RESUMEN
The benefits of large-scale genetic studies for healthcare of the populations studied are well documented, but these genetic studies have traditionally ignored people from some parts of the world, such as South Asia. Here we describe whole genome sequence (WGS) data from 4806 individuals recruited from the healthcare delivery systems of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, combined with WGS from 927 individuals from isolated South Asian populations. We characterize population structure in South Asia and describe a genotyping array (SARGAM) and imputation reference panel that are optimized for South Asian genomes. We find evidence for high rates of reproductive isolation, endogamy and consanguinity that vary across the subcontinent and that lead to levels of rare homozygotes that reach 100 times that seen in outbred populations. Founder effects increase the power to associate functional variants with disease processes and make South Asia a uniquely powerful place for population-scale genetic studies.
Asunto(s)
Pueblo Asiatico , Efecto Fundador , Humanos , Pueblo Asiatico/genética , Bangladesh , Homocigoto , India , Pakistán , Personas del Sur de AsiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are X-linked allelic disorders which are caused by mutations in the DMD gene. Carrier analysis in DMD is complicated due to the heterozygous nature of the X chromosome. Several techniques have been tried for carrier analysis in families where the mutation is identified including quantitative multiplex PCR (qmPCR), Southern blot, and now multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Linkage analysis is used in cases without identifiable mutations. The present study was undertaken to determine the status of probable carriers in families where the DMD deletion/duplication has been identified for the affected index cases. METHODS: Carrier status was present in 150 probable carriers from 110 apparently unrelated families where the patients' mutations were known. Of these 110 families, 100 were deletions, 9 duplications and 1 point mutation. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) was used to assess the copy number changes and direct sequencing was used for the case with the point mutation. RESULTS: Of the 150 cases, 49 were found to be carriers. Among the sporadic cases, it was observed that the rate of de novo mutations was very high (71%) as compared to the hereditary cases (29%), which was higher than the calculated rate (30%). It was observed that this difference was more apparent in deletion mutations than in duplications. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the DMD carrier rates in the families with unidentified deletions and duplications and where the causative mutation could be small insertions/deletions or point mutations could throw more light into this observation. MLPA was found to be useful in detecting copy number changes in DMD carriers and this could be the method of choice for DMD carrier analysis, when the mutation is detected in the affected child.
Asunto(s)
Distrofina/genética , Heterocigoto , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/diagnóstico , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/genética , Mutación , Alelos , Southern Blotting , Cromosomas Humanos X , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Duplicación de Gen , Ligamiento Genético , Marcadores Genéticos , Humanos , Masculino , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Mutación Puntual , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
Protoplast release in Eremothecium ashbyii, Trichoderma reesei, and Penicillium chrysogenum was achieved using commercially available enzymes, Novozyme 234 and Funcelase. A rapid release of protoplasts was observed in E. ashbyii, yielding nearly 4.0 x 10(7) protoplasts ml-1 in 10-35 min. The regeneration frequency of protoplasts from T. reesei, P. chrysogenum, and E. ashbyii using Funcelase was 51.77, 28.32, and 7.64%, respectively, and was higher in comparison with Novozyme-derived protoplasts.