Real-time object detection, tracking, and monitoring framework for security surveillance systems.

The concept of security is becoming a global challenge, and governments, stakeholders, corporate societies, and individuals must urgently create a reasonable protection mechanism for good. Therefore, a real-time surveillance system is essential for detection, tracking, and monitoring. Many studies have attempted to provide better solutions but more research and better approaches are essential. This study presents a real-time framework for object detection and tracking for security surveillance systems. The system has been designed based on approximate median filtering, component labeling, background subtraction, and deep learning approaches. The new algorithms for object detection, tracking, and recognition have been implemented using Python and integrated with C# programming languages for ease of use. A software application framework is designed, implemented, and evaluated. The experimental results based on MOT-Challenge performance metrics show that the proposed algorithms have much better performance in terms of accuracy and precision on the MOT15, MOT16, and MOT17 datasets compared to state-of-the-art approaches. This framework also provides an accurate and effective means of monitoring and recognizing moving objects. The software development, including the design of the framework user interfaces, is coded in the C# programming language and integrated with Python using Microsoft Visual Studio (2019 edition). The integration is performed to provide a convenient user interface and to enable the execution of the framework as a standard and standalone software application. Future studies will consider the dynamic scalability of the framework to accommodate different surveillance application areas in overcrowded scenarios. Multiple data sources are integrated to enhance the performance for different scene times, locations, and weather conditions. Furthermore, other object-detection techniques such as You Only Look Once (YOLO) and its variants shall be considered in future studies. These techniques allow the framework to adapt to complex situations in which security surveillance is challenging.

Twelve-month effectiveness and safety of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced people with HIV: Findings from the Asia cohort of the BICSTaR study.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing, observational BICSTaR (BICtegravir Single Tablet Regimen) cohort study is evaluating real-world effectiveness and safety of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) in people with HIV across 14 countries over 24 months. We present 12-month data from the BICSTaR Asia cohort. METHODS: Data were pooled from retrospective and prospective cohorts of antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve (hereafter, TN) and ART-experienced (hereafter, TE) people with HIV (aged ≥21 years) receiving B/F/TAF in routine clinical care in the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Analyses included effectiveness (primary endpoint: HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml, missing = excluded analysis), CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, safety, treatment persistence, and patient-reported outcomes (prospective group). RESULTS: The analysis population included 328 participants (80 retrospective, 248 prospective; 65 TN, 263 TE). Participants were predominantly male (96.9% TN, 93.2% TE) with ≥1 comorbidity (52.3% TN, 57.8% TE); median age (years) was 31 (TN) and 42 (TE). Following 12 months of B/F/TAF, HIV-1 RNA was <50 copies/ml in 98.2% (54/55) of TN and 97.0% (227/234) of TE participants. Median (Q1, Q3) CD4 cell count increased by +187 (119, 291) cells/µl in the TN group (p < 0.001) and remained stable (+8 [-91, 110] cells/µl) in the TE group. B/F/TAF persistence was high in the prospective group, with 1/34 (2.9%) TN and 5/214 (2.3%) TE participants discontinuing treatment within 12 months. Drug-related adverse events occurred in 5.8% (19/328) of participants, leading to treatment discontinuation in 0.6% (2/328). CONCLUSIONS: Real-world evidence from BICSTaR supports the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of B/F/TAF in people with HIV in Asia.

Compositionally Sequenced Interfacial Layers for High-Energy Li-Metal Batteries.

