Performance of ChatGPT on Solving Orthopedic Board-Style Questions: A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4.

Background: The application of artificial intelligence and large language models in the medical field requires an evaluation of their accuracy in providing medical information. This study aimed to assess the performance of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) models 3.5 and 4 in solving orthopedic board-style questions. Methods: A total of 160 text-only questions from the Orthopedic Surgery Department at Seoul National University Hospital, conforming to the format of the Korean Orthopedic Association board certification examinations, were input into the ChatGPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4 programs. The questions were divided into 11 subcategories. The accuracy rates of the initial answers provided by Chat GPT 3.5 and ChatGPT 4 were analyzed. In addition, inconsistency rates of answers were evaluated by regenerating the responses. Results: ChatGPT 3.5 answered 37.5% of the questions correctly, while ChatGPT 4 showed an accuracy rate of 60.0% (p < 0.001). ChatGPT 4 demonstrated superior performance across most subcategories, except for the tumor-related questions. The rates of inconsistency in answers were 47.5% for ChatGPT 3.5 and 9.4% for ChatGPT 4. Conclusions: ChatGPT 4 showed the ability to pass orthopedic board-style examinations, outperforming ChatGPT 3.5 in accuracy rate. However, inconsistencies in response generation and instances of incorrect answers with misleading explanations require caution when applying ChatGPT in clinical settings or for educational purposes.

Corrosion behavior of Ti-Pt-coated stainless steel for bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membranes under water electrolysis conditions.

In this study, the corrosion behavior and degradation mechanism of Ti-Pt-coated stainless steel bipolar plates were investigated through electrochemical tests and surface analysis in a polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) operating environment. The coated bipolar plate has a corrosion current density of only 1.68 × 10-8 A/cm2, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the bare SS316L substrate (1.94 × 10-7 A/cm2), indicating that its corrosion resistance is superior to that of bare SS316L substrate. However, in the PEMWE operating environment, the protection efficiency of the coating and the corrosion resistance of the coated bipolar plate decreased. The degradation of the coated bipolar plate can be attributed to electrolyte penetration into the blistering areas of the coating layer with micro voids. Defects in the coating layer occur because of the pressure of oxygen gas generated within the coating layer under high-potential conditions, thereby exposing the substrate to the electrolyte and corrosion.

Predicting adequate segmental lordosis correction in lumbar spinal stenosis patients undergoing oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a focus on the discontinuous segment.

PURPOSE: To identify the factors associated with a correction of the segmental angle (SA) with a total change greater than 10° in each level following minimally invasive oblique lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-OLIF). METHODS: Patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent single- or two-level MIS-OLIF were reviewed. Segments with adequate correction of the SA >10° after MIS-OLIF in immediate postoperative radiograph were categorized as discontinuous segments (D segments), whereas those without such improvement were assigned as continuous segments (C segments). Clinical and radiological parameters were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with SA correction >10° after MIS-OLIF. RESULTS: Of 211 segments included, 38 segments (18.0%) were classified as D segments. Compared with C segments, D segments demonstrated a significantly smaller preoperative SA (mean ± standard deviation [SD], - 1.1° ± 6.7° vs. 6.6° ± 6.3°, p < 0.001), larger change of SA (mean ± SD, 13.5° ± 3.4° vs. 3.1° ± 3.9°, p < 0.001), and a higher rate of presence of facet effusion (76.3% vs. 48.6%, p = 0.002). Logistic regression revealed preoperative SA (odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]:0.733 [0.639-0.840], p < 0.001) and facet effusion (OR [95% CI]:14.054 [1.758-112.377], p = 0.027) as significant predictors for >10° SA correction after MIS-OLIF. CONCLUSION: Preoperative kyphotic SA and facet effusion can predict SA correction >10° following MIS-OLIF. For patients with lordotic SA and no preoperative facet effusion, supplemental procedures, such as anterior column release or posterior osteotomy, should be prepared for additional lumbar lordosis correction required for remnant global sagittal imbalance after MIS-OLIF.

Minimal impact of beam projection angle deviations in skyline (Laurin) view and the efficacy of the anterior border of proximal tibia as a guiding landmark.

