeasts from the Ogenus Candida. Considering increasing antifungal resistance rates the activity was analyzed of natural compounds to eradicate Candida spp. The aim of the study was to check the antifungal activity of selected essential oil compounds (EOCs; thymol, menthol, eugenol [E], carvacrol, trans-anethole [TA]) alone, and in combination with octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis reference, and clinical strains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Investigated clinical isolates were obtained from skin wounds of patients treated for superficial wounds candidiasis. The following parameters were studied: antifungal susceptibility testing using the VITEK system, antifungal activity of EOCs alone and in combination with OCT using microdilution and checkerboard assays, antifungal efficacy of selected chemicals using time-kill curve assay, and changes in cell permeability in the presence of selected chemicals using crystal violet assay. RESULTS: Clinical isolates of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were resistant to fluconazole and voriconazole. The highest inhibition activity against Candida isolates was observed for E. The OCT - TA and OCT - E combinations showed synergistic and additive activities against all strains, respectively. These combinations also appeared to affect the rate of yeast cell killing and increasing the permeability of Candida cells. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates that E and TA potentially used in formulation with OCT might eradicate pathogenic yeasts; however, microbiological and clinical studies are still required.

Staphyloxanthin inhibitory potential of trans-anethole: A preliminary study.

The reduction of staphyloxanthin (STX) production in Staphylococcus aureus under trans-anethole (TA) influence was proven in former studies. However, no tests concerning the impact of TA on a biosynthetic pathway of this carotenoid pigment have been published so far. Thus, for the first time, the present preliminary study evaluated the influence of TA on the expression level of genes (crtOPQMN operon and aldH) encoding STX pathway enzymes. Additional attention was paid to the identification of STX and its intermediates. Gene expression and identification of extracted compounds were conducted using quantitative real-time PCR and HPLC-MS techniques, respectively. The analyzes showed no difference in crtM, crtN, crtO, crtP, crtQ, and aldH gene expression between bacterial samples isolated from the non-stimulated (control) medium and the stimulated one with TA. Compared to the control group that showed the presence of all metabolic intermediates and STX, the TA-treated bacteria were characterized by a lack or a significant reduction of the majority of compounds, except 4,4'-diaponeurosporenoate, the content of which was elevated in the TA-treated sample. Moreover, in silico molecular docking analysis revealed that TA is capable to create relatively strong interactions with both 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase and 4,4'-diapophytoene desaturase. The preliminary findings indicate that the previously observed TA effect reducing the number of S. aureus colonies pigmentation is probably not associated with the expression levels of genes encoding STX pathway enzymes. It has been proven that adding TA to the medium can interfere with the formation of STX at different levels of its biosynthetic pathway.

The Utility of Novel Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Early Detection of CSA-AKI.

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is one of the most common complications of cardiac surgery procedures. In this study, the authors attempt to provide new data regarding the application of novel kidney injury biomarkers in the early diagnostics of CSA-AKI. 128 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery procedures with the use of cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB) were enrolled in this study. Novel kidney injury biomarkers were marked in the plasma and urine 6 h after weaning from the CPB. A significant difference in the postoperative biomarkers' concentration between the AKI and no-AKI group was found, regarding plasma IL-8, plasma TNF-α and urine NGAL, normalized for creatinine excretion (NGAL/Cr). These were also independent predictors of CSA-AKI. An independent risk factor for CSA-AKI proved to be preoperative CKD. Plasma IL-8 and TNF-α, as well as urine NGAL/Cr, are independent early indicators of CSA-AKI and pose a promising alternative for creatinine measurements. The cut-off points for these biomarkers proposed in this investigation should be confronted with more data and revised to achieve a suitable diagnostic value.