Electrolyte additives with multiple functions enable the interfacial engineering of Li-metal batteries (LMBs). Owing to their unique reduction behavior, additives exhibit a high potential for electrode surface modification that increases the reversibility of Li-metal anodes by enabling the development of a hierarchical solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). This study confirms that an adequately designed SEI facilitates the homogeneous supply of Li+, nonlocalized Li deposition, and low electrolyte degradation in LMBs while enduring the volume fluctuation of Li-metal anodes on cycling. An in-depth analysis of interfacial engineering mechanisms reveals that multilayered SEI structures comprising mechanically robust LiF-rich species, electron-rich P-O species, and elastic polymeric species enabled the stable charge and discharge of LMBs. The polymeric outer SEI layer in the as-fabricated multilayered SEI could accommodate the volume fluctuation of Li-metal anodes, significantly enhancing the cycling stability Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells with an electrolyte amount of 3.6 g Ah-1 and an areal capacity of 3.2 mAh cm-2. Therefore, this study confirms the ability of interfacial layers formed by electrolyte additives and fluorinated solvents to advance the performance of LMBs and can open new frontiers in the fabrication of high-performance LMBs through electrolyte-formulation engineering.

Identifying the Unmet Medical Needs of HIV-Positive Subjects in Korea: Results of a Nationwide Online Survey.

An online survey was conducted in Korea to identify the unmet medical needs of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH). Participants (n = 105) were mostly male (93.3%), aged >40 years (75.2%), and treated for ≥6 years post-diagnosis (61.9%). Most PLWH (71.4%) were very satisfied/satisfied with their HIV management. Areas of concern were quality of life (QoL) and mental health. Characteristics of a long-term therapeutic agent were 'low risk of resistance', 'high long-term viral suppression efficacy', and 'high degree of safety'. Pre-consultation QoL and mental health screening would be beneficial for the long-term success of HIV management.

Correction: Liquid electrolyte chemistries for solid electrolyte interphase construction on silicon and lithium-metal anodes.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/D3SC03514J.].

Liquid electrolyte chemistries for solid electrolyte interphase construction on silicon and lithium-metal anodes.

Next-generation battery development necessitates the coevolution of liquid electrolyte and electrode chemistries, as their erroneous combinations lead to battery failure. In this regard, priority should be given to the alleviation of the volumetric stress experienced by silicon and lithium-metal anodes during cycling and the mitigation of other problems hindering their commercialization. This review summarizes the advances in sacrificial compound-based volumetric stress-adaptable interfacial engineering, which has primarily driven the development of liquid electrolytes for high-performance lithium batteries. Besides, we discuss how the regulation of lithium-ion solvation structures helps expand the range of electrolyte formulations and thus enhance the quality of solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs), improve lithium-ion desolvation kinetics, and realize longer-lasting SEIs on high-capacity anodes. The presented insights are expected to inspire the design and synthesis of next-generation electrolyte materials and accelerate the development of advanced electrode materials for industrial battery applications.

A single-center prospective study regarding time to return to activities of daily living after craniotomy for brain tumors.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies on the time to return to activities of daily living (ADL) after craniotomy in patients with brain tumors. This study aimed to investigate the duration before returning to ADLs after craniotomy for brain tumors and present data that can provide information and guidelines on the appropriate time needed. METHODS: Patients (n = 183 of 234) who underwent craniotomy for brain tumors between April 2021 and July 2021 capable of self-care upon discharge were enrolled, and data of 158 were collected. The start time of 85 ADL items was prospectively investigated for 4 months postoperatively, using the self-recording sheet. RESULTS: Over 89% and 87% of the patients performed basic ADL items within a month and instrumental ADL items within 2 months (medians: within 18 days), except for a few. Regarding work, 50% of the patients returned within 4 months. Washing hair with a wound was performed at 18 days of median value, after 4 months of dyeing/perming hair, 6 days of drinking coffee/tea, after 4 months of air travel, and 40 days of complementary and alternative medicine. In patients with infratentorial tumors or surgical problems, return times were much later for various items. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to provide practical information and guidelines on the duration to return to ADL after craniotomy in brain tumor patients. These study findings also reduce uncertainty about recovery and daily life and help patients return to their daily life at the appropriate time, thereby maintaining function and daily well-being after surgery.

Time taken to resume activities of daily living after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors.