OBJECTIVE: Obtaining an optimal knee skyline view is challenging due to inaccuracies in beam projection angles (BPAs) and soft tissue obscuring bony landmarks. This study aimed to assess the impact of BPA deviations on patellofemoral index measurements and assessed the anterior border of the proximal tibia as an anatomic landmark for guiding BPAs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study consisted of three parts. The first was a simulation study using 52 CT scans of knees with a 20° flexion contracture to replicate the skyline (Laurin) view. Digitally reconstructed radiographs simulated neutral, 5° downward, and 5° upward tilt BPAs. Five patellofemoral indices (sulcus angle, congruence angle, patellar tilt angle, lateral facet angle, and bisect ratio) were measured and compared. The second part was a proof of concept study on 162 knees to examine patellar indices differences across these BPAs. Lastly, the alignment of the anterior border of the proximal tibia with the BPA tangential to the patellar articular surface was tested from the CT scans. RESULTS: No significant differences in patellofemoral indices were found across various BPAs in both the simulation and proof of concept studies (all p > 0.05). The angle between the anterior border of the proximal tibia and the patellar articular surface was 1.5 ± 5.3°, a statistically significant (p = 0.037) yet clinically acceptable deviation. CONCLUSION: Patellofemoral indices in skyline view remained consistent regardless of BPA deviations. The anterior border of the proximal tibia proved to be an effective landmark for accurate beam projection.

Repair of medial meniscus posterior root tear is effective for root healing and cartilage regeneration in opening wedge high tibial osteotomy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine whether the repair of a medial meniscus posterior root tear (MMPRT) is effective for MMPRT healing, cartilage regeneration, and clinical outcomes in opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO). METHODS: This retrospective study included 80 patients who underwent OWHTO and subsequent second-look arthroscopy. The patients were divided into OWHTO-with-MMPRT-repair (n = 40) and OWHTO alone (n = 40) groups, and the healing rates (complete/partial/failure) were compared. Each group was further divided into over- and under-corrected subgroups to compare healing rates. The International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grade, cartilage defect size, Koshino stage, ICRS cartilage repair assessment score of the medial femoral condyle (MFC), and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores between the OWHTO-with-MMPRT-repair and OWHTO alone groups were compared according to whether microfracture was performed on the MFC. RESULTS: The overall healing rate of the MMPRT was higher in the OWHTO-with-MMPRT-repair group than that in the OWHTO alone group (P < 0.001). In addition, in the subgroup analysis, no difference in the MMPRT healing rate between the over-correction and under-correction groups when MMPRT repair was performed (n.s). In contrast, without MMPRT repair, the healing rate was lower in the under-correction group than that in the over-correction group (P = 0.03). Cartilage regeneration of the OWHTO-with-MMPRT-repair group was superior to that of the OWHTO alone group (P < 0.05). The IKDC subjective scores of the OWHTO-with-MMPRT-repair and OWHTO alone groups were 34.5 and 33.1 before surgery (n.s) and 50 and 47.2 at one year after surgery, respectively (n.s). These differences between the two groups for cartilage regeneration and IKDC subjective scores showed the same pattern regardless of microfractures. CONCLUSIONS: MMPRT repair during OWHTO might improve MMPRT healing, even with under-correction, and cartilage regeneration of MFC, regardless of microfracture. However, OWHTO with MMPRT repair might not improve short-term clinical outcomes compared to OWHTO alone. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, Retrospective cohort study.

Use of Automated Machine Learning for Classifying Hemoperitoneum on Ultrasonographic Images of Morrison's Pouch: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

This study evaluated automated machine learning (AutoML) in classifying the presence or absence of hemoperitoneum in ultrasonography (USG) images of Morrison's pouch. In this multicenter, retrospective study, 864 trauma patients from trauma and emergency medical centers in South Korea were included. In all, 2200 USG images (1100 hemoperitoneum and 1100 normal) were collected. Of these, 1800 images were used for training and 200 were used for the internal validation of AutoML. External validation was performed using 100 hemoperitoneum images and 100 normal images collected separately from a trauma center that were not included in the training and internal validation sets. Google's open-source AutoML was used to train the algorithm in classifying hemoperitoneum in USG images, followed by internal and external validation. In the internal validation, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve were 95%, 99%, and 0.97, respectively. In the external validation, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUROC were 94%, 99%, and 0.97, respectively. The performances of AutoML in the internal and external validation were not statistically different (p = 0.78). A publicly available, general-purpose AutoML can accurately classify the presence or absence of hemoperitoneum in USG images of the Morrison's pouch of real-world trauma patients.

