Polymer-free stents for percutaneous coronary intervention in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of polymer-free drug-eluting stents (PF-DES) versus other stents in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.Materials & methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to identify pertinent randomized controlled trials. The primary end point was the occurrence of target lesion failure.Results: Eight randomized controlled trials were included for a total of 4854 subjects. The PF-DES group experienced a trend in favor of a lower rate of target lesion failure (Incidence rate ratio = 0.91; p = 0.11) and a significantly lower rate of cardiac mortality, as compared with the control group (Incidence rate ratio = 0.82; p = 0.04). However, statistical significance was lost if bare-metal stent patients were excluded and a trend in favor of the PF-DES strategy was reported only for cardiac mortality.Conclusion: PF-DES could be a valuable strategy in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions.

What is this summary about? Polymer-free drug-eluting stents (PF-DES) are a novel type of coronary stent with potential benefits in terms of chronic coronary inflammation. This is a comprehensive, up-to-date, systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of PF-DES versus other stents in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.What were the results? Patients treated with PF-DES experienced similar prognosis, with a trend toward better outcomes, as compared with conventional stents.What do the results mean? PF-DES could represent a novel and effective strategy for treating coronary artery disease in diabetic patients.

Different Models of Cardiac Telerehabilitation for People with Coronary Artery Disease: Features and Effectiveness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives: Cardiac telerehabilitation (TR) for coronary artery disease (CAD) is a feasible alternative to the center-based rehabilitation delivery model. However, the features of exercise-based cardiac TR are still heterogeneous among studies, making it difficult to disentangle the preferable reference strategies to be recommended for the adoption of this new delivery of care. In addition, little is known about the effectiveness of different models, such as the hybrid model (CRh) including both center-based and home-based telerehabilitation approaches, and the solely home-based telerehabilitation (CTR). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included TR intervention in patients with CAD to profile the features of the telerehabilitation approach for CAD. We also conducted a meta-analysis to separately assess the effectiveness of CTR and CRh on medical benefit outcome measures compared to conventional intervention (CI). Results: Out of 17.692 studies, 28 RCTs involving 2.662 CAD patients were included in the review. The studies presented an equal proportion of the CTR and CRh models. The interventions were mainly multidimensional, with a frequency of 1 month to 6 months, with each session ranging between 20 to 70 min. In CRh, the intervention was mainly consecutive to center-based rehabilitation. All studies adopted asynchronous communication in TR, mainly providing monitoring/assessment, decisions, and offline feedback. Few studies reported mortality, and none reported data about re-hospitalization or morbidity. Adherence to the CTR and CRh interventions was high (over 80%). The meta-analyses showed the superior effect of CTR compared to CI in exercise capacity. An overall noninferiority effect of both CTR and CRh compared to CI was found with factors including risk control and participation. Conclusions: The results of the review and meta-analyses indicated that CTR and CRh are equally effective, safe, convenient, and valid alternatives to cardiac conventional interventions. The evidence suggests that telerehabilitation may represent a valid alternative to overcome cardiac rehabilitation barriers.

Effects of left bundle branch block on echocardiographic coronary flow assessment: A systematic review.

This systematic review investigates the diagnostic and prognostic utility of coronary flow reserve (CFR) assessment through echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB), a condition known to complicate the clinical evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD). The literature search was performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, was guided by PRISMA standards up to March 2024, and yielded six observational studies that met inclusion criteria. These studies involved a diverse population of patients with LBBB, employing echocardiographic protocols to clarify the impact of LBBB on coronary flow dynamics. The findings emphasize the importance of CFR in stratifying cardiovascular risk and guiding clinical decision-making in patients with LBBB. Pooled results reveal that patients with LBBB and significant left anterior descending (LAD) artery stenosis exhibited a marked decrease in stress-peak diastolic velocity (MD = -19.03 [-23.58; -14.48] cm/s; p < .0001) and CFR (MD = -.60 [-.71; -.50]; p < .0001), compared to those without significant LAD lesions, suggesting the efficacy of stress echocardiography CFR assessment in the identification of clinically significant CAD among the LBBB population. This review highlights the clinical relevance of echocardiography CFR assessment as a noninvasive tool for evaluating CAD and stratifying risk in the presence of LBBB and underscores the need for standardized protocols in CFR measurement.