Analysis of the prevalence of colistin resistance among clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an essential component of the human gut microflora. However, it can pose a threat by causing opportunistic infections, especially in hospitalised or immunocompromised patients. It is a serious problem for health medicine, primarily because of increasing resistance to previously used antibiotics. Infections with multidrug-resistant strains are difficult to treat, creating a challenge for clinicians. Also of growing concern is the increasing resistance to the drug of last resort - colistin (CL). The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of resistance to CL among clinical K. pneumoniae strains. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 200 clinical strains of K. pneumoniae. Drug susceptibility, production of resistance mechanisms, and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of CL were evaluated. RESULTS: Of all isolates, 73.0% produced carbapenemases, while the remainder produced an extended substrate spectrum - ß-lactamases (ESBLs). All strains showed a diverse antibiotic resistance profile. Resistance to CL was noted among 14.5% of carbapenemase-producing strains, particularly MBL and OXA-48. ESBL-positive strains showed full susceptibility to CL. CONCLUSIONS: Although a low rate of CL resistance was observed, this was true for strains simultaneously producing carbapenemases. Such strains should be under special epidemiological surveillance due to their potential to cause epidemic outbreaks. Monitoring the prevalence of clinical CL-resistant strains would allow for more effective counteraction against pathogens in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, veterinary medicine and industry.

Genetic Diversity of Candida spp. Isolates Colonizing Twins and Their Family Members.

A wide range of options for studying Candida species are available through genetic methods. Twins, particularly monozygotic ones and their families may be fitting subjects for studying those microorganisms. The question is: How specific can yeast flora be in an individual? The study aimed to analyze the strain relatedness among commensal yeasts isolated from various parts of the bodies of healthy people and to compare correlations between the genotypes of the isolates. Yeasts were isolated from 63 twins and their family members (n = 25) from the oral cavity, anus, interdigital space and navel. After species identification, Candida albicans (n = 139), C. parapsilosis (n = 39), C. guilliermondii (n = 25), C. dubliniensis (n = 11) and C. krusei (n = 9) isolates were analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) optimization method. The similarities between the strains were calculated based on the Dice (Sab) coefficient and are displayed graphically as dendrograms. Using cluster analysis, the following relatedness was distinguished: 13 genotypes and three unique (Un) patterns among C. albicans; 10 genotypes and four Un patterns among C. parapsilosis; three genotypes and one Un pattern among C. guilliermondii and C. dubliniensis; and three genotypes among C. krusei isolates. The presence of identical, similar or both genotypes among the strains isolated from family members shows the transmission of yeasts between ontocenoses in the same person and between individuals. The similarity between the genotypes of C. albicans, C. guilliermondii, C. dubliniensis and C. krusei was more remarkable than between the genotypes of C. parapsilosis in the strains isolated from ontocenoses of the same individual and their family members. The degrees of genetic similarity between Candida spp. strains isolated from monozygotic twins and those obtained from their relatives did not differ.

Association of polymorphic variants in GEMIN genes with the risk of depression in a Polish population.

Background: The role of miRNA in depression is widely described by many researchers. miRNA is a final product of many genes involved in its formation (maturation). One of the final steps in the formation of miRNAs is the formation of the RISC complex, called the RNA-induced silencing complex, which includes, among others, GEMIN proteins. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may lead to disturbance of miRNA biogenesis and function. The objective of our research was to assess the relationship between the appearance of depression and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GEMIN3 (rs197388) and GEMIN4 (rs7813; rs3744741) genes. Our research provides new knowledge on the genetic factors that influence the risk of depression. They can be used as an element of diagnostics helpful in identifying people at increased risk, as well as indicating people not at risk of depression. Methods: A total of 218 participants were examined, including individuals with depressive disorders (n = 102; study group) and healthy people (n = 116, control group). All the patients in the study group and the people in the control group were non-related native Caucasian Poles from central Poland. Blood was collected from study and control groups in order to assess the SNPs of GEMIN genes. Results: An analysis of the results obtained showed that in patient population, the risk of depression is almost doubled by polymorphic variants of the genes: rs197388/GEMIN3 genotype A/A in the recessive model and rs3744741/GEMIN4 genotype T/T, codominant and recessive model. The dual role of rs7813/GEMIN4 is noteworthy, where the G/A genotype in the codominant and over dominant model protects against depression.

Association of Polymorphic Variants in Argonaute Genes with Depression Risk in a Polish Population.