Comparison between internal jugular vein access using midline catheter and peripheral intravenous access during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults.

Objectives: Vascular access is an important procedure for drug administration during the resuscitation of a patient with cardiac arrest; however, it can be challenging under emergent conditions. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of ultrasound-guided internal jugular venous access using a midline catheter versus peripheral intravenous access during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods: This was a prospective single-center observational study among patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The primary outcomes were the success rate of first attempt and the time taken for vascular access via the internal jugular and peripheral veins. We also measured the diameter of the internal jugular and peripheral veins at the access point and the distance from the access point to the heart. Results: In all, 20 patients were included in the study. Internal jugular and peripheral venous access had a first-attempt success rate of 85% and 65%, respectively (p = 0.152). The time to access the internal jugular and peripheral veins was 46.4 ± 40.5 s and 28.8 ± 14.7 s, respectively (p = 0.081). The diameter of the internal jugular and peripheral veins was 10.8 ± 2.6 mm and 2.8 ± 0.8 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). The distance from the vascular access point to the heart was 20.3 ± 4.7 cm and 48.8 ± 13.1 cm for the internal jugular and peripheral veins, respectively (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There was a trend toward higher success rates in the internal jugular vein rather than the peripheral intravenous approach, which was not statistically significant.

Role of point-of-care ultrasound in critical care and emergency medicine: update and future perspective.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is a rapidly developing technology that has the potential to revolutionize emergency and critical care medicine. The use of POCUS can improve patient care by providing real-time clinical information. However, appropriate usage and proper training are crucial to ensure patient safety and reliability. This article discusses the various applications of POCUS in emergency and critical care medicine, the importance of training and education, and the future of POCUS in medicine.

Effects of Occupational Stress and Health Behaviors on Heart Rate Variability in Live-Fire Instructors.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the association between the healthrelated characteristics and the subscales of occupational stress of live fire instructors and heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS: We conducted questionnaire survey on a general health checkup for 15 live fire instructors. Occupational stress and HRV parameters were measured to determine the association between health behavior, including smoking, drinking, exercise, and sleep-related disorders, and occupational stress of live fire instructors and HRV parameters using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Smoking, insomnia, and job insecurity, a subscale of occupational stress measurement, showed negative Spearman rank correlations with HRV. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia, smoking, and job insecurity (due to occupational stress) among live fire instructors were associated with decreased HRV.

Two cases of fatal methemoglobinemia caused by self-poisoning with sodium nitrite: A case report.

RATIONALE: Sodium nitrite intoxication reportedly causes severe methemoglobinemia. Recent studies reported that most clinically significant cases resulted from intentional exposure in suicidal attempts. We describe 2 cases of severe methemoglobinemia secondary to intentional sodium nitrite intoxication in suicidal attempts. PATIENTS CONCERNS: A 26-year-old man and 20-year-old woman attempted suicide by taking sodium nitrite, and were brought to the emergency department. DIAGNOSIS: The male patient collapsed at the scene. He ingested approximately 18 g of sodium nitrate, and his methemoglobin level was 90.3%. The female patient was conscious, but was cyanotic. She ingested approximately 12.5 g of sodium nitrite, and her methemoglobin level was 54.6%. INTERVENTIONS: The male patient received advanced cardiac life support in the emergency department. Methylene blue was immediately administered for the female patient. OUTCOMES: The male patient died despite aggressive resuscitation. The female patient's cyanosis resolved, and her methemoglobin level decreased to 1.2% 3 hours later. LESSONS: The immediate administration of methylene blue in severe methemoglobinemia patients prevented fatal consequences. The public should be informed about the accessibility and toxicity of sodium nitrite.

