RESUMEN
Climate change creates favourable conditions for the growth of insect populations. Today, the world is seeing an increase in the number of insect pest infestations associated with a long-term increase in the average temperature of climatic systems. For example, local invasions of Icerya purchasi Maskell, a citrus pest recognized worldwide, have increased in size and number in recent years. Controlling this pest is complicated because not all chemical insecticides are effective, and their use is undesirable since citrus fruit is used for food and chemical agents cumulatively harm human health. In this article, we demonstrated for the first time the successful use of a short single-stranded fragment of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene called "oligoICER-11" to control cottony cushion scale, and we propose the use of green oligonucleotide insecticides with a low carbon footprint for large-scale implementation in agriculture and forestry. Using the contact oligonucleotide insecticide oligoICER-11 at a concentration of 100 ng/µL on I. purchasi larvae resulted in a mortality of 70.55 ± 0.77% within 10 days. Thus, climate change is driving the need in both agriculture and forestry for oligonucleotide insecticides (DNA insecticides, olinscides): safe, effective, affordable insecticides with a low carbon footprint and long operational life.
Asunto(s)
Citrus , Hemípteros , Insecticidas , Animales , Humanos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Oligonucleótidos , Huella de Carbono , InsectosRESUMEN
Sternorrhyncha representatives are serious pests of agriculture and forestry all over the world, primarily causing damage to woody plants. Sternorrhyncha members are vectors for the transfer of a large number of viral diseases, and subsequently, the host plant weakens. Additionally, many are inherent in the release of honeydew, on which fungal diseases develop. Today, an innovative approach is needed to create new and effective ways to control the number of these insects based on environmentally friendly insecticides. Of particular relevance to such developments is the need to take into account the large number of organisms living together with insect pests in this group, including beneficial insects. Practically without changing their location on their host plant, they adopted to be more invisible and protected due to their small size, symbiosis with ants, the ability to camouflage with a leaf, and moderately deplete plants and others, rarely leading them to death but still causing substantial economic loss in the subtropics and tropics. Due to the lack of presence in the literature, this review fills in this pesky spot by examining (on the example of distinct species from four superfamilies) the characteristic adaptations for this suborder and the chemical methods of combating these insects that allow them to survive in various environmental conditions, suggesting new and highly promising ways of using olinscides for plant protection against Sternorrhyncha members.
RESUMEN
In terms of the incidence among all tumors, skin cancer is on top, with the most deadly among them being melanoma. The search for new therapeutic agents to combat melanoma is very relevant. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) aimed at suppressing the genes responsible for their viability in cancer cells give hope for treatment, which makes it possible to eliminate cancer cells near the tumor site both before and after surgery. In this article, we describe how Skeen-11 phosphorothioate oligonucleotide significantly decreased the proliferative activity of murine melanoma cells. Injections of Skeen-11 also inhibited tumor growth in mice with inoculated melanoma. A toxicity study showed no side effects with dose adjustments. The results show that the use of ASO Skeen-11 in vivo reduced the tumor size within 7 days, reduced the number of mitoses in the tumor cells, and increased the amount of necrosis compared with the control group.
RESUMEN
Insects vastly outnumber us in terms of species and total biomass, and are among the most efficient and voracious consumers of plants on the planet. As a result, to preserve crops, one of the primary tasks in agriculture has always been the need to control and reduce the number of insect pests. The current use of chemical insecticides leads to the accumulation of xenobiotics in ecosystems and a decreased number of species in those ecosystems, including insects. Sustainable development of human society is impossible without useful insects, so the control of insect pests must be effective and selective at the same time. In this article, we show for the first time a natural way to regulate the number of insect pests based on the use of extracellular double-stranded DNA secreted by the plant Pittosporum tobira. Using a principle similar to one found in nature, we show that the topical application of artificially synthesized short antisense oligonucleotide insecticides (olinscides, DNA insecticides) is an effective and selective way to control the insect Coccus hesperidum. Using contact oligonucleotide insecticide Coccus-11 at a concentration of 100 ng/µL on C. hesperidum larvae resulted in a mortality of 95.59 ± 1.63% within 12 days. Green oligonucleotide insecticides, created by nature and later discovered by humans, demonstrate a new method to control insect pests that is beneficial and safe for macromolecular insect pest management.
Asunto(s)
Hemípteros , Insecticidas , Animales , Humanos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Oligonucleótidos/farmacología , Ecosistema , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Insectos/genética , Control de Insectos/métodos , Hemípteros/genética , Agricultura/métodos , Productos Agrícolas/genética , ADN/farmacología , Control Biológico de VectoresRESUMEN
The urgency of the search for inexpensive and effective drugs with localized action for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis continues unabated. In this study, for the first time we investigated the Cytos-11 antisense oligonucleotide suppression of TNF-α gene expression in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis induced by complete Freund's adjuvant. Cytos-11 has been shown to effectively reduce peripheral blood concentrations of TNF-α, reduce joint inflammation, and reduce pannus development. The results achieved following treatment with the antisense oligonucleotide Cytos-11 were similar to those of adalimumab (Humira®); they also compared favorably with those results, which provides evidence of the promise of drugs based on antisense technologies in the treatment of this disease.