Argonaute (AGO) proteins, through their key role in the regulation of gene expression, participate in many biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, death and DNA repair. Accurate regulation of gene expression appears to be important for the proper development of complex neural circuits. Loss of AGO proteins is known to lead to early embryonic mortality in mice with various malformations, including anomalies of the central nervous system. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of AGO genes can lead to deregulation of the processes in which AGO proteins are involved. The contribution of different SNPs in depression has been extensively studied. However, there are hardly any studies on the contribution of AGO genes. The aim of our research was to assess the relationship between the occurrence of depression and the presence of SNPs in genes AGO1 (rs636882) and AGO2 (rs4961280; rs2292779; rs2977490) in a Polish population. One hundred and one subjects in the study group were diagnosed with recurrent depressive disorder by a psychiatrist. The control group comprised 117 healthy subjects. Study participants performed the HDRS (Hamilton Depression Scale) test to confirm or exclude depression and assess severity. The frequency of polymorphic variants of genes AGO1 (rs636882) and AGO2 (rs4961280; rs2292779; rs2977490) was determined using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays and the TaqMan universal PCR master mix, no AmpErase UNG. The rs4961280/AGO2 polymorphism was associated with a decrease in depression occurrence in the codominant (OR = 0.51, p = 0.034), dominant (OR = 0.49, p = 0.01), and overdominant (OR = 0.58, p = 0.049) models. Based on the obtained results, we found that the studied patients demonstrated a lower risk of depression with the presence of the polymorphic variant of the rs4961280/AGO2 gene-genotype C/A and C/A-A/A.

Regulatory and Enterotoxin Gene Expression and Enterotoxins Production in Staphylococcus aureus FRI913 Cultures Exposed to a Rotating Magnetic Field and trans-Anethole.

The study aimed to examine the influence of a rotating magnetic field (RMF) of two different frequencies (5 and 50 Hz) on the expression of regulatory (agrA, hld, rot) and staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE-sea, sec, sel) genes as well as the production of SEs (SEA, SEC, SEL) by the Staphylococcus aureus FRI913 strain cultured on a medium supplemented with a subinhibitory concentration of trans-anethole (TA). Furthermore, a theoretical model of interactions between the bacterial medium and bacterial cells exposed to RMF was proposed. Gene expression and SEs production were measured using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA techniques, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it was found that there were no significant differences in the expression of regulatory and SE genes in bacteria simultaneously cultured on a medium supplemented with TA and exposed to RMF at the same time in comparison to the control (unexposed to TA and RMF). In contrast, when the bacteria were cultured on a medium supplemented with TA but were not exposed to RMF or when they were exposed to RMF of 50 Hz (but not to TA), a significant increase in agrA and sea transcripts as compared to the unexposed control was found. Moreover, the decreased level of sec transcripts in bacteria cultured without TA but exposed to RMF of 50 Hz was also revealed. In turn, a significant increase in SEA and decrease in SEC and SEL production was observed in bacteria cultured on a medium supplemented with TA and simultaneously exposed to RMFs. It can be concluded, that depending on SE and regulatory genes expression as well as production of SEs, the effect exerted by the RMF and TA may be positive (i.e., manifests as the increase in SEs and/or regulatory gene expression of SEs production) or negative (i.e., manifests as the reduction in both aforementioned features) or none.

Clonal Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Presence of Genes Encoding Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Cut Wound Infections.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility in 52 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cut wound infections in non-related community patients and to determine the presence of selected virulence genes. To analyse the clonal relatedness of investigated strains, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of macrorestricted DNA fragments was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the AST-P644 card in the VITEK 2 Compact system. All strains were tested for the presence of selected virulence genes using Single and Multiplex PCR. All isolates were classified into 15 PFGE genotypes and seven unique patterns. The vast majority of investigated S. aureus strains were susceptible to all tested antimicrobial agents. Among examined S. aureus strains, 24 combinations of virulence factors were identified. 62.5% of S. aureus strains contained various egc types, alone or together with other staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. A high percentage (86.5%) of isolates harboured superantigen genes. The most frequent enterotoxin gene identified was encoding for sep. All S. aureus strains were classified as agr-positive, and the most frequent agr gene was agr-1. Our results indicate that all examined strains isolated from cut wound infections demonstrated high clonal diversity, diversified gene distribution and good susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.