Association between a Multidisciplinary Team Approach and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite recent improvements in advanced life support, the overall survival rate after cardiac arrest remains low. We aimed to examine the association of a multidisciplinary team approach with clinical outcomes in patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in the emergency department (ED). METHODS: This retrospective, single-center, observational study included 125 patients who underwent ECPR in the ED between May 2004-December 2018. In January 2014, our institution implemented a multidisciplinary extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) team. Eligible patients were classified into pre-ECMO-team (n=65) and post-ECMO-team (n=60) groups. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality (72.3% vs. 58.3%, p=0.102) and poor neurological outcomes (78.5% vs. 68.3%, p=0.283) did not differ significantly between the pre- and post-ECMO-team groups. However, among the 60 patients who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest, in-hospital mortality (75.8% vs. 40.7%, p=0.006) and poor neurological outcomes (78.8% vs. 48.1%, p=0.015) significantly decreased after the multidisciplinary team formation. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the multidisciplinary team approach (adjusted odds ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.61; p=0.005) was an independent prognostic factor for in-hospital mortality in in-hospital cardiac arrest patients. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary team approach was associated with improved clinical outcomes in in-hospital cardiac arrest patients undergoing ECPR in the ED. These findings may help in improving the selection criteria for ECPR in the ED. Further studies to overcome the study limitations may help improving the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

Correlation between bone mineral density and endometrial thickness over time in women with breast cancer history.

As the efficacy of chemotherapy and adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer increase, the quality-of-life to cancer survivors could be more important issue in strategies of breast cancer treatment. Bone health has become more compelling in care of breast cancer survivor than ever before. This retrospective study was aimed to evaluate factors relating to the change in BMD and to ascertain the correlation between changes in BMD and EMT of women with breast cancer in follow-up. Records of 164 women who underwent surgery for breast cancer were reviewed in this study. The basal characteristics included parity, menopausal state, medication with vitamin D, bisphosphonate, selective estrogen modulator (SERM), aromatase inhibitor (AI), gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), chemotherapy, radiotherapy, cancer type including positivity of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2, combined the other gynecologic disease or the other origin cancer. At initial and follow-up visit, all subjective were checked with BMD, endometrial thickness (EMT). The mean age was 52.1 ± 8.5 years old and overall interval between initial and follow-up visits were 17.6 ± 7.5 month in this study. The BMDs of L1-4 (1.040 ± 0.166 g/cm2 vs 1.070 ± 0.181 g/cm2, p < 0.001), femur neck (0.850 ± 0.121 g/cm2 vs 0.870 ± 0.136 g/cm2, p < 0.001), and femur total (0.902 ± 0.132 g/cm2 vs 0.915 ± 0.138 g/cm2, p < 0.001) at follow-up visit were significantly lower than those at initial visit. The change in BMDs of L1-4 (ΔBMDL1-4, r = 0.353, p < 0.001, and r = 0.228, p = 0.003), femur neck (ΔBMDNeck, r = 0.198, p = 0.011, and r = 0.282, p < 0.001), femur total (ΔBMDTotal, r = 0.294, p < 0.001, and r = 0.327, p < 0.001) had positive correlation with age and the change in EMT (ΔEMT). After age correction, ΔEMT had positive correlation with ΔBMDNeck (r = 0.245, p = 0.002) and ΔBMDTotal (r = 0.273, p < 0.001). ΔBMDL1-4 and ΔBMDNeck differed according to menopausal state (p < 0.001 and p = 0.035), bisphosphonate (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001), and GnRHa (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). In follow-up of women with history of breast cancer, ΔEMT could be an alternative screening marker for BMD decrease.

Impact of the modified SESAME ultrasound protocol implementation on patients with cardiac arrest in the emergency department.

INTRODUCTION: Point-of-care (POC) ultrasound protocols are commonly used for the initial management of patients with cardiac arrest in the emergency department (ED). However, there is little published evidence regarding any mortality benefit. We compared and studied the effect of implementation of the modified SESAME protocol in terms of clinical outcomes and resuscitation management. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective observational study. We conducted a pre- and post-intervention study to evaluate changes in patient outcomes and management after educating emergency medicine residents and the faculty about the modified SESAME protocol. The pre-intervention period lasted from March 2018 to February 2019, and the post-intervention period lasted from May 2019 to April 2020. The modified SESAME protocol education was initiated in March 2019. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between independent variables and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 334 patients were included in this study during a 24-month period. We found no significant differences between the two groups for the primary outcome of survival to hospital admission (pre-intervention group 28.9% versus post-intervention group 28.6%; P = 0.751), survival to hospital discharge (12.1% vs. 12.4%; P = 0.806), and good neurologic outcome at discharge (6.0% vs. 8.1%; P = 0.509). The proportion of resuscitation procedures of thrombolysis, emergency transfusion, tube thoracotomy, and pericardiocentesis during resuscitation increased from 0.6% in the pre-intervention period to 4.9% in the post-intervention period (P = 0.016). CONCLUSION: We did not discover any significant survival benefits associated with the implementation of the modified SESAME protocol; however, early diagnosis of specific pathologies (pericardial effusion, possible pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, and hypovolemia) and accordingly a direct increase in the resuscitation management were seen in this study. Future studies with larger sample sizes are required to examine the clinical outcomes as well as to identify the most effective POC ultrasonography protocols for non-traumatic cardiac arrests.

