Rational Design of 7-Azaindole-Based Robust Microporous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Gas Sorption.

7-Azaindole has been integrated as building block with complementary N-H···N hydrogen bonding sites for the synthesis of a tetrahedral molecular tecton, namely tetra(α-carbolin-6-yl)methane, TACM. The self-assembly of this molecule results in a 3D hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF). This supramolecular structure constitutes a crystalline microporous material with an extraordinary thermal and chemical robustness. Single crystal X-ray diffraction reveals how the five-fold catenation of diamonoid systems, stabilized by hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions, form an interpenetrated network with monodimensional channels. The structural features of the crystalline material are also observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, the microporosity of the activated TACM-HOF is characterized by gas sorption (N2, CO2, CH4 and H2) experiments performed at different pressures. A selective adsorption is observed for CO2 uptake and TACM-HOF also presents a good adsorption capacity for H2 among supramolecular organic frameworks.

Modeling and experimental analysis of CO2 methanation reaction using Ni/CeO2 monolithic catalyst.

In this study, the effect of the cell density of monolithic catalysts was investigated and further mathematically modeled on cordierite supports used in CO2 methanation. Commercial cordierite monoliths with 200, 400, and 500 cpsi cell densities were coated by immersion into an ethanolic suspension of Ni/CeO2 active phase. SEM-EDS analysis confirmed that, owing to the low porosity of cordierite (surface area < 1 m2 g-1), the Ni/CeO2 diffusion into the walls was limited, especially in the case of low and intermediate cell density monoliths; thus, active phase was predominantly loaded onto the channels' external surface. Nevertheless, despite the larger exposed surface area in the monolith with high cell density, which would allow for better distribution and accessibility of Ni/CeO2, its higher macro-pore volume resulted in some introduction of the active phase into the walls. As a result, the catalytic evaluation showed that it was more influenced by increments in volumetric flow rates. The low cell density monolith displayed diffusional control at flow rates below 500 mL min-1. In contrast, intermediate and high cell density monoliths presented this behavior up to 300 mL min-1. These findings suggest that the interaction reactants-catalyst is considerably more affected by a forced non-uniform flow when increasing the injection rate. This condition reduced the transport of reactants and products within the catalyst channels and, in turn, increased the minimum temperature required for the reaction. Moreover, a slight diminution of selectivity to CH4 was observed and ascribed to the possible formation of hot spots that activate the reverse water-gas shift reaction. Finally, a mathematical model based on fundamental momentum and mass transfer equations coupled with the kinetics of CO2 methanation was successfully derived and solved to analyze the fluid dynamics of the monolithic support. The results showed a radial profile with maximum fluid velocity located at the center of the channel. A reactive zone close to the inlet was obtained, and maximum methane production (4.5 mol m-3) throughout the monolith was attained at 350 °C. Then, linear streamlines of the chemical species were developed along the channel.

Reminiscence interventions for loneliness reduction in older adults: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to review the use of reminiscence interventions in the reduction of loneliness in older adults by categorising the interventions by type, and comparing their effectiveness and methodological quality. METHOD: This is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. The search was restricted to studies published in the Cochrane, CINAHL, Web of Science, Psycarticles, Psycinfo, and PubMed databases until December 2022. The inclusion criteria for the studies included in this review were: 1) reminiscence intervention 2) loneliness outcome measure 3) adults over 60 years old 4) experimental, pre-experimental, and quasi-experimental studies. RESULTS: A total of twelve studies were eligible for inclusion. Only nine studies included a control group, and seven of those report significant effectiveness in reducing loneliness levels. The most popular type of intervention is simple reminiscence and life review, and in-group format. The interventions to date have been very heterogeneous, and the methodological quality of the existing literature is moderate to weak. CONCLUSION: While reminiscence interventions hold some promise for reducing loneliness levels among older adults, future methodologically rigorous research is required, and standardised protocols need to be developed for application, with the specific aim of reducing levels of loneliness among older adults.

Laparoscopic ovarian tissue collection for fertility preservation in children with malignancies: a multicentric experience.