Effects of Static Meditation Practice on Blood Lipid Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This review aims to delineate the potential impact of static meditation practice on cholesterol and triglyceride levels. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were systematically screened up until December 2023 to identify pertinent studies. After searching the scientific literature, 16 clinical studies (11 trials and 5 observational experiments) met the criteria for inclusion, involving a total of 1147 participants. In general, Ayurvedic-based meditation techniques were predominantly associated with lower total cholesterol levels, mindfulness-based techniques demonstrated benefits in both total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and Eastern meditation techniques with spiritual origins were primarily linked to improved serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol. Study participants mostly engaged in meditation on a daily basis, often practicing it once or even twice a day, spanning a duration ranging from a few weeks to several months. The meta-analysis shows an association between meditation practice in healthy or sub-healthy adults and reduced cholesterol levels, with an average decrease of approximately -14 mg/dL (MD = -13.91 [-23.35; -4.47] mg/dL; p = 0.02), alongside favorable and even more pronounced impacts on triglyceride levels (MD = -32.56 [-48.44; -16.68] mg/dL; p < 0.01). In summary, regular engagement in static meditation practices can be associated with lower triglyceride and, to a lesser extent, cholesterol levels. Further studies on the topic are recommended to better investigate the relationship between meditation practice and physiological parameters.

Cardiac Wolframinopathies: A Case Report of Myocarditis and a Literature Review of Cardiac Involvement in Wolfram Syndrome 1.

Purpose: Myocarditis is frequently a sporadic disease, but may also occur in the context of genetic disorders which may increase susceptibility to cardiac inflammation. Cardiac involvement in Wolfram syndrome type 1 (WS1) has been scarcely characterized. To our knowledge, no cases of virus-negative myocarditis have been reported in the WS1 pediatric population. Methods: We report the description of a pediatric case of acute myocarditis in the context of WS1, followed by a literature review of cardiovascular involvement associated with wolframin variants, and discuss potential pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic options. Results: A young patient with WS1, treated with insulin and liraglutide, was admitted for acute chest pain. Cardiac magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy were performed to confirm the clinical suspicion of myocarditis. While congenital heart diseases and arrhythmias have been described previously in patients with WS1, this is the first description of virus-negative myocarditis. Conclusions: Myocarditis may represent a possible manifestation of cardiovascular involvement in WS1. Cardiovascular screening may be considered in patients with WS1.

The "arrhythmic" presentation of peripartum cardiomyopathy: case series and critical review of the literature.

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a polymorphic myocardial disease occurring late during pregnancy or early after delivery. While reduced systolic function and heart failure (HF) symptoms have been widely described, there is still a lack of reports about the arrhythmic manifestations of the disease. Most importantly, a broad range of unidentified pre-existing conditions, which may be missed by general practitioners and gynecologists, must be considered in differential diagnosis. The issue is relevant since some arrhythmias are associated to sudden cardiac death occurring in young patients, and the overall risk does not cease during the early postpartum period. This is why multimodality diagnostic workup and multidisciplinary management are highly suggested for these patients. We reported a series of 16 patients diagnosed with PPCM following arrhythmic clinical presentation. Both inpatients and outpatients were identified retrospectively. We performed several tests to identify the arrhythmic phenomena, inflammation and fibrosis presence. Cardiomyopathies phenotypes were reclassified in compliance with the updated ESC guidelines recommendations. Arrhythmias were documented in all the patients during the first cardiological assessment. PVC were the most common recorder arrhythmias, followed by VF, NSVT, AF, CSD.

Prognostic role of coronary artery ectasia in patients with nonobstructive coronary artery disease.

AIMS: Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) has been linked to the occurrence of adverse events in patients with ischemia/angina and no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/ANOCA), while the relationship between CAE and myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has been poorly investigated. In our study we aimed at assessing differences in clinical, angiographic and prognostic features among patients with CAE and MINOCA vs. INOCA/ANOCA presentation. METHODS: Patients with angiographic evidence of CAE were enrolled at the University Hospital of Parma and divided into MINOCA vs. INOCA/ANOCA presentation. Clinical and quantitative angiographic information was recorded and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) was assessed at follow-up. RESULTS: We enrolled a total of 97 patients: 49 (50.5%) with MINOCA and 48 (49.5%) with INOCA/ANOCA presentation. The presentation with MINOCA was associated with a higher frequency of inflammatory diseases ( P  = 0.041), multivessel CAE ( P  = 0.030) and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 ( P  = 0.013). At a median follow-up of 38 months, patients with MINOCA had a significantly higher incidence of MACE compared with those with INOCA/ANOCA [8 (16.3%) vs. 2 (4.2%), P  = 0.045], mainly driven by a higher rate of nonfatal MI [5 (10.2%) vs. 0 (0.0%), P  = 0.023]. At multivariate Cox regression analysis, the presentation with MINOCA ( P  = 0.039) and the presence of TIMI flow <3 ( P  = 0.037) were independent predictors of MACE at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Among a cohort of patients with CAE and nonobstructive coronary artery disease, the presentation with MINOCA predicted a worse outcome.