Effectiveness of negative pressure isolation stretcher and rooms for SARS-CoV-2 nosocomial infection control and maintenance of South Korean emergency department capacity.

OBJECTIVE: There are growing concerns regarding the lack of COVID-19 pandemic response capacity in already overwhelmed emergency departments (EDs), and lack of proper isolation facilities. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the negative pressure isolation stretcher (NPIS) and additional negative pressure isolation rooms (NPIRs) on the maintenance of emergency care capacity during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: A before and after intervention study was performed between February 27, 2020 and March 31, 2020 at the ED of Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea. A total of 2455 patients who visited the ED during the study period were included. Interventions included the introduction of the NPIS and additional NPIRs in the ED. The main outcome of the study was frequency of medical cessation. Secondary outcomes were the average number of ED visits and lengths of stay. RESULTS: After the intervention, average frequency of medical cessation was significantly decreased from 1.6 times per day (range 0-4) in the pre-intervention period to 0.6 times per day (range 0-3) in the post-intervention period (p-value <0.01). On the other hand, the number of patients visiting the ED increased significantly from 67.2 persons per day (range 58-79) pre-intervention to 76.3 persons per day (range 61-88) post-intervention (p value <0.01). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the average ED length of stay across the study phases (p value = 0.50). CONCLUSIONS: This intervention may provide an effective way to prepare and meet the ED response needs of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Translational cognitive neuroscience of dementia with touchscreen operant chambers.

Translational cognitive neuroscience of dementia involves mainly two areas: the validation of newly developed dementia animal models and the preclinical assessment of novel drug candidates in such model animals. To validate new animal models, a multidomain panel (battery) approach is essential in that dementia is, by definition, not merely a memory disorder but rather a multidomain cognitive/behavior disorder: animal modeling with a certain type of dementia would develop cognitive impairments in multiple (two at minimum) domains in a specific order according to unique spreading patterns of its neuropathology. In new drug development, the availability of highly sensitive tools assessing animal cognition is crucial to the detection of cognitive decline at the earliest stage of the disease, which may be an optimal time point to test a drug candidate. Using interspecies translatable (analogous) cognitive tasks would also be necessary to successfully predict the efficacy of drug candidates in subsequent clinical trials. Currently, this translational prediction is seriously limited given discrepancies in behavioral assessment methods between animals and humans in the preclinical and clinical trials, respectively. Since neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by not only cognitive but also affective and movement disorders, simultaneous assessment of task-relevant locomotor behavior and motivation is also important to rule out the effects of potential confounders. The touchscreen operant platform may satisfy these needs by offering several advantages over conventional methodology. In this review, we discuss the touchscreen operant chamber system and highlight some of its qualities as a promising and desirable tool for translational research of dementia.

Comparison of the epidemiology and injury profile among injured patients involved in special purpose vehicle-related incidents in South Korea.

Injuries caused by mobile machinery or special purpose vehicles (SPVs) can lead to high socio-medical cost and fatality. In this descriptive study, we compared the epidemiology and injury profile of injured patients involved in SPVs-related incidents. We analyzed a nationwide database of SPV-related injured patients between January 2011 and December 2016. Injured patients were classified into three groups: pedestrian, motor vehicle occupant (MVO), and SPV operator groups. Of 1,419 cases, the highest number of SPV-related injured patients were found in the age group 40-59 years (671 cases, 47.3%) and at transport area (771 cases, 54.3%). The injury was most severe in the SPV operator group. The lower extremities were the most common fracture site, and intrathoracic injury was the most common visceral regions for SPV-related injured patients. SPV operator could lead to fatal intrathoracic injuries.