Introduction: Long survivors after childhood cancer are increasing thanks to oncological improvements. Their quality of life and fertility-sparing should be considered in the early phases of each oncological pathway. Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue removed before starting gonadotoxic therapies is the only fertility sparing procedure available for prepubertal children affected by cancer and it does not affect the timing of the start of the treatment. Materials and methods: The present study shows the surgical and clinical outcomes following laparoscopic ovarian tissue collection (LOTC) for a total of 311 patients aged between 0 and 17 years old from four different European Centers. Results: Only two major complications were reported according to the Clavien Dindo classification (0.6%). Discussion: LOTC can be considered a safe procedure.

Ingesta de cuerpos extraños magnéticos en la edad pediátrica. Caso clínico de localización y extracción endoscópica con ayuda de un imán / Ingestion of magnetic foreign bodies during the paediatric age. Case report, location and endoscopic extraction aided by a magnet

La ingesta accidental de más de un imán puede producir complicaciones graves. Los protocolos actuales recomiendan la extracción endoscópica de ser posible. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso clínico de una ingesta de dos imanes y la técnica endoscópica de extracción. Niño de 11 años que acudió a Urgencias tras la ingesta de dos imanes, asintomático. En la radiografía de abdomen, se identificaron dos cuerpos extraños radiopacos, aparentemente unidos, en la cámara gástrica. Se realizó una endoscopía bajo anestesia general en quirófano. Para facilitar la extracción, se colocó, encima de la pared abdominal, a nivel gástrico, un imán de neodimio. En la endoscopía, se observaron dos pequeños imanes localizados y fijados en la cara anterior del estómago. Una vez localizados, se retiró el imán externo y se procedió a su extracción con cesta

The ingestion of more than one magnet can cause multiple complications. Current protocols recommend endoscopic extraction if possible. We report a patient who swallowed two magnets and the endoscopic extraction technique. An 11-yearold boy presented at the Emergency Room after ingesting two small magnets, being asymptomatic. In the abdominal x-ray two radiopaque bodies were identified at the gastric chamber, apparently together. A gastroscopy was done in the operating room under general anaesthesia. To enable the extraction, a neodymium magnet was placed externally at the abdominal wall. In the endoscopic image, the two magnets were fixed to the anterior gastric wall. Once located, the neodymium magnet was removed and the two magnets were retrieved with an endoscopic basket.

Vasculitis leucocitoclástica (vasculitis por hipersensibilidad) / Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (hypersensitivity vasculitis)

Resumen La vasculitis leucocitoclástica es un trastorno autoinmunitario que afecta pequeños vasos y provoca inflamación, destrucción y necrosis de los mismos; con frecuencia es subdiagnosticada. La causa es multifactorial, la fisiopatología es compleja y los inmunomoduladores son los medicamentos más importantes en su tratamiento. Este artículo tiene por objetivo revisar el estado actual del conocimiento en vasculitis leucocitocástica con insistencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se revisaron artículos publicados en el periodo comprendido entre 1990 y 2017. Los navegadores fueron Google Crome y Firefox y el motor de búsqueda fue Scholar google. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: MEDLINE, RIMA Astra-Zeneca y las guías de práctica clínica del sistema de salud mexicano (CENETEC). Se revisaron 108 publicaciones relevantes para el tema, priorizando las pertenecientes a revistas indizadas en MEDLINE y Science Citation Index-JCR. Se requieren estudios para integrar subgrupos clínicos y de tratamiento e investigar los mecanismos de daño tisular en cada subgrupo. La inmunomodulación juega un papel central en el tratamiento.

Abstract Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder that affects small vessels, and causes inflammation, destruction and necrosis of the same. It is often underdiagnosed. The etiology is multifactorial, the pathophysiology is complex and immunomodulators are the most important medications in their treatment. This article aims to review the current state of knowledge in leukocytoclastic vasculitis with emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. Articles published in the period from 1990 to 2017 were reviewed. The browsers were Google Crome and Firefox and the search engine was Scholar google. The database consulted was: MEDLINE, RIMA Astra-Zeneca and the clinical practice guidelines of the Mexican health system (CENETEC); 108 relevant publications to the subject were reviewed, prioritizing those belonging to journals indexed in MEDLINE and Science Citation Index-JCR. Studies are required to integrate clinical and treatment subgroups and investigate the mechanisms of tissue damage in each subgroup. Immunomodulation plays a central role in the treatment.