Postoperative management after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is important; however, the guidelines for resuming daily activities after TSS are insufficient. This study aimed to examine the time to return to activities of daily living (ADL) after TSS for pituitary tumors. A 4-month prospective data collection was completed for 114 of 117 patients who underwent TSS for pituitary tumors from April to July 2021. The time when the patient returned to ADL after surgery was measured using the self-recording sheet. More than 97% and 92% of the patients returned within 1 month (median: within 7 days) for the elements of basic ADL and within 2 months (median: within 15 days) for the elements of instrumental ADL, excluding a few. Notably, 73.3% of patients returned to work within 4 months. The median time for the activities included 64 days for washing hair head down, 44 days for blowing nose, 59 days for lifting heavy objects, and 102 days for sexual activity. For patients who received extended-TSS or had postoperative problems, the time to return was delayed. Based on these results, it will be possible to provide practical information and guidelines on the time to return to ADL after TSS in pituitary tumor patients.

Prevention of Superior Petrosal Vein Injury during Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia: Operative Nuances.

Background The superior petrosal vein (SPV) often obscures the surgical field or bleeds during microvascular decompression (MVD) for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Although SPV sacrifice has been proposed, it is associated with multiple complications. We have performed more than 4,500 MVDs, including approximately 400 cases involving trigeminal neuralgia. We aimed to describe our operative technique and nuances to avoid SPV injury. Methods We have provided a detailed description of our institutional protocol, including the anesthesia technique, neurophysiologic monitoring, patient positioning, surgical approach, and SPV management. The surgical outcomes and treatment-related complications were retrospectively analyzed. Results No SPVs were sacrificed intentionally or accidentally during our MVD protocol for trigeminal neuralgia. In the 344 operations performed during 2006 to 2020, 269 (78.2%) patients did not require medication postoperatively, 58 (16.9%) tolerated the procedure with adequate medication, and 17 (4.9%) did not respond to MVD. Postoperatively, 35 (10.2%), 1 (0.3%), and 0 patients showed permanent trigeminal, facial, or vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction, respectively. Wound infection occurred in five (1.5%) patients, while cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in three (0.9%) patients. Hemorrhagic complications appeared in four (1.2%) patients but these were unrelated to SPV injury. No surgery-related mortalities were reported. Conclusion MVD for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia can be achieved safely without sacrificing the SPV. A key step is positioning the patient's vertex at a 10-degree elevation from the floor, which can ease venous return and loosen the SPV, making it less fragile to manipulation and providing a wider surgical corridor.

Chronological Patterns of Long-Term Outcomes After Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm Over 5 Years.

BACKGROUND: The postoperative course of hemifacial spasm (HFS) varies. We analyzed the clinical outcomes from 1 to ≥5 years after microvascular decompression (MVD) in patients with HFS. METHODS: Between July 2004 and January 2015, 528 patients who were followed up for ≥5 years after MVD for HFS were included. We evaluated chronological patterns of clinical outcomes from 1 to ≥5 years. The outcomes at 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 years postoperatively were individually compared with those at 1 year postoperatively, and the relationships between clinical features, surgical findings, and outcomes over time were analyzed. RESULTS: Eight groups were created according to the similarity in the pattern of clinical outcomes from 1 to ≥5 years postoperatively. Individual postoperative outcomes at 2-4 years were consistent with those at 1 year postoperatively, whereas postoperative outcomes at ≥5 years were not (P = 0.020). There was substantial to moderate agreement between the outcomes at 1 year and at 2-4 years postoperatively, but the agreement decreased over time. Patients without diabetes (P = 0.015), an intraoperative offending vessel without a vein (P = 0.005), and intraoperative discoloration of the facial nerve (P = 0.036) showed better outcomes at ≥5 years postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term outcomes from 1 to ≥5 years after MVD in patients with HFS were diverse. Nondiabetes, intraoperative offending vessel without a vein, and intraoperative discoloration of the facial nerve were better prognostic factors for outcomes at ≥5 years postoperatively. It is advisable to consider these results when evaluating the long-term outcomes of this surgery.