Immunopathogenesis of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is an autoimmune disorder which affects small- and, to a lesser degree, medium-sized vessels. ANCA-associated vasculitis encompasses three disease phenotypes: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). This classification is largely based on clinical presentations and has several limitations. Recent research provided evidence that genetic background, risk of relapse, prognosis, and co-morbidities are more closely related to the ANCA serotype, proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA, compared to the disease phenotypes GPA or MPA. This finding has been extended to the investigation of biomarkers predicting disease activity, which again more closely relate to the ANCA serotype. Discoveries related to the immunopathogenesis translated into clinical practice as targeted therapies are on the rise. This review will summarize the current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis and the interplay between ANCA serotype and proposed disease biomarkers and illustrate how the extending knowledge of the immunopathogenesis will likely translate into development of a personalized medicine approach in the management of ANCA-associated vasculitis.

The Characteristics of Elderly Individuals Who Attempted Suicide by Poisoning: a Nationwide Cross-sectional Study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Suicide among the elderly is a public health concern, as life expectancy is increasing rapidly and suicide rates increase with age. In Korea, self-poisoning is the most common method of attempted suicide. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of attempted suicide by self-poisoning among the elderly and to identify risk factors related to the suicide attempts. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance database in Korea. We included all adult patients visiting the emergency department (ED) who attempted suicide by poisoning between January 2011 and December 2017 and stratified according to age: the elderly (≥ 65 years old) and the younger group. Characteristics and risk factors for attempted suicide by poisoning among the elderly were evaluated using stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 25,904 adult patients, 5,164 (19.9%) were classified as elderly. The elderly were more likely to be admitted to hospital and intensive care units, the average ED length of stay was longer, and total mortality was higher than that of the younger group. Male sex, low socioeconomic status, poor physical health, pesticide use, lower alcohol consumption, and fewer prior suicide attempts were found to be risk factors for suicide among the elderly. CONCLUSION: Self-poisoning among the elderly is associated with poorer clinical outcomes than in younger adult patients. Suicide among the elderly is a potentially preventable public health problem, and with proper identification of the associated risk factors, appropriate multidisciplinary intervention strategies can be implemented.

Characteristics of frequent adult emergency department users: A Korean tertiary hospital observational study.

Emergency department (ED) crowding is a public health burden that impedes the provision of high-quality emergency care and is related to poor outcomes. Frequent ED visits are known to contribute to ED crowding. This study aimed to identify frequent ED users' characteristics and risk factors related to frequent ED visits.A retrospective observational study was conducted using ED-based data derived from adult patients at a university hospital. The main exposure variable was frequent ED visits, which were defined as ≥4 visits within 12 months (January 1-December 31, 2018). Characteristics and risk factors for frequent ED users were evaluated using stepwise regression analysis.Within the study period, there were 36,932 ED visits involving 29,759 patients. Of these, 3031 (8.2%) visits were from 556 (1.9%) patients classified as frequent ED users. The independent risk factors for frequent ED visits were older patients (≥65 years); the winter season; daytime discharge from ED; patients with medical aid insurance; and patients designated as high acuity at their first visit. Patients with a malignant neoplasm, mental health disorder, alcohol-related liver disease, chronic kidney disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with more frequent ED visits.Frequent ED users comprised a significant proportion of total ED visits. Frequent ED users were more likely than occasional ED users to be in poorer health, older, or have a chronic disease or a mental health disorder.

A rare case of miliary tuberculosis accompanying perihepatitis.

Perihepatic capsulitis is associated with various diseases, such as Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, perforated cholecystitis, perforated hepatic abscess, and tuberculous peritonitis. Miliary tuberculosis is present in about 2% of all reported cases of tuberculosis and is characterized by the widespread millet-like hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We describe a 24-year-old virgin patient presenting with right upper quadrant and costovertebral angle pain. Diffuse perihepatic capsular enhancement was observed in abdominal computed tomography scans. Chest radiography showed miliary tuberculosis, and a polymerase chain reaction hybridization assay of sputum revealed the presence of M. tuberculosis. Symptoms improved after administering anti-tuberculosis medications. This report describes a rare case of miliary tuberculosis accompanying perihepatitis.