Enfermedad relacionada con IgG4 / IgG4-related disease

La enfermedad relacionada con IgG4 se caracteriza por fibrosis inflamatoria acompañada de concentraciones séricas de IgG4 elevadas. Clínicamente puede manifestarse con afectación de un solo o de múltiples órganos. Se ha propuesto que esta enfermedad es secundaria a la interacción entre células Th2 y células B, que resulta en concentraciones elevadas de IgG4 y mediadores inflamatorios lo que resulta en infiltrados linfoplasmocitarios y fibrosis; sin embargo, no es el único mecanismo involucrado. Para el diagnóstico se requiere criterios clínicos, serológicos, histopatológicos e inmunohistoquimicos. Se ha observado buena respuesta al tratamiento esteroide. Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 30 años con derrame pleural a repetición, neumopatia intersticial, alteración de la función renal progresiva y elevación de paratohormona y calcio en sangre. Los estudios revelaron altos niveles séricos de IgG4, biopsia de pulmón y riñón consistente con enfermedad relacionada con IgG4. La paciente fue tratada con 40 mg día de prednisona con excelente respuesta(AU)

IgG4 - related disease is characterized by inflammatory fibrosis accompanied by elevated IgG4 serum concentrations. Clinically it can show involvement of one or multiple organs. It has been considered that this disease is secondary to the interaction between Th2 cells and B cells, which results in high concentrations of IgG4 and inflammatory mediators subsequent to lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and fibrosis. However, it is not the only mechanism involved. For the diagnosis, clinical, serological, histopathological and immunohistochemical criteria are required. Good response to steroid treatment has been observed. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with recurrent pleural effusion, interstitial lung disease, impaired progressive renal function, and elevation of parathyroid hormone and calcium in the blood. The studies revealed high serum levels of IgG4, lung and kidney biopsy consistent with IgG4-related disease. The patient was treated with 40 mg prednisone a day with excellent response(AU)

Glomerulopatía colapsante en lupus eritematoso sistémico con respuesta positiva a tratamiento con mofetil micofenolato / Collapsing Glomerulopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus with positive response to the treatment with mycophenolate mofetil

La glomerulonefritis colapsante es una enfermedad poco frecuente que puede estar asociada a distintas causas, una de ellas son las enfermedades autoinmunes y dentro de estas el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). De manera frecuente se presenta con un cuadro de severas alteraciones renales que tienden a progresar la enfermedad renal terminal, con escasa respuesta a los tratamientos. Se presenta un caso de glomerulonefritis colapsante asociado a lupus eritematoso sistémico que tuvo una respuesta completa al tratamiento de inducción con la combinación de glucocorticoides, antimaláricos y mofetil micofenolato iniciado precozmente por el diagnóstico temprano realizado por biopsia renal(AU)

Collapsing glomerulonefritis is a slightly frequent disease that can be associated to different causes. Autoimmune diseases are part of those, and inside these, the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It frequently appears with manifestations of severe renal alterations that tend to develop the renal terminal disease, with scanty response to the treatments. It is presented a case of collapsing glomerulonefritis associated to systemic lupus erythematosus that had a complete response to the treatment of induction with the combination of glucocorticoids, antimalarials and mycophenolate mofetil used prematurely after the early diagnosis performed by renal biopsy(AU)

Paniculitis mesentérica asociada a enfermedad relacionada con IgG4 como causa de fiebre de origen desconocido / Mesenteric panniculitis associated with IgG4-related disease as a cause of fever of unknown origin

La paniculitis mesentérica es un raro desorden inflamatorio de la grasa mesentérica, de la cual hay, hasta ahora, aproximadamente 200 casos reportados en la literatura. Se presenta en adultos a partir de la tercera década de la vida y su etiología es desconocida, pero es sabida su asociación con neoplasias gastrointestinales, genitourinarias y enfermedades reumatológicas. Entre sus manifestaciones clínicas están el dolor abdominal, las alteraciones del tránsito intestinal, la pérdida de peso, la fiebre y los vómitos. El diagnóstico definitivo es fundamentalmente histopatológico, también existen algunos estigmas tomográficos que podrían sugerir su presencia. Debe ser tratada a la mayor brevedad posible y los corticosteroides son los medicamentos a elegir. Se presentó un paciente con diagnóstico de paniculitis mesentérica idiopática, como resultado del estudio de una fiebre de origen desconocido, en el cual logramos además demostrar la asociación de la paniculitis con la enfermedad relacionada con IgG4, desorden recientemente descubierto, caracterizado por lesiones inflamatorias seudotumorales, que cursan con infiltración hística por células plasmáticas IgG4 positivas.