Air pollution and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest risk: a 7-year study from a highly polluted area.

AIMS: Globally, nearly 20% of cardiovascular disease deaths were attributable to air pollution. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) represents a major public health problem; therefore, the identification of novel OHCA triggers is of crucial relevance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between air pollution (short-, mid-, and long-term exposures) and OHCA risk, during a 7-year period in a highly polluted urban area in northern Italy, with a high density of automated external defibrillators (AEDs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests were prospectively collected from the 'Progetto Vita Database' between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017; day-by-day air pollution levels were extracted from the Environmental Protection Agency stations. Electrocardiograms of OHCA interventions were collected from the AED data cards. Day-by-day particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and 10, ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were measured. A total of 880 OHCAs occurred in 748 days. A significant increase in OHCA risk with a progressive increase in PM2.5, PM10, CO, and NO2 levels was found. After adjustment for temperature and seasons, a 9% and 12% increase in OHCA risk for each 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 (P < 0.0001) and PM2.5 (P < 0.0001) levels was found. Air pollutant levels were associated with both asystole and shockable rhythm risk, while no correlation was found with pulseless electrical activity. CONCLUSION: Short- and mid-term exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 are independently associated with the risk of OHCA due to asystole or shockable rhythm.

Silence and its effects on the autonomic nervous system: A systematic review.

This systematic review explores the influence of silence on the autonomic nervous system. The Polyvagal Theory has been used as a reference model to describe the autonomic nervous system by explaining its role in emotional regulation, social engagement, and adaptive physiological responses. PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were systematically searched up until July 2023 for relevant studies. The literature search yielded 511 results, and 37 studies were eventually included in this review. Silence affects the autonomic nervous system differently based on whether it is inner or outer silence. Inner silence enhances activity of the ventral vagus, favoring social engagement, and reducing sympathetic nervous system activity and physiological stress. Outer silence, conversely, can induce a heightened state of alertness, potentially triggering vagal brake removal and sympathetic nervous system activation, though with training, it can foster inner silence, preventing such activation. The autonomic nervous system response to silence can also be influenced by other factors such as context, familiarity with silence, presence and quality of outer noise, and empathy.

Multimodal Detection and Targeting of Biopsy-Proven Myocardial Inflammation in Genetic Cardiomyopathies: A Pilot Report.

The authors present a clinical report focused on the overlap between myocarditis and genetic cardiomyopathies of the dilated and arrhythmogenic spectrum. Our cohort was composed of 25 patients undergoing extensive baseline characterization and prospective reassessment by a dedicated multidisciplinary disease unit during a median follow-up of 69 months. We showed that the use of multimodal imaging allowed both discrimination of specific genotypes and identification of myocardial inflammation proven using endomyocardial biopsy. In addition, we showed that the use of immunomodulatory therapy was beneficial for most patients.

Happiness and Socio-Demographic Factors in an Italian Sample: A Propensity-Matched Study.

Happiness is receiving more and more interest both as a determinant of health and a measure of outcome in biomedical and psychological sciences. The main objective of this study was to assess how the levels of happiness vary in a large sample of Italian adults and to identify the socio-demographic conditions which impair happiness domains the most. The participants of this survey consisted of 1695 Italian adults (85.9% women; 14.1% men) who completed the Measure of Happiness (MH) questionnaire online. In this study, the differences between groups in total and single domain (life perspective, psychophysical status, socio-relational sphere, relational private sphere, and financial status) happiness levels were examined through a propensity score matching analysis with respect to socio-demographic conditions, including gender, age, annual income, relationship status, having children, and education level. The results show that low income has a negative impact on happiness levels, whereas being in a relationship has a positive effect. Having children appears to have a negative impact on male happiness. Males appear to be happier than females, especially with regard to the psychophysics status. This evidence emphasizes the urgency for Italian policymakers to take actions on removing obstacles to people's happiness, especially with regard to financial distress, parenthood, and gender gaps.

Personalized Management of Sudden Death Risk in Primary Cardiomyopathies: From Clinical Evaluation and Multimodality Imaging to Ablation and Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implant.