Factors Influencing Patient Satisfaction after Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm: A Focus on Residual Spasms.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) experience improvement in symptoms after microvascular decompression (MVD); however, patient satisfaction is sometimes low. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between residual spasms and patient satisfaction, identify factors affecting satisfaction, and investigate the degree of improvement in spasms which result in patient satisfaction after surgery. METHODS: 297 patients who completed a questionnaire after MVD for HFS between March 2020 and June 2020 were included. Information on surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction was collected using the questionnaire, and their relationships were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 297 patients, the mean residual spasm percentage and patient satisfaction score were negatively correlated with 14.0% and 8.8 points, respectively. In addition to residual spasms, discomfort caused by persistent spasms, psychological problem-solving, better social life, and interpersonal relationship improvement were associated with satisfaction. There was no significant association between the presence of complications and satisfaction. There was no significant difference in the satisfaction score at up to 30% residual spasm, and the patients with 0-30% residual spasm had a satisfaction score of 7 points or higher. CONCLUSION: Residual spasms and discomfort from residual spasms decreased patient satisfaction after MVD for HFS. It is then necessary to perform accurate surgical resolution to improve surgical outcomes and provide adequate management to reduce postoperative discomfort and anxiety, and ultimately to enhance satisfaction. Residual spasms of up to 30% compared with the preoperative severity can be considered a good outcome when evaluating surgical outcomes.

AoP-LSE: Antioxidant Proteins Classification Using Deep Latent Space Encoding of Sequence Features.

It is of utmost importance to develop a computational method for accurate prediction of antioxidants, as they play a vital role in the prevention of several diseases caused by oxidative stress. In this correspondence, we present an effective computational methodology based on the notion of deep latent space encoding. A deep neural network classifier fused with an auto-encoder learns class labels in a pruned latent space. This strategy has eliminated the need to separately develop classifier and the feature selection model, allowing the standalone model to effectively harness discriminating feature space and perform improved predictions. A thorough analytical study has been presented alongwith the PCA/tSNE visualization and PCA-GCNR scores to show the discriminating power of the proposed method. The proposed method showed a high MCC value of 0.43 and a balanced accuracy of 76.2%, which is superior to the existing models. The model has been evaluated on an independent dataset during which it outperformed the contemporary methods by correctly identifying the novel proteins with an accuracy of 95%.

Lateral spread response of different facial muscles during microvascular decompression in hemifacial spasm.

OBJECTIVE: Interpreting lateral spread response (LSR) during microvascular decompression (MVD) for hemifacial spasm (HFS) is difficult when LSRs observed in different muscles do not match. We aimed to analyze LSR patterns recorded in both the orbicularis oris (oris) and mentalis muscles and their relationships with clinical outcomes. METHODS: The data of 1288 HFS patients who underwent MVD between 2015 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. LSR was recorded in the oris and mentalis muscles through centrifugal stimulation of the temporal branch of the facial nerve after preoperative mapping. The disappearance of LSR following surgery, clinical outcomes, and the characteristics of LSR in oris were analyzed. RESULTS: After surgery, LSR remained in 100 (7.7%) and 279 (21.6%) of the mentalis and oris muscles, respectively. The postoperative outcome correlated with LSR disappearance in the mentalis, not with that in the oris. CONCLUSION: LSR patterns differed in each muscle and may not be correlated with clinical outcomes. LSR in the mentalis and oris muscles should be interpreted differently. SIGNIFICANCE: We describe a monitoring protocol characterized by preoperative facial nerve mapping, antidromic stimulation, and recording from multiple muscles. We analyze differences in LSRs in the mentalis and oris muscles and suggest technical points for interpretation.

Association of Thyroid Hypofunction with Clinical Outcomes after Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm.

