Flexible Mechanical Sensors Fabricated with Graphene Oxide-Coated Commercial Silk.

Many studies on flexible strain and pressure sensors have been reported due to growing interest in wearable devices for healthcare purposes. Here, we present flexible pressure and strain (motion) sensors prepared with only graphene oxide (GO) and commercial silk fabrics and yarns. The pressure sensors were fabricated by simply dipping the silk fabric into GO solution followed by applying a thermal treatment at 400 °C to obtain reduced GO (rGO). The pressure sensors were made from rGO-coated fabrics, which were stacked in three, five, and seven layers. A super-sensitivity of 2.58 × 103 kPa-1 at low pressure was observed in the seven-layer pressure sensor. The strain sensors were obtained from rGO-coated twisted silk yarns whose gauge factor was 0.307. Although this value is small or comparable to the values for other sensors, it is appropriate for motion sensing. The results of this study show a cost-effective and simple method for the fabrication of pressure and motion sensors with commercial silk and GO.

Tetrahedral triple-Q magnetic ordering and large spontaneous Hall conductivity in the metallic triangular antiferromagnet Co1/3TaS2.

The triangular lattice antiferromagnet (TLAF) has been the standard paradigm of frustrated magnetism for several decades. The most common magnetic ordering in insulating TLAFs is the 120° structure. However, a new triple-Q chiral ordering can emerge in metallic TLAFs, representing the short wavelength limit of magnetic skyrmion crystals. We report the metallic TLAF Co1/3TaS2 as the first example of tetrahedral triple-Q magnetic ordering with the associated topological Hall effect (non-zero σxy(H = 0)). We also present a theoretical framework that describes the emergence of this magnetic ground state, which is further supported by the electronic structure measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Additionally, our measurements of the inelastic neutron scattering cross section are consistent with the calculated dynamical structure factor of the tetrahedral triple-Q state.

Therapeutic Potential of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. and Its Active Components in a Delayed Corneal Wound Healing Model Following Blue Light Irradiation-Induced Oxidative Stress.

Blue light is reported to be harmful to eyes by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, the roles of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. leaf extract (PJE) in corneal wound healing under blue light irradiation are investigated. Blue-light-irradiated human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) show increased intracellular ROS levels and delayed wound healing without a change in survival, and these effects are reversed by PJE treatment. In acute toxicity tests, a single oral administration of PJE (5000 mg/kg) does not induce any signs of clinical toxicity or body weight changes for 15 days post-administration. Rats with OD (oculus dexter, right eye) corneal wounds are divided into seven treatment groups: NL (nonwounded OS (oculus sinister, left eye)), NR (wounded OD), BL (wounded OD + blue light (BL)), and PJE (BL + 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Blue-light-induced delayed wound healing is dose-dependently recovered by orally administering PJE once daily starting 5 days before wound generation. The reduced tear volume in both eyes in the BL group is also restored by PJE. Forty-eight hours after wound generation, the numbers of inflammatory and apoptotic cells and the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) largely increase in the BL group, but these values return to almost normal after PJE treatment. The key components of PJE, identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation, are CA, neochlorogenic acid (NCA), and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA). Each CA isomer effectively reverses the delayed wound healing and excessive ROS production, and their mixture synergistically enhances these effects. The expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) related to ROS, such as SOD1, CAT, GPX1, GSTM1, GSTP1, HO-1, and TRXR1, is significantly upregulated by PJE, its components, and the component mixture. Therefore, PJE protects against blue-light-induced delayed corneal wound healing via its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects mechanistically related to ROS production.

Laxative Effects of a Standardized Extract of Dendropanax morbiferus H. Léveille Leaves on Experimental Constipation in Rats.

Background and Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the laxative effects of a standardized aqueous extract of Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. on two different constipation rat models. Materials and Methods: Animal studies were conducted with low-fiber diet-induced and loperamide-induced constipation animal models, and isolated colons were used in ex vivo analysis to determine the changes in colonic motility caused by D. morbiferus H. Lév. leaf extract (DPL). Results: The results showed that DPL administration significantly improved certain reduced fecal parameters (number, weight, and water content of the stools) in a both low-fiber diet and loperamide-induced constipation models without adverse effects of diarrhea. The laxative effect of DPL was confirmed to improve the charcoal excretion time upon DPL treatment in a low-fiber diet or loperamide-induced constipation model through gastrointestinal (GI) motility evaluation using the charcoal meal test. In addition, when DPL was administered to RAW264.7 cells and loperamide-induced constipation model rats, the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increased significantly in cells and tissue. Furthermore, DPL dose-dependently stimulated the spontaneous contractile amplitude and frequency of the isolated rat colon. Conclusion: Although our study did not provide information on the acute or chronic toxicity of DPL, our results demonstrated that DPL can effectively promote defecation frequency and rat colon contraction, providing scientific evidence to support the use of DPL as a therapeutic application. However, further toxicity studies of DPL are needed prior to the initiation of clinical trials and clinical applications.

Peucedanum japonicum Thunberg and Its Active Components Mitigate Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis after Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Ocular Surface Damage.