Sudden cardiac death represents the leading cause of death worldwide; although the majority of sudden deaths occur in an elderly population with coronary artery disease, some occur in young and otherwise healthy individuals, as is the case of cardiomyopathies. The aim of the present review is to provide a stepwise hierarchical approach for the global sudden death risk estimation in primary cardiomyopathies. Each individual risk factor is analyzed for its contribution to the overall risk of sudden death for each specific cardiomyopathy as well as across all primary myocardial diseases. This stepwise hierarchical and personalized approach starts from the clinical evaluation, subsequently passes through the role of electrocardiographic monitoring and multimodality imaging, and finally concludes with genetic evaluation and electro-anatomical mapping. In fact, the sudden cardiac death risk assessment in cardiomyopathies depends on a multiparametric approach. Moreover, current indications for ventricular arrhythmia ablation and defibrillator implantation are discussed.

Effects of Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Enhanced with Neuropsychological Treatment on Post-Acute SARS-CoV-2 Cognitive Impairment (Brain Fog): An Observational Study.

Concentration and memory impairment (named "brain fog") represents a frequent and disabling neuropsychological sequela in post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) patients. The aim of this study was to assess whether neurocognitive function could improve after a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program enhanced with individualized neuropsychological treatment. A prospective monocentric registry of PACS patients consecutively admitted to our Rehabilitation Unit was created. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess cognitive impairment at admission and discharge. A total of sixty-four (64) PACS patients, fifty-six (56) of them with brain fog, were treated with a day-by-day individualized psychological intervention of cognitive stimulation (45 min) on top of a standard in-hospital rehabilitation program. The mean duration of the acute-phase hospitalization was 55.8 ± 25.8 days and the mean in-hospital rehabilitation duration was 30 ± 10 days. The mean age of the patients was 67.3 ± 10.4 years, 66% of them were male, none had a previous diagnosis of dementia, and 66% of the entire sample had experienced severe COVID-19. At admission, only 12% of the patients had normal cognitive function, while 57% showed mild, 28% moderate, and 3% severe cognitive impairment. After psychological treatment, a significant improvement in the MoCA score was found (20.4 ± 5 vs. 24.7 ± 3.7; p < 0.0001) as a result of significant amelioration in the following domains: attention task (p = 0.014), abstract reasoning (p = 0.003), language repetition (p = 0.002), memory recall (p < 0.0001), orientation (p < 0.0001), and visuospatial abilities (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the improvement remained significant after multivariate analysis adjusted for several confounding factors. Finally, at discharge, 43% of the patients with cognitive impairment normalized their cognitive function, while 4.7% were discharged with residual moderate cognitive impairment. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of the effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation enhanced with neuropsychological treatment on improvement in the cognitive function of post-acute COVID-19 patients.

Myocardial Inflammation as a Manifestation of Genetic Cardiomyopathies: From Bedside to the Bench.

Over recent years, preclinical and clinical evidence has implicated myocardial inflammation (M-Infl) in the pathophysiology and phenotypes of traditionally genetic cardiomyopathies. M-Infl resembling myocarditis on imaging and histology occurs frequently as a clinical manifestation of classically genetic cardiac diseases, including dilated and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. The emerging role of M-Infl in disease pathophysiology is leading to the identification of druggable targets for molecular treatment of the inflammatory process and a new paradigm in the field of cardiomyopathies. Cardiomyopathies constitute a leading cause of heart failure and arrhythmic sudden death in the young population. The aim of this review is to present, from bedside to bench, the current state of the art about the genetic basis of M-Infl in nonischemic cardiomyopathies of the dilated and arrhythmogenic spectrum in order to prompt future research towards the identification of novel mechanisms and treatment targets, with the ultimate goal of lowering disease morbidity and mortality.

The Aging Heart: A Molecular and Clinical Challenge.

Aging is associated with an increasing burden of morbidity, especially for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). General cardiovascular risk factors, ischemic heart diseases, heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathies present a significant prevalence in older people, and are characterized by peculiar clinical manifestations that have distinct features compared with the same conditions in a younger population. Remarkably, the aging heart phenotype in both healthy individuals and patients with CVD reflects modifications at the cellular level. An improvement in the knowledge of the physiological and pathological molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac aging could improve clinical management of older patients and offer new therapeutic targets.

Heart rate variability and cognitive performance in adults with cardiovascular risk.