INTRODUCTION: Data regarding the association between thyroid dysfunction and hemifacial spasm (HFS) are limited. We conducted a single-center, retrospective study to investigate the predictive value of thyroid dysfunction in patients with HFS after microvascular decompression (MVD). METHODS: Between July 2004 and January 2015, 156 patients who were tested for thyroid hormones after MVD for HFS were enrolled in the present study. We assessed their detailed history, clinical manifestations, serum thyroid hormone levels, and surgical outcomes. The patients were classified into low and high groups based on thyroid hormone concentrations, and clinical outcomes were evaluated in each group. RESULTS: In a total of 156 patients with a median follow-up period of 40.9 months, the improvement rate was 87.8%. The patients were classified into low (76, 48.7%) or high (80, 51.3%) groups based on serum thyroxine (T4) levels. There was a difference between the 2 groups in terms of postoperative outcomes following MVD (p = 0.020). There were no differences in the outcomes according to serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) levels as well as other factors associated with the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: We found that decreased serum T4 levels are associated with poor postoperative outcomes among patients with HFS. Further studies are needed to examine the clinical benefit of thyroid hormone replacement therapy for patients with suboptimal T4 concentrations as well as active thyroid hormone screening for patients with HFS.

Involvement of the vertebral artery in hemifacial spasm: clinical features and surgical strategy.

The vertebral artery (VA)-involved hemifacial spasm (HFS) has distinctive clinical features and performing microvascular decompression (MVD) is challenging. We described the clinical presentations of VA-involved HFS and the outcomes of MVD using the interposition method. Between January 2008 and March 2015, MVD was performed in 271 patients with VA-involved HFS. Demographic characteristics, preoperative severity, intraoperative findings, spasm-free outcome, and complications were retrospectively evaluated. A control group of 1500 consecutive patients with non-VA-involved HFS was enrolled. VA-involved HFS was associated with older age (p < 0.001), less female predominance (p < 0.001), more left-sided predominance (p < 0.001), and rapid symptom progression before MVD (p < 0.001). The Teflon Fulcrum method allowed intraoperative identification of the neurovascular compression site in 92.6% of the cases, and showed more severe indentation on the facial nerve (p < 0.001). Changes in the brainstem auditory evoked potentials during MVD (p < 0.001) and postoperative non-serviceable hearing loss (p < 0.001) were more frequent in patients with VA-involved than in non-VA-involved HFS. The spasm-free outcome and overall complication rates after MVD were not significantly different between the groups. VA-involved HFS has distinctive clinical features and poses a major surgical challenge for MVD success. The interposition method is a feasible surgical strategy in VA-involved HFS.

A prewarning sign for hearing loss by brainstem auditory evoked potentials during microvascular decompression surgery for hemifacial spasm.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to define the prewarning sign of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) associated with cerebellar retraction (CR) during microvascular decompression surgery for hemifacial spasm. METHODS: A total of 241 patients with a latency prolongation of 1 ms or an amplitude decrement of 50% of wave V were analyzed. According to BAEPs before significant changes during CR, patients were classified into Groups A (latency prolongation of wave I [≥0.5 ms] without prolongation of the I-III interpeak interval [<0.5 ms]) and B (no latency prolongation of wave I [<0.5 ms] with prolongation of the I-III interpeak interval [≥0.5 ms]). BAEPs and postoperative hearing loss (HL) were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Group B comprised 160 (66.4%) patients. With maximal changes in wave V, latency prolongation (≥1 ms) with amplitude decrement (≥50%) was more common in Group B (p < 0.018). At the end of the operation, wave V loss was observed in 11 patients, including 10 patients from Group B. Five patients developed postoperative HL; all were from Group B. CONCLUSIONS: Latency prolongation of wave III during CR was associated with serious BAEPs changes and postoperative HL. SIGNIFICANCE: Latency prolongation of wave III is a significant prewarning sign.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on HIV Services in Korea: Results from a Cross-Sectional Online Survey.