Asunto(s)
Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Reumatoide/tratamiento farmacológico , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/uso terapéutico , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Animales , Silenciador del Gen , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangre , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
This short article provides additional justification for our understanding of the virus-host relationship in the population. Some new data are presented concerning viral structure/behavior and a critical assessment on the possibilities of using new approaches for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , HumanosRESUMEN
At the population level, the virus-host relationship is not set up to end with the complete elimination of either or both. Pathogen-resistant individuals will always remain in the host population. In turn, the virus can never completely eliminate the host population, because evolutionarily such an event is a dead end for the virus as an obligate intracellular parasite. A certain existential balance exists in the virus-host relationship. Against this backdrop, viral epidemics and pandemics only become manifest and egregious to human beings when tens and hundreds of thousands of people die and the question emerges what caused the high mortality peaks on the death chart. The answer seems clear; the emerging strain of the virus is new to the host population, and new mutations of the virus and natural selection will lead to a survival of only genetically resistant individuals in a host population. The dangers inherent to a novel virus are due to new features generally inthe molecular structure of proteins, which enable the virus to infect the cells of the host organism more intensively, dramatically challenging host immunity, and thus be transmitted more readily in the host population. In this article, we will concentrate on the facts currently available about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic and try to predict its development and consequences based on the virus-host relationship. In fact, only two scenarios will occur simultaneously in the very near future: people who are genetically resistant to the virus will get sick, recover, and develop immunity, while people who are sensitive to the virus will need drugs and vaccines, which will have to be researched and developed if they are to recover. If the pandemic does not stop, in a few decades it is anticipated that SARS-CoV-2 will become as safe as the four non-severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-229E) currently circulating but causing low mortality in the human population.
Asunto(s)
Betacoronavirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Neumonía Viral/virología , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2 , Animales , Betacoronavirus/genética , Betacoronavirus/inmunología , COVID-19 , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/mortalidad , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/transmisión , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/inmunología , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/fisiología , Humanos , Inmunidad/genética , Inmunidad/inmunología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Selección Genética/inmunología , Vacunas Virales , Replicación Viral , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
Having observed how botanicals and other natural compounds are used by nature to control pests in the environment, we began investigating natural polymers, DNA and RNA, as promising tools for insect pest management. Over the last decade, unmodified short antisense DNA oligonucleotides have shown a clear potential for use as insecticides. Our research has concentrated mainly on Lymantria dispar larvae using an antisense oligoRING sequence from its inhibitor-of-apoptosis gene. In this article, we propose a novel biotechnology to protect plants from insect pests using DNA insecticide with improved insecticidal activity based on a new antisense oligoRIBO-11 sequence from the 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene. This investigational oligoRIBO-11 insecticide causes higher mortality among both L. dispar larvae grown in the lab and those collected from the forest; in addition, it is more affordable and faster acting, which makes it a prospective candidate for use in the development of a ready-to-use preparation.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/aislamiento & purificación , Mariposas Nocturnas/genética , Oligodesoxirribonucleótidos Antisentido/farmacología , ARN Ribosómico 5.8S/genética , Animales , Biotecnología/métodos , Genes de ARNr , Insecticidas/farmacología , Larva/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Skin cancer has always been and remains the leader among all tumors in terms of occurrence. One of the main factors responsible for skin cancer, natural and artificial UV radiation, causes the mutations that transform healthy cells into cancer cells. These mutations inactivate apoptosis, an event required to avoid the malignant transformation of healthy cells. Among these deadliest of cancers, melanoma and its 'younger sister', Merkel cell carcinoma, are the most lethal. The heavy toll of skin cancers stems from their rapid progression and the fact that they metastasize easily. Added to this is the difficulty in determining reliable margins when excising tumors and the lack of effective chemotherapy. Possibly the biggest problem posed by skin cancer is reliably detecting the extent to which cancer cells have spread throughout the body. The initial tumor is visible and can be removed, whereas metastases are invisible to the naked eye and much harder to eliminate. In our opinion, antisense oligonucleotides, which can be used in the form of targeted ointments, provide real hope as a treatment that will eliminate cancer cells near the tumor focus both before and after surgery.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Melanoma , Mutación , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Rayos Ultravioleta/efectos adversos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/efectos de la radiación , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/efectos de los fármacos , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/efectos de la radiación , Humanos , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma/metabolismo , Melanoma/patología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patologíaRESUMEN
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), short single-stranded polymers based on DNA or RNA chemistries and synthesized in vitro, regulate gene expression by binding in a sequence-specific manner to an RNA target. The functional activity and selectivity in the action of ASOs largely depends on the combination of nitrogenous bases in a target sequence. This simple and natural property of nucleic acids provides an attractive route by which scientists can create different ASO-based techniques. Over the last 50 years, planned and realized applications in the field of antisense and nucleic acid nanotechnologies have produced astonishing results and posed new challenges for further developments, exemplifying the essence of the post-genomic era. Today the majority of ASOs are chemically modified and/or incorporated within nanoparticles to enhance their stability and cellular uptake. This review critically analyzes some successful cases using the antisense approach in medicine to address severe diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy, and suggests some prospective directions for future research. We also examine in detail the elaboration of unmodified insect-specific DNA insecticides and RNA preparations in the areas of agriculture and forestry, a relatively new branch of ASO that allows circumvention of the use of non-selective chemical insecticides. When considering the variety of successful ASO modifications with an efficient signal-to-noise ratio of action, coupled with the affordability of in vitro oligonucleotide synthesis and post-synthesis procedures, we predict that the next half-century will produce a fruitful yield of tools created from effective ASO-based end products.
