RESUMEN
Makgeolli, a widely consumed traditional alcoholic beverage in Korea, is brewed mainly from rice using Nuruk as a fermentation starter, which contains fungi, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria. Among 58 Makgeolli samples brewed using various Nuruks, we found that one exhibited anti-obesity properties, with stachydrine shown to be responsible for these properties. Stachydrine promotes lipolysis and inhibits lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; it also reduces weight gain and improves glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in a mouse model. Stachydrine dramatically suppresses adipsin mRNA levels in liver and adipose tissue, whereas serum adipsin levels were elevated in stachydrine-treated mice compared to mice fed a high-fat diet alone. Moreover, stachydrine recovers endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and regulates adipsin expression. We highlight the potential use of stachydrine as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and insulin resistance and the use of Makgeolli fermented by Nuruk as a source of novel bioactive compounds.
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Resistencia a la Insulina , Oryza , Células 3T3-L1 , Animales , Factor D del Complemento/uso terapéutico , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Retículo Endoplásmico/metabolismo , Homeostasis , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Obesidad/etiología , Obesidad/prevención & control , Prolina/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
Herein, nuruks derived from non-glutinous and glutinous rice inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae N159-1 (having high alpha-amylase and beta-glucosidase activities) were used to produce Korean alcoholic beverages. The resultant beverages had enhanced fruity (ethyl caproate and isoamyl alcohol) and rose (2-phenethyl acetate and phenethyl alcohol) flavors and high taste scores.
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In this study, a total of 58 different kinds of nuruk (a traditional Korean fermentation starter) were prepared, including 46 kinds of restored nuruk from ancient documents. Each nuruk was evaluated by analysis of its saccharification power, and the enzyme activities of glucoamylase, α-amylase, ß-amylase, protease, and ß-glucanase. The range of saccharification power (sp) of the restored nuruk ranged between 85 and 565 sp. The diastatic enzymes, α-amylase, ß-amylase, and glucoamylase, were significantly correlated to the saccharification power value; conversely, ß-glucanase and protease did not have a correlative relationship with saccarification power. In addition, their brewing properties on chemical and organoleptic aspects of traditional alcoholic beverage production were compared. Each raw and supplementary material contained in nuruk showed its own unique characteristics on Korean alcoholic beverage brewing. For the first time, in this study, the traditional Korean nuruk types mentioned in ancient documents were restored using modernized production methods, and also characterized based on their brewing properties. Our results could be utilized as a basis for further study of traditional alcoholic beverages and their valuable microorganisms.
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Fermentación , Microbiología de Alimentos , Hongos/enzimología , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimología , Bebidas Alcohólicas/microbiología , Activación Enzimática , Pruebas de Enzimas , Glucano 1,4-alfa-Glucosidasa/metabolismo , Glicósido Hidrolasas , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Péptido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , República de Corea , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/clasificación , Temperatura , alfa-Amilasas/metabolismo , beta-Amilasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
[Purpose] The present study investigated the effects of squat exercises with and without a variety of tools including a gym ball, wedge, and elastic band on the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis oblique muscles. [Subjects and Methods] A total of twenty healthy subjects with no history of neurological, musculoskeletal injury, or pain in the lower extremities were recruited. All subjects performed four types of exercise (conventional squat exercise, squat exercise with a gym ball, squat exercise with a wedge, squat exercise with an elastic band). [Results] There were no significant differences between exercises in comparison of the vastus lateralis muscle activity. In the squat exercise with a wedge, significantly higher activity of the vastus medialis oblique muscle was found compared with in the squat exercise with an elastic band. [Conclusion] The present study suggests that the conventional squat exercise can be one of the useful interventions for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
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PURPOSE: The study was done to identify the construct validity and reliability of the life transition scale (LTS) for parents who have children with autism. METHODS: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmative factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to identify the most adequate measurement model for structural validity. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were also conducted for structural validity. Data were collected from 208 parents through self-reported questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS/WIN 15.0 and AMOS 20.0 version. RESULTS: A four factor-structure was validated (χ²=541.23, p<.001, GFI=.82, RMSEA=.07, IFI=.89, CFI=.89, PNFI=.73, Q (χ²/df)=2.20) at the 3rd order of EFA and CFA, and factors were named as denying, wandering, despairing, and accepting. Both convergent and determinant validity for LTS were 100%. Cronbach's alphas for the reliability of each structure were .77-.90 and .83 for total structure. CONCLUSION: The four structures, 24-item instrument showed satisfactory reliability and validity. LTS has the potential to be appropriate for assessing the transition process of life for parents who have children with autism and provides basic directions for differentiated support and care at each stage.