Background: Heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic function, has been associated with both cardiovascular disease and cognitive dysfunction. In turn, cardiovascular risk has been linked to an increased risk of dementia onset. However, whether autonomic dysfunction may represent an early marker of cognitive decline in individuals with high cardiovascular risk is still an open issue. Methods: We performed a complete 24-hour HRV analysis in 50 middle-aged and elderly subjects with cardiovascular risk as assessed with the European Society of Cardiology Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (ESC SCORE). Cognitive performance was evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) and Stroop Color and Word Test. Stepwise regression was used to identify significant associations between 24-hour ambulatory ECGs parameters and cognitive performances. Results: There were 30 women and 20 men with mean age of 64.9 years (range 51-77) and the mean ESC SCORE was 6%. Four subjects were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment. Associations were found between measures of HRV and measures of cognition. Ultra-low frequency (ULF) band power of HRV significantly correlated with MoCA (r = 0.424, p = 0.003), also after adjustment for demographics and education. A significant association was also found between the ESC SCORE and ULF band power (r = -0.470, p = 0.0009). Conclusions: Ultra-low frequency band power of HRV is associated with cognitive performance of middle-aged and elderly subjects with cardiovascular risk. This finding may indicate that autonomic nervous system dysregulation plays a role in developing cardiovascular risk and cognitive decline.

RNA-seq profiling reveals different pathways between remodeled vessels and myocardium in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a key pathophysiological feature of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), contributing to myocardial ischemia and representing a critical determinant of patients' adverse outcome. The molecular mechanisms underlying the morphological and functional changes of CMD are still unknown. Aim of this study was to obtain insights on the molecular pathways associated with microvessel remodeling in HCM. METHODS: Interventricular septum myectomies from patients with obstructive HCM (n = 20) and donors' hearts (CTRL, discarded for technical reasons, n = 7) were collected. Remodeled intramyocardial arterioles and cardiomyocytes were microdissected by laser capture and next-generation sequencing was used to delineate the transcriptome profile. RESULTS: We identified 720 exclusive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cardiomyocytes and 1315 exclusive DEGs in remodeled arterioles of HCM. Performing gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses, we identified selectively altered pathways between remodeled arterioles and cardiomyocytes in HCM patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the existence of distinctive pathways between remodeled arterioles and cardiomyocytes in HCM patients and controls at the transcriptome level.

Perceived Anxiety, Coping, and Autonomic Function in Takotsubo Syndrome Long after the Acute Event.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depressive disorders represent predisposing factors for the autonomic dysfunctions that characterize the acute phase of Takotsubo syndrome (TS). However, there is insufficient data on this relationship after the acute event. The present study aimed at evaluating the psychological and autonomic status of patients with a history of TS. METHODS: Ten TS patients whose acute event occurred at least 1 year prior to the evaluation and nine healthy age- and sex-matched subjects were evaluated. The cardiovascular assessment included a clinical examination, beat-to-beat heart rate monitoring to assess heart rate variability, and a psychological examination using the 16 Personality Factors-C Form (16PF), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced (COPE), the Beck Depression Inventory-II, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: TS patients scored significantly higher on the STAI (i.e., Anxiety Trait), 16PF (i.e., Tension), and COPE (i.e., Transcendental Orientation). TS patients also showed lower heart rate variability. Moreover, a significant inverse correlation was found between sympathetic tone (LF/HF ratio) and coping orientation. CONCLUSIONS: Long after the acute event, TS patients are characterized by elevated anxiety, high tension, and a specific religious coping strategy.

Myosins and MyomiR Network in Patients with Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiomyopathy. The molecular mechanisms determining HCM phenotypes are incompletely understood. Myocardial biopsies were obtained from a group of patients with obstructive HCM (n = 23) selected for surgical myectomy and from 9 unused donor hearts (controls). A subset of tissue-abundant myectomy samples from HCM (n = 10) and controls (n = 6) was submitted to laser-capture microdissection to isolate cardiomyocytes. We investigated the relationship among clinical phenotype, cardiac myosin proteins (MyHC6, MyHC7, and MyHC7b) measured by optimized label-free mass spectrometry, the relative genes (MYH7, MYH7B and MYLC2), and the MyomiR network (myosin-encoded microRNA (miRs) and long-noncoding RNAs (Mhrt)) measured using RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR. MyHC6 was lower in HCM vs. controls, whilst MyHC7, MyHC7b, and MyLC2 were comparable. MYH7, MYH7B, and MYLC2 were higher in HCM whilst MYH6, miR-208a, miR-208b, miR-499 were comparable in HCM and controls. These results are compatible with defective transcription by active genes in HCM. Mhrt and two miR-499-target genes, SOX6 and PTBP3, were upregulated in HCM. The presence of HCM-associated mutations correlated with PTBP3 in myectomies and with SOX6 in cardiomyocytes. Additionally, iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, transiently transfected with either miR-208a or miR-499, demonstrated a time-dependent relationship between MyomiRs and myosin genes. The transfection end-stage pattern was at least in part similar to findings in HCM myectomies. These data support uncoupling between myosin protein/genes and a modulatory role for the myosin/MyomiR network in the HCM myocardium, possibly contributing to phenotypic diversity and providing putative therapeutic targets.