Mesenteric panniculitis is a rare inflammatory disorder of the mesenteric fat, of which there is, so far, about 200 cases reported in the literature. It occurs in elderly adults and its etiology is unknown but its association with gastrointestinal tumors, genitourinary and rheumatological diseases is known. Among its clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, altered bowel movements, weight loss, fever and vomiting. The definitive histopathological diagnosis is fundamentally, there is some tomographic stigma that might suggest its presence. It should be treated as soon as possible and corticosteroids are the drugs of choice. A patient diagnosed with idiopathic mesenteric panniculitis as a result of the evaluation of fever of unknown origin, which we further demonstrate the association of panniculitis with related disease IgG4, disorder recently discovered, characterized by lesions in flammatory pseudotumoral occurs, that occur with tissue infiltration IgG4 positive plasma cells.

A propósito de un caso de amiloidosis vesical / Presentation of a case of bladder amyloidosis

Se presentó el caso de un paciente, de 38 años de edad, con hematurias macroscópicas desde 3 años antes de su ingreso, acompañadas de síntomas disúricos. Se comprobó, por cistoscopia, la existencia de una lesión vegetante que ocupaba todo el trígono y parte lateral derecha de la vejiga. Tras su resección endoscópica y estudio histológico se diagnosticó como amiloidosis vesical. Se observó buena evolución posquirúrgica. No se halló afección amiloidótica en otras regiones del organismo...

A case of a male 38 year-old patient, with macroscopic hematuria for 3 years before admission is presente here. This hematuria is accompanied by dysuria symptoms. It was found by cystoscopy, the existence of a vegetative lesion occupying the entire right side of trigone and bladder. After endoscopic resection and histological study, bladder amyloidosis was diagnosed. Good surgical outcome was observed. No amyloid disease was found in other body areas...

Marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos / Vascular and renal damage markers observed in urine from obese children and adolescents

INTRODUCCIÓN: la microalbuminuria es considerada un marcador de disfunción endotelial, daño vascular, daño renal y enfermedad cardiovascular, considerada un factor de riesgo independiente de morbilidad y mortalidad. De igual manera, la proteinuria ha sido identificada como un factor de riesgo independiente de enfermedad renal crónica, y un predictor de todas las causas de mortalidad. Ambas, son relativamente frecuentes en los sujetos obesos. OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia de marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina en niños y adolescentes obesos. MÉTODOS: se presenta un estudio observacional, analítico y prospectivo que incluyó a niños y adolescentes obesos atendidos en consulta de referencia "Obesidad y riñón", en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente de Centro Habana. El estudio fue realizado en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2009 y diciembre de 2012. Se determinaron marcadores de daño vascular y renal en orina (microalbuminuria y proteinuria). El análisis estadístico fue realizado con el programa SPSS versión 13,0. RESULTADOS: solo a un paciente se le identificó proteinuria (0,5 %); sin embargo, al determinar la microalbuminuria, se encontró que más de la mitad (70,8 %) tenía este marcador de daño vascular y renal positivo. En el análisis histopatológico de la biopsia renal del paciente con proteinuria se encontró glomerulomegalia con lesión segmentaria de esclerosis y adherencia a la cápsula de Bowman. CONCLUSIONES: los niños y adolescentes obesos tienen una elevada frecuencia de positividad de marcadores de daño vascular y renal, fundamentalmente microalbuminuria.

INTRODUCTION: microalbuminuria is considered to be a marker of endothelial dysfunction, vascular damage, renal damage and cardiovascular disease in addition to be an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Similarly, proteinuria has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic renal disease and a predictor of all causes of mortality. Both are relatively frequent in obese subjects. OBJECTIVE: to determine the frequency of vascular and renal markers in the urine from obese children and adolescents. METHODS: prospective, observational and analytical study of obese children and adolescents seen at the reference service called obesity and kidney in the teaching pediatric hospital of Centro Habana. The study was conducted from January 2009 through December 2012. Vascular and renal markers were determined in the urine (microalbuminuria and proteinuria). The statistical analysis was based on SPSS program version 13.0. RESULTS: there was just one patient detected with proteinuria (0.5 %); however, in the microalbuminuria test, it was found that over half of the patients (70.8 %) were positive to this vascular and renal damage marker. In the histopathological analysis of the renal biopsy taken from the patient with proteinuria, segmental glomerulosclerosis and adhesion to Bowman's capsule was discovered. CONCLUSIONS: obese children and adolescents have very frequent positivity to vascular and renal damage markers, mainly microalbuminuria.