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Trastorno Autístico/patología , Padres/psicología , Adaptación Fisiológica , Adulto , Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Niño , Preescolar , Análisis Factorial , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Calidad de Vida , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Market fresh makgeolli was stored at different temperatures of 4°C and 25°C to assess the change of the microbial diversity according to the storage temperature and period. Yeast counts increased until day 3 of storage and decreased thereafter. General and lactic acid bacterial counts continuously increased during storage. The data indicated that the control of growth of microorganisms, particularly general bacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), is essential. Total acid levels started to decrease in the makgeolli stored at 4°C, and increased from day 6 of storage in the makgeolli stored at 25°C. The increase of total acid in the non-refrigerated condition greatly affected the quality of makgeolli. In both the fresh makgeolli samples stored at 4°C and 25°C, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and molds (Aspergillus tubingensis, Candida glaebosa, and Aspergillus niger) were noted. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns were almost constant regardless of the storage period. As for bacteria, Lactobacillus crustorum, L. brevis, and Microlaena stipoides were found in the makgeolli stored at 4°C, and L. crustorum, Lactobacillus sp., L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. rhamnosus, and L. similis were found in the makgeolli stored at 25°C. In particular, in the makgeolli stored at 25°C, L. crustorum and L. plantarum presented dark bands and were identified as the primary microorganisms that affected spoilage of fresh makgeolli.
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Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Biodiversidad , Microbiología de Alimentos , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Carga Bacteriana , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Electroforesis en Gel de Gradiente Desnaturalizante , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/genética , TemperaturaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to develop a scale to measure the life transition process of parents of children with autism, against the backdrop of a lack of research on this topic. METHODS: Seventy preliminary items were drawn from previous qualitative research, and content validity was tested by three professors as well as three parents of children with autism. A questionnaire survey was also done between August 2011 and February 2012. Data were collected from 207 parents of children with autism and analyzed using descriptive statistics, item analysis, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficients, and factor analysis with the SPSS Win 15.0 program. RESULTS: Twenty-nine items were selected to constitute the appropriate measuring scale and categorized into 5 factors explaining 63.2% of the total variance. The 5 factors were named; stages of denial (5 items), wandering (6 items), devotion (7 items), frustration (3 items), and finally acceptance (8 items). Cronbach's alpha for the 29 items was .80. CONCLUSION: The results of this study not only suggest assessment criteria for the life transition process of parents who have children with autism but also provide basic directions for program development to provide differentiated support and care at each stage.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Trastorno Autístico/patología , Padre/psicología , Madres/psicología , Desarrollo de Programa , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Depresión/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Investigación Cualitativa , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
A gene, encoding the major secreted fibrinolytic protein of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CH86-1, was cloned from the genomic DNA. DNA sequencing showed that the gene, aprE86-1, could direct the synthesis of a mature protein of 275 amino acids long after processing. When aprE86-1 was introduced into B. subtilis, 27 kDa mature protein was produced as expected. The fibrinolytic activity of B. subtilis transformant (TF) was higher than that of B. amyloliquefaciens CH86-1, showing the possibility of increasing fibrinolytic activities of Bacillus strains through genetic engineering.
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Bacillus/enzimología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Clonación Molecular , Fibrina/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Bacillus/química , Bacillus/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Peso Molecular , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: While there are a number of studies on children with disabilities, there have been few studies on mothers of children with autism. The purpose of this study was to explore the process of life transition of mothers who have children with autism. METHODS: From June 2007 to May 2009, the researcher interviewed 15 mothers of children with autism living in Seoul City, Gyeonggi or Chonbuk Provinces, and then analyzed the data gathered using the constant comparative method of grounded theory. RESULTS: "Living together holding a string of fate" was a core category showing along the continuum of life. The basic social process of life transition encompassed 5 stages: stages of denying, wandering, devoting, mind controlling, and finally accepting. These five stages proceeded in phases, though returned back to the wandering stage occasionally. CONCLUSION: This study has opened the door to understanding how mothers of children with autism experienced life transition. The findings suggest that differentiated support and care at each stage should be given and there is the need to develop transition assessment tools for mothers of children with autism.