Asunto(s)
Agentes de Control Biológico/farmacología , Mariposas Nocturnas/efectos de los fármacos , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/terapia , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/terapia , Fármacos Neuromusculares/uso terapéutico , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/genética , Agricultura/métodos , Animales , Agentes de Control Biológico/síntesis química , Agentes de Control Biológico/historia , ADN/antagonistas & inhibidores , ADN/genética , ADN/metabolismo , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Larva/efectos de los fármacos , Larva/genética , Larva/metabolismo , Mariposas Nocturnas/genética , Mariposas Nocturnas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Mariposas Nocturnas/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/genética , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/patología , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/genética , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/patología , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Nanopartículas/química , Fármacos Neuromusculares/síntesis química , Fármacos Neuromusculares/historia , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/síntesis química , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/antagonistas & inhibidores , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
Baculovirus IAP (inhibitor-of-apoptosis) genes originated by capture of host genes. Unmodified short antisense DNA oligonucleotides (oligoDNAs) from baculovirus IAP genes can down-regulate specific gene expression profiles in both baculovirus-free and baculovirus-infected insects. In this study, gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae infected with multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV), and LdMNPV-free larvae, were treated with oligoDNA antisense to the RING (really interesting new gene) domain of the LdMNPV IAP-3 gene. The results with respect to insect mortality, biomass accumulation, histological studies, RT-PCR, and analysis of DNA apoptotic fragmentation suggest that oligoRING induced increased apoptotic processes in both LdMNPV-free and LdMNPV-infected insect cells, but were more pronounced in the latter. These data open up possibilities for promising new routes of insect pest control using antisense phosphodiester DNA oligonucleotides.
Asunto(s)
Control de Insectos/métodos , Mariposas Nocturnas/virología , Nucleopoliedrovirus/genética , Oligodesoxirribonucleótidos Antisentido , Animales , Apoptosis , Genes Virales/genética , Larva/virología , Transcriptoma , Proteínas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
Numerous studies suggest a cellular origin for the Lymantria dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) anti-apoptosis genes IAPs, thus opening a possibility to use the fragments of these genes for modulation of host metabolism. We report here the strong insecticidal and metabolic effect of single-stranded antisense DNA fragment from RING (really interesting new gene) domain of gypsy moth LdMNPV IAP-3 gene: specifically, on reduction of biomass (by 35%) and survival of L. dispar caterpillars. The treatment with this DNA fragment leads to a significantly higher mortality rates of female insects (1.7 fold) accompanied with the signs of apoptosis. Additionally, we show increased expression of host IAP-1, caspase-4 and gelsolin genes in eggs laid by survived females treated with RING DNA fragment accompanied with calcium and magnesium imbalance, indicating that the strong stress reactions and metabolic effects are not confined to treated insects but likely led to apoptosis in eggs too. The proposed new approach for insect pest management, which can be considered as advancement of "microbial pesticides", is based on the application of the specific virus DNA, exploiting the knowledge about virus-pest interactions and putting it to the benefit of mankind.
Asunto(s)
Genes Virales/genética , Insecticidas , Mariposas Nocturnas , Nucleopoliedrovirus/genética , Animales , Apoptosis/genética , Femenino , Control de Insectos/métodos , Larva , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
This data article is related to the research article entitled "The RING for gypsy moth control: topical application of fragment of its nuclear polyhedrosis virus anti-apoptosis gene as insecticide" [1]. This article reports on significantly higher survival of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar male individuals in response to topical application of single-stranded DNA, based on RING (really interesting new gene) domain fragment of LdMNPV (L. dispar multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus) IAP-3 (inhibitor of apoptosis) gene and acted as DNA insecticide.