Influencia de la direccionalidad de los ítem en los resultados de instrumentos de medición / Influence of item directionality in the outcome of measurement instruments

El trabajo ilustra los aspectos principales donde la direccionalidad de los ítems incide en la validez, la objetividad y la confiabilidad de los instrumentos de medición utilizados en educación, psicología y salud. Se trata de un elemento a tomar en cuenta en el diseño del modelo de evaluación, en la definición de las variables, la elaboración del banco de ítems para la construcción del instrumento y la forma de presentar e interpretar los reportes. La direccionalidad no depende solamente de los fundamentos teórico-conceptuales asociados con el modelo de medición y con la propia práctica (educativa o clínica, por ejemplo), sino que está regida por un comportamiento o respuesta "típica" de las personas que integran la población focal en estudio. Se muestra que la codificación de los ítems no debe hacerse en términos de "presencia-ausencia", sino del crecimiento de la variable de "poco" a "mucho" del rasgo medido en términos de respuesta "típica-atípica", "apropiada-no apropiada" u otro atributo distintivo de la variable unidimensional que puede representarse en un eje cartesiano. Se aplican los elementos del modelo de direccionalidad a un instrumento diseñado para medir la experiencia de los síntomas de mujeres con Síndrome Coronario Agudo a partir del Modelo Conceptual del Manejo del Síntoma.

This work presents the main issues of item directionality on validity, objectivity and reliability of measurement instruments used in various fields (education, psychology or health). This is an important element to be considered in the definition of variables, the preparation of item banks, the production of tests and the interpretation of reports. Directionality depends both on the theory and the conceptual model involved in the measurement instrument, as well as the type of practice (educational or clinical for example), but it is also ruled by a "typical" behavior or response of the focal group. Item coding should not be done in terms of "presence-absence" but must take into account the direction and sense of growth of the variable as "typical-non typical", "appropriate-non appropriate" or other distinctive unidimensional trait that should be represented in a Cartesian axis. The elements of the model of directionality are used in an instrument designed to measure the experience of the women's symptoms with acute coronary syndrome based on the Symptom Management Conceptual Model.

Esclerosis sistémica y daño renal / Systemic sclerosis and renal damage

La afección renal es infrecuente en la esclerosis sistémica, pero constituye una complicación grave que ocurre más frecuentemente en la forma clínica difusa. Se describe el comportamiento de una paciente con esclerosis sistémica difusa que desarrolla una hipertensión arterial refractaria complicada, anemia y falla renal. Se realizó biopsia renal con una descripción histopatológica compatible con una nefropatía isquémica asociada a la enfermedad con un mal pronóstico, a pesar del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de angiotensina

Renal disease is uncommon in systemic sclerosis but, at the same time, it is a severe complication occurring more frequently in a diffuse clinical form. The behavior of a female patient with diffuse systemic sclerosis that developed a complicated refractory arterial hypertension, anemia and renal failure is described. Renal biopsy was made with a histopathological description consistent with an ischemic kidney disease associated with this disease which had a poor prognosis despite the treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Acoso escolar en la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, México: prevalencia y factores asociados / Bullying in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico: prevalence and associated factors

Este estudio tiene como objetivos determinar la prevalencia de víctimas de acoso escolar en alumnos de escuelas secundarias públicas de la zona metropolitana de Guadalajara, México, e identificar factores asociados al hecho de ser víctima en el período 2009-2011. Se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal analítico. Se diseñó una muestra probabilística polietápica de escuelas secundarias públicas y se estudiaron 1.706 alumnos entre 11 y 16 años. Se aplicó un instrumento con cuatro apartados que permitió identificar a las víctimas de acoso y se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para medir la asociación entre los factores analizados y el ser víctima de acoso. La prevalencia de acoso escolar fue del 17,6% (IC95% 15,8; 19,5). Factores de carácter personal, como sentir que no es aceptado por el grupo o no pasar mucho tiempo con amigos, fueron los que tuvieron una asociación más fuerte y estadísticamente significativa con el hecho de ser víctima de acoso en la escuela.