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Trastorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Madres/psicología , Adaptación Psicológica , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Entrevistas como Asunto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a model which explains factors influencing caring behavior of mothers who have children with disabilities, and to verify the appropriateness of the model and the relationship among variables. METHODS: The participants in the research were the mothers who had a 3 to 12 yr-old children with disabilities. The data were collected from 451 mothers through self-reported questionnaires from July 14 to 31, 2008. A total of the 371 data sets were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 11.5 and AMOS 5.0 version. RESULTS: The children's behavior characteristics, social support, objective burden and parenting self-esteem had an impact on the mothers' caring behavior. Especially, parenting self-esteem including parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy was the most influential factor. These variables explained 77% of the mothers' caring behavior for these children. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that some strategies for promoting mothers' parenting self-esteem focused on parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy should be developed in order to help mothers in caring for their child who is disabled.
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Niños con Discapacidad , Modelos Psicológicos , Madres/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Cognición , Femenino , Humanos , Conducta Materna , Responsabilidad Parental , Autoimagen , Apoyo Social , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Bacillus amyloliquefancies CH51 isolated from cheonggukjang, a traditional Korean fermented soy food, has strong fibrinolytic activity and produces several fibrinolytic enzymes. Among four different growth media, tryptic soy broth was the best in terms of supporting cell growth and fibrinolytic activity of this strain. A protein with fibrinolytic activity was partially purified from the culture supernatant by CMSephadex and Phenyl Sepharose column chromatographies. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis showed that this protein is a homolog of AprE from B. subtilis and it was accordingly named AprE51. The optimum pH and temperature for partially purified AprE51 activity were 6.0 and 45 degrees , respectively. A gene encoding AprE51, aprE51, was cloned from B. amyloliquefaciens CH51 genomic DNA. The aprE51 gene was overexpressed in heterologous B. subtilis strains deficient in fibrinolytic activity using an E.colo-Bacillus Shuttle vector, pHY300PLK.
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Bacillus/enzimología , Fibrinolisina/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Cromatografía en Gel , Clonación Molecular , Medios de Cultivo , Cartilla de ADN , Fermentación , Fibrinolisina/química , Fibrinolisina/genética , Fibrinolisina/metabolismo , Fibrinólisis , Cinética , Corea (Geográfico) , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Alimentos de Soja/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The hprK gene encoding bifunctional HPrK/P (kinase/ phosphorylase) was cloned from L. mesenteroides SY1, a strain isolated from kimchi. hprK was transcribed as a monocistronic gene. His-tagged HPrH16A and HPrK/P were produced in E. coli BL21(DE3) using pET26b(+) and purified. HPrK/P phosphorylation assay with purified proteins showed that the kinase activity of HPrK/P increased at slightly acidic pHs. Divalent cations such as Mg2+ and Mn2+ and glycolytic intermediates such as fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate (FBP) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) increased the kinase activity of HPrK/P, but inorganic phosphate strongly inhibited it. Kinetic studies for the kinase activity of HPrK/P showed that the apparent Km values were 0.18 and 14.57 microM for ATP and HPr, respectively. The Km value for the phosphorylase activity of HPrK/P was 14.16 microM for P-Ser-HPr (HPr phosphorylated at the serine residue).
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Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Leuconostoc/enzimología , Fosforilasas/química , Fosforilasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Cinética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fosforilasas/genética , Fosforilación , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Transcripción Genética , Verduras/microbiologíaRESUMEN
A 2.5 kb aga gene encoding alpha-galactosidase (alpha- Gal) from Leuconostoc mesenteroides SY1 was cloned into pSJE, an E. coli-Leuconostoc shuttle vector. The recombinant plasmid, pSJEaga, was introduced into Leuconostoc citreum KCTC3526 (ATCC49370) by electroporation. Transcription level of aga was the highest in cells grown on raffinose (1%, w/v) followed by cells grown on galactose, melibiose, fructose, glucose, and sucrose. Western blot using antibodies against alpha-Gal showed similar results to slot-blot results and enzyme activity measurements. All the results indicated that the heterologous aga was successfully expressed in L. citreum and its transcription was under the carbon catabolite repression (CCR).