We previously demonstrated that urban particulate matter (UPM) exposure decreases the migration activity and survival of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Herein, we investigated the potential to improve the corneal wound-healing ability of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. leaf extract (PJE) and its active components on UPM-induced ocular surface damage in vitro and in vivo. PJE effectively assisted wound healing without altering HCEC survival and enhanced catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) antioxidant gene expression. A corneal wound was uniformly induced on the right eye in all experimental animals and divided into eight groups such as two control groups (wounded right eye group-NR and non-wounded left eye group-NL), UPM treated group and PJEs (25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg) treated groups. Corneal abrasion model rats exposed to UPM showed delayed wound healing compared to unexposed rats, but wound healing was dose-dependently enhanced by PJE oral administration. Seventy-two hours after wound generation, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression were increased substantially after UPM exposure, but PJE treatment significantly reduced the wound to an almost normal level while enhancing re-epithelialization without changing corneal thickness. Next, we tried to identify the key molecules for enhancing wound healing through fractionation. The major compounds in the fraction, confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were chlorogenic acid (CA), neochlorogenic acid (NCA) and cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA). Each type of CA isomers showed slightly different half maximal effective (EC50) and maximal effective (ECmax) concentrations, and their mixtures synergistically enhanced HCEC migration. Thus, corneal abrasion wound recovery after UPM exposure improved after PJE treatment, and the active PJE components were identified, providing an important basis to develop therapeutics for ocular surface damage using PJE.

Combined antihypertensive effect of unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. and Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. Extracts in 1 kidney-1 clip hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats.

BACKGROUND: We previously showed that enzymatically hydrolyzed Dendropanax morbiferus H. Lév. leaf (Hy-DP) and unripe Rubus coreanus Miq. (5-uRCK) extracts exhibit potent vasodilator effects on isolated aortic rings from rats partly through endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent mechanisms. These two extracts have different mechanisms of action; however, their combined effect on antihypertensive activity has not been explored. METHODS: The present study aims to investigate the effect of a chronic optimized mixture (HDR-2, composed of Hy-DP and 5-uRCK in a 2:1 mass ratio) on vascular tension and blood pressure in two different hypertensive rat models. RESULTS: The results showed that HDR-2 concentration-dependently relaxed endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine. Antihypertensive effects were assessed in vivo on a 1 kidney-1 clip (1 K-1C) rat model of hypertension and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Acute HDR-2 treatment significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) 3 h posttreatment in both models. Chronic HDR-2 administration also significantly decreased SBP in the hypertensive rat models. Moreover, HDR-2 increased eNOS protein expression and phosphorylation levels in the aorta. CONCLUSION: Chronic HDR-2 administration may effectively improve vascular function by decreasing plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and AngII levels. HDR-2 significantly improved acetylcholine (ACh)-induced aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation and affected sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced endothelium-independent relaxation in SHRs.

SR-5, the specific ratio of Korean multi-herbal formula: An evaluation of antiulcerogenic effects on experimentally induced gastric ulcers in mice.

PURPOSE: Previously, we demonstrated that the specific ratio of Korean multi-herbal formula (SR-5) exhibits hepatoprotective properties against ethanol-induced hepatic damage in rats. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is a major etiological factor involved in gastric disease and ulcer development induced by the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. METHODS: The present study evaluated the gastroprotective effects of SR-5 (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) against hydrochloride acid/ethanol (HCl/EtOH)-induced and indomethacin/hydrochloride acid (INDO/HCl)-induced gastritis in a mouse model and the mechanisms involved. RESULTS: All the tested doses of SR-5 significantly inhibited gastric lesions in the HCl/EtOH-induced ulcer model mice. Similarly, all the tested doses of SR-5 significantly inhibited gastric lesions in the INDO/HCl-induced ulcer model mice. Furthermore, mice pretreated with SR-5 had significantly increased gastric levels of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, namely, catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH), with concomitant reductions in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared with those in the HCl/EtOH or INDO/HCl group. SR-5 suppressed the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) to their normal values. CONCLUSION: These findings are the first to demonstrate the powerful protective effect of SR-5 against gastric injury development and provide hope for clinical application.

Emergence of topological superconductivity in doped topological Dirac semimetals under symmetry-lowering lattice distortions.

Recently, unconventional superconductivity having a zero-bias conductance peak is reported in doped topological Dirac semimetal (DSM) with lattice distortion. Motivated by the experiments, we theoretically study the possible symmetry-lowering lattice distortions and their effects on the emergence of unconventional superconductivity in doped topological DSM. We find four types of symmetry-lowering lattice distortions that reproduce the crystal symmetries relevant to experiments from the group-theoretical analysis. Considering inter-orbital and intra-orbital electron density-density interactions, we calculate superconducting phase diagrams. We find that the lattice distortions can induce unconventional superconductivity hosting gapless surface Andreev bound states (SABS). Depending on the lattice distortions and superconducting pairing interactions, the unconventional inversion-odd-parity superconductivity can be either topological nodal superconductivity hosting a flat SABS or topological crystalline superconductivity hosting a gapless SABS. Remarkably, the lattice distortions increase the superconducting critical temperature, which is consistent with the experiments. Our work opens a pathway to explore and control pressure-induced topological superconductivity in doped topological semimetals.