This paper seeks to determine the prevalence of victims of school bullying among youth enrolled in public secondary schools in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico and to identify the factors associated with being a victim of bullying in the period 2009-2011. An analytic cross-sectional study was carried out. A multistage probability sampling was designed for the public secondary schools, in which 1,706 students between 11 and 16 years old were studied. A questionnare with four sections was applied in order to identify victims of bullying. A logistic regression model was then used to measure the association between the factors analyzed and being a victim of bullying. The prevalence of school bullying was 17.6% (95% CI 15.8; 19.5). Personal factors, such as the feeling of not being accepted by peers or not spending much time with friends, were the factors with the strongest statistically significant association with being a victim of bullying.

Linfoma no Hodgkin de células del manto con infiltración renal y glomerulopatía mesangiocapilar asociada / Mantle cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with renal infiltration and associated mesangiocapillary glomerulopathy

El linfoma de células del manto es una forma infrecuente de linfoma no Hodgkin con alta frecuencia de recaídas y peor pronóstico. Los linfomas pueden inducir daño renal de diferentes modos, entre los que se encuentran la infiltración renal y el desarrollo de glomerulopatías. Se presentó un caso en el que se asocia el comienzo clínico de un linfoma de células del manto con infiltración parenquimatosa renal y glomerulonefritis mesangiocapilar sin crioglobulinemia. Este constituye el primer caso reportado con esta asociación y pone en evidencia las diferentes formas de afectación renal del linfoma no Hodgkin y el valor del estudio histológico renal, para el diagnóstico y el pronóstico de las enfermedades oncohematológicas con daño renal

Mantle cell lymphoma is an infrequent type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with high relapse rates and poor prognosis. Lymphomas can induce kidney damage in several ways, including renal infiltration and the development of glomerulopathies. A case associated to the clinical onset of a mantle cell lymphoma with lymphocytic infiltration into the renal parenchyma and mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis without cryoglobulinemia was presented. This is the first case report that describes this association which evidences the different types of renal lesions in no Hodgkin lymphoma and the value of renal histological study for the diagnosis and prognosis of onco-hematologic diseases with kidney damage

Primer caso registrado en Cuba de nefropatía C1q / First case of C1q nephropathy in Cuba

La nefropatía C1q es una glomerulopatía no comprendida completamente y con algunas controversias conceptuales, pero con característica inmunológica distintiva (depósito dominante o co-dominante de C1q) y no evidencia clínica ni serológica de lupus eritematoso sistémico. Se presenta paciente masculino que comienza a los 10 meses de edad con un síndrome nefrótico con hematuria, hipertensión arterial e insuficiencia renal. Se realiza una primera biopsia renal y se plantea una esclerosis mesangial difusa, pero su evolución posterior con respuesta parcial a la prednisona y el mantenimiento de proteinuria en rango nefrótico con normalización de los parámetros humorales, nos lleva a realizar una segunda biopsia renal que arroja, por la inmunofluorescencia, una nefropatía C1q

C1q nephropathy is a poorly understood glomerulopathy with some conceptual controversies, but with a distinctive immunologic characteristic (dominant or co-dominant deposit of C1q) and neither clinical nor serological evidence of systemic erythematous lupus. This is the case of a male patient who began suffering nephritic syndrome with hematuria, blood hypertension and renal failure at 10 months of age. A first renal biopsy was performed to detect diffuse mesangeal sclerosis; however after partial response of the patient to prednisone therapy and to maintenance treatment of proteinuria in nephritic range, with normalization of humoral parameters, then a second renal biopsy was performed with immunofluorescence. The final result was C1q nephropathy

Mortalidad por homicidios en México: tendencias, variaciones socio-geográficas y factores asociados / Deaths by homicide in Mexico: trends, socio-geographical variations and associated factors