BACKGROUND: Globally, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has compromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services. The study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the access and delivery of HIV care in Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: People living with HIV (PLHIV), people at risk of HIV (PAR) and prescribers of HIV care were recruited through a patient advocacy group, online communities for men who have sex with men (MSM) and a HIV care center for a web-based survey between October 22 and November 26, 2020. The survey compared the frequency of hospital/clinic visits, HIV-related testing, access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) or preventive medications, and experience with telehealth services by PLHIV and PAR between the pre-pandemic and pandemic eras. RESULTS: One hundred and twelve PLHIV (mean age: 38.5 ± 10.2 years), 174 PAR (mean age: 33.5 ± 8.0 years) and 9 prescribers participated the survey; ≥97% of the PLHIV and PAR were male. A greater proportion of PAR than PLHIV reported a decrease in the frequency of hospital/clinical visits (59.2% vs. 17.0%) and HIV-related testing (50.6% vs. 6.3%) since COVID-19. Among PAR, not engaging or engaging less in high-risk behaviors was the most frequently cited reason (51.1%) for decreased frequency of HIV-related tests. A substantial proportion of PLHIV (12.5%) and PAR (50.0%) experienced interrupted use of ART and HIV preventive medications, respectively. A substantial proportion of PLHIV (35.7%) and PAR (62.5%) were concerned about the long-term accessibility of HIV care, however, >90% had not used any types of telehealth services during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: Overall, COVID-19 has negatively impacted the access and delivery of HIV services in Korea, especially HIV-related testing for PAR. Our findings highlight the need to develop strategies to mitigate the interrupted HIV care.

A Computerized Bioinspired Methodology for Lightweight and Reliable Neural Telemetry.

Personalized health monitoring of neural signals usually results in a very large dataset, the processing and transmission of which require considerable energy, storage, and processing time. We present bioinspired electroceptive compressive sensing (BeCoS) as an approach for minimizing these penalties. It is a lightweight and reliable approach for the compression and transmission of neural signals inspired by active electroceptive sensing used by weakly electric fish. It uses a signature signal and a sensed pseudo-sparse differential signal to transmit and reconstruct the signals remotely. We have used EEG datasets to compare BeCoS with the block sparse Bayesian learning-bound optimization (BSBL-BO) technique-A popular compressive sensing technique used for low-energy wireless telemonitoring of EEG signals. We achieved average coherence, latency, compression ratio, and estimated per-epoch power values that were 35.38%, 62.85%, 53.26%, and 13 mW better than BSBL-BO, respectively, while structural similarity was only 6.295% worse. However, the original and reconstructed signals remain visually similar. BeCoS senses the signals as a derivative of a predefined signature signal resulting in a pseudo-sparse signal that significantly improves the efficiency of the monitoring process. The results show that BeCoS is a promising approach for the health monitoring of neural signals.

A Parallel Approach to Perform Threshold Value and Propagation Delay Analyses of Genetic Logic Circuit Models.

Experiments with synthetic genetic logic circuits can be time-consuming and expensive. Accordingly, advances in the field of computer-aided design and simulation of genetic circuits have reduced the cost and time required for experimentation. D-VASim is the first genetic circuit simulation tool that allows users to interact with the model during run-time. In contrast to electronic circuits, genetic circuits have different threshold values for different circuits, which need to be estimated prior to simulation. D-VASim allows the user to perform threshold concentration and propagation delay analysis before simulating the circuit. The algorithm currently used in D-VASim has considerable scope for improvements. Thus, we propose a parallel implementation of the algorithm, significantly faster by up to 16 times. In adddition, we improve the algorithm for consistent runtimes across multiple simulation runs under the same parameter settings, reducing the worst-case standard deviation in runtime from 6.637 to 1.841. Our algorithm also estimates the threshold value more accurately, as evident from experimentation for long runtimes. With these modifications, the utility of D-VASim as a virtual laboratory environment has been significantly enhanced.