RESUMEN
RATIONALE: Sex differences in the dopaminergic response to psychostimulants could have implications for drug abuse risk and other psychopathology involving the dopamine system, but human data are limited and mixed. OBJECTIVES: Here, we sought to investigate sex differences in dopamine release after oral D-amphetamine administration. METHODS: We used [18F]fallypride positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the change in dopamine D2/3 receptor availability (%ΔBPND, an index of dopamine release) between placebo and D-amphetamine sessions in two independent datasets containing a total of 39 females (on either hormonal birth control n = 18, postmenopausal n = 10, or studied in the first 10 days of their menstrual cycle n = 11) and 37 males. RESULTS: Using both a priori anatomical regions of interest based on previous findings and voxelwise analyses, we failed to consistently detect broad sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Nevertheless, there was limited evidence for greater right ventral striatal dopamine release in young adult males relative to similarly aged females, but this was not consistently observed across samples. Plasma estradiol did not correlate with dopamine release and this measure did not differ in females on and off hormonal birth control. CONCLUSIONS: While our finding in young adults from one dataset of greater %ΔBPND in males is partially consistent with a previously published study on sex differences in D-amphetamine-induced dopamine release, our data do not support the presence of consistent widespread sex differences in this measure of dopamine release.
Asunto(s)
Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Dextroanfetamina/farmacología , Dopamina/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D2/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D3/efectos de los fármacos , Estriado Ventral/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Anciano , Benzamidas , Femenino , Radioisótopos de Flúor , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D3/metabolismo , Caracteres Sexuales , Factores Sexuales , Estriado Ventral/diagnóstico por imagen , Estriado Ventral/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Physical activity has been shown to ameliorate dopaminergic degeneration in non-human animal models. However, the effects of regular physical activity on normal age-related changes in dopamine function in humans are unknown. Here we present cross-sectional data from forty-four healthy human subjects between 23 and 80 years old, showing that typical age-related dopamine D2 receptor loss, assessed with PET [18F]fallypride, was significantly reduced in physically active adults compared to less active adults.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Receptores de Dopamina D2/fisiología , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Benzamidas , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Radiofármacos , Receptores de Dopamina D2/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D3/metabolismo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The IAPs are key regulators of the apoptotic pathways and are commonly overexpressed in many cancer cells. IAPs contain one to three BIR domains that are crucial for their inhibitory function. The pro-survival properties of XIAP come from binding of the BIR domains to the pro-apoptotic caspases. The BIR3 domain of XIAP binds and inhibits caspase 9, while the BIR2 domain binds and inhibits the terminal caspases 3 and 7. While XIAP BIR3 inhibitors have previously been reported, they also inhibit cIAP1/2 and promote the release of TNFα, potentially limiting their therapeutic utility. This paper will focus on the optimization of selective XIAP BIR2 inhibitors leading to the discovery of highly potent benzodiazepinone 36 (IC50 = 45 nM), which has high levels of selectivity over XIAP BIR3 and cIAP1 BIR2/3 and shows efficacy in a xenograft pharmacodynamic model monitoring caspase activity while not promoting the release of TNFα in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacología , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Inhibidora de la Apoptosis Ligada a X/antagonistas & inhibidores , Alanina/análogos & derivados , Alanina/síntesis química , Alanina/farmacocinética , Alanina/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Benzodiazepinonas/síntesis química , Benzodiazepinonas/farmacocinética , Benzodiazepinonas/farmacología , Western Blotting , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Caspasa 7/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Femenino , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/farmacocinética , Humanos , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/química , Proteínas Inhibidoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Modelos Químicos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas , Proteína Inhibidora de la Apoptosis Ligada a X/química , Proteína Inhibidora de la Apoptosis Ligada a X/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
A series of pyrimidodiazepines was identified as potent Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. The synthesis and SAR are discussed. The lead compound 7 (RO3280) has potent inhibitory activity against PLK1, good selectivity against other kinases, and excellent in vitro cellular potency. It showed strong antitumor activity in xenograft mouse models.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Azepinas/farmacología , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias Experimentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Pirimidinas/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/química , Azepinas/síntesis química , Azepinas/química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/síntesis química , Pirimidinas/química , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Quinasa Tipo Polo 1RESUMEN
A novel series of quinolinyl-methylene-thiazolinones has been identified as potent and selective cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) inhibitors. Their synthesis and structure activity relationships (SAR) are described. Representative compounds from this class reversibly inhibit CDK1 activity in vitro, and block cell cycle progression in human tumor cell lines, suggesting a potential use as antitumor agents.