Este estudio analiza la tendencia de las tasas de homicidio (total y por arma de fuego) en México entre 1990 y 2009 e identifica las variables que mejor explican las variaciones geográficas de las tasas en el bienio 2008-2009. Se calcularon tasas de homicidios, ajustadas por edad, para ambos sexos entre 1990 y 2009, y para cada estado en 2008-2009. El análisis de regresión lineal múltiple fue usado para identificar factores asociados a las variaciones interestatales de las tasas de homicidio. Los resultados muestran que la tasa de homicidio disminuyó entre 1992 y 2007, pero se ha duplicado en los últimos dos años (de 7.6 a 16.6 por 100,000). En 2009, la tasa de homicidio masculina fue cerca de 9 veces mayor que la tasa femenina y casi dos tercios de los homicidios fueron por arma de fuego. El análisis multivariado revela que la impunidad, el narcotráfico, el consumo de alcohol y drogas y la deserción escolar -por ese orden- son factores claves para entender las variaciones geográficas de las tasas de homicidio en México en 2008-2009. Así, para reducir los homicidios y las variaciones espaciales de la tasa, se necesita no solo combatir a los cárteles de la droga sino sobre todo implementar reformas estructurales en el sistema de procuración de justicia y disminuir las disparidades socioeconómicas entre los estados.

This study seeks to analyze the trend of homicide rates (total and by firearm) in Mexico between 1990 and 2009 and identify the variables that best explain the geographical variations of these rates in the 2008-2009 two-year period. Homicide rates, adjusted for age, were calculated for both sexes between 1990 and 2009 and for each state in 2008-2009. Factors associated with the interstate variations in the homicide rates were identified using multiple linear regression analysis. Results show that the homicide rate in Mexico decreased between 1990 and 2007, but doubled over the last two years (from 7.6 to 16.6 per 100,000). In 2009, the male homicide rate was almost 9 times higher than the female rate and about two-thirds of homicides involved firearms. Multivariate analysis reveals that impunity, drug trafficking, alcohol and drug consumption and school dropout in basic education - in that order - are key factors for understanding the geographical variations in homicide rates in Mexico in 2008-2009. Findings suggest that to reduce the number of homicide victims and spatial variations in the rate, it is necessary not only to fight the drug cartels, but above all to implement structural reforms in the criminal justice system and reduce the socioeconomic disparities among states.

Hematoma hepático subcapsular roto y choque hipovolémico como una complicación inusual tras la realización de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica: Reporte de un caso / Ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma and hypovolemic shock as an unusual complication after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Report of one case

Objetivo: Describir el caso de un hematoma subcapsular hepático roto con desarrollo de choque hipovolémico como una complicación inusual secundaria a la realización de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. Sede: Hospital de segundo nivel, Hospital General Xoco. Diseño: Reporte de un caso. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 66 años quien ingresa mediante el Servicio de Urgencias con diagnóstico de coledocolitiasis; decidiendo su manejo con colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, la cual se realiza 24 horas después. En ésta se corrobora la presencia de litos en colédoco, observando la salida de material purulento de la vía biliar; durante el evento, ella presenta desaturación con la necesidad de manejo mecánico de la vía aérea y manejo por terapia intensiva con alteraciones primordialmente ventilatorias; veinticuatro horas después presenta estado de choque de inicio súbito con abdomen agudo, por lo que se decide manejo quirúrgico, en el cual se evidencia hematoma hepático subcapsular roto con 2,000 ml de hemoperitoneo. La paciente presenta complicaciones por estado de hipovolemia, alteraciones ventilatorias, coagulopatía y fondo infeccioso en vía biliar que conllevan al desenlace fatal. Conclusión: El hematoma subcapsular relacionado a la realización de la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica es una entidad infrecuente; éste es el decimocuarto caso reportado y el primero con ruptura.

Objective: To describe a case of ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma accompanied by hypovolemic shock as an unusual complication secondary to an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Setting: Second level health care hospital. General Hospital Xoco, Mexico City. Design: Case report. Description of the case: A 66-year old woman, who was admitted through the emergency ward with a diagnosis of choledocholithiasis, and who was subjected to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed 24 h after admission, confirming the presence of stones in the choledochus, observing discharge of purulent matter from the biliary tract; during the event, she presented desaturation, needing mechanical handling of the airways and intensive therapy management, with mainly ventilatory alterations. Twenty-four hours afterwards she presented a state of shock of sudden onset together with acute abdomen; surgical management was then decided, evidencing a ruptured hepatic subcapsular hematoma with 2000 ml of hemoperitoneum. Patient presenting complications due to hypovolemic state, ventilatory alterations, infectious focus in the biliary tract that lead to fatal outcome. Conclusion: A subcapsular hematoma related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an infrequent entity; this is the 14th reported case and the first with rupture.