Blue economy and the total environment: Mapping the interface.

The term 'Blue Economy (BE)' is increasingly popular in modern environmental research. The concept seeks to explore ocean-based development opportunities with environmental stewardship and protection. Yet different scholars and actors adopt this term often in conflicting ways without attempting to explore the relevance and the link between the blue economy and the broader environment viz., total environment. The potential opportunities to resolve the conflicts require a better understanding of the impacts and/or interactions of the BE on the total environment. This paper aims to map the interface between the two for a better understanding of the total environment and implications for the BE. Using a systematic literature review, this study finds that the field of the blue economy in association with the total environment is very new and emerging in the literature, and the link between the BE and the total environment is increasingly being invoked, yet clarity on the link or interactions remain vague. By analysing the co-occurrence of selected keywords and networks, we present six clusters (three for general relationship, and the other three for specific dimensions of total environment). In a general relationship between the BE and the total environment, clusters of environmental sustainability, marine resource, and economic development are identified to link directly to the BE. In specific dimensions of the total environment, clusters of growth and sustainable development, spatial planning and environmental management, and environmental sustainability and the BE are presented. The analysis outcomes show that specific areas from the total environment (growth, spatial planning, environmental management, and environmental sustainability) are directly linked to the BE where a call for a wider range of studies in the future is identified.

3D Silk Fiber Construct Embedded Dual-Layer PEG Hydrogel for Articular Cartilage Repair - In vitro Assessment.

Since articular cartilage does not regenerate itself, researches are underway to heal damaged articular cartilage by applying biomaterials such as a hydrogel. In this study, we have constructed a dual-layer composite hydrogel mimicking the layered structure of articular cartilage. The top layer consists of a high-density PEG hydrogel prepared with 8-arm PEG and PEG diacrylate using thiol-norbornene photo-click chemistry. The compressive modulus of the top layer was 700.1 kPa. The bottom layer consists of a low-density PEG hydrogel reinforced with a 3D silk fiber construct. The low-density PEG hydrogel was prepared with 4-arm PEG using the same cross-linking chemistry, and the compressive modulus was 13.2 kPa. Silk fiber was chosen based on the strong interfacial bonding with the low-density PEG hydrogel. The 3D silk fiber construct was fabricated by moving the silk fiber around the piles using a pile frame, and the compressive modulus of the 3D silk fiber construct was 567 kPa. The two layers were joined through a covalent bond which endowed sufficient stability against repeated torsions. The final 3D silk fiber construct embedded dual-layer PEG hydrogel had a compressive modulus of 744 kPa. Chondrogenic markers confirmed the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in the bottom layer.

Spin texture induced by non-magnetic doping and spin dynamics in 2D triangular lattice antiferromagnet h-Y(Mn,Al)O3.

Novel effects induced by nonmagnetic impurities in frustrated magnets and quantum spin liquid represent a highly nontrivial and interesting problem. A theoretical proposal of extended modulated spin structures induced by doping of such magnets, distinct from the well-known skyrmions has attracted significant interest. Here, we demonstrate that nonmagnetic impurities can produce such extended spin structures in h-YMnO3, a triangular antiferromagnet with noncollinear magnetic order. Using inelastic neutron scattering (INS), we measured the full dynamical structure factor in Al-doped h-YMnO3 and confirmed the presence of magnon damping with a clear momentum dependence. Our theoretical calculations can reproduce the key features of the INS data, supporting the formation of the proposed spin textures. As such, our study provides the first experimental confirmation of the impurity-induced spin textures. It offers new insights and understanding of the impurity effects in a broad class of noncollinear magnetic systems.

Unripe Rubus coreanus Miquel Extract Containing Ellagic Acid Promotes Lipolysis and Thermogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo.

Previously, we demonstrated that a 5% ethanol extract of unripe Rubus coreanus (5-uRCK) and ellagic acid has hypocholesterolemic and antiobesity activity, at least partially mediated by the downregulation of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed animals. The present study investigated the thermogenic and lipolytic antiobesity effects of 5-uRCK and ellagic acid in HFD-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and explored its mechanism of action. Mice fed an HFD received 5-uRCK or ellagic acid as a post-treatment or pretreatment. Both post-treated and pretreated mice showed significant reductions in body weight and adipose tissue mass compared to the HFD-fed mice. The protein levels of lipolysis-associated proteins, such as adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), phosphorylated hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL), and perilipin1 (PLIN1), were significantly increased in both the 5-uRCK- and ellagic acid-treated mouse epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Additionally, thermogenesis-associated proteins, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α), in inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT) were clearly increased in both the 5-uRCK- and ellagic acid-treated mice compared to HFD-fed mice. These results suggest that 5-uRCK and ellagic acid are effective for suppressing body weight gain and enhancing the lipid profile.

Kagome van-der-Waals Pd3P2S8 with flat band.

With the advanced investigations into low-dimensional systems, it has become essential to find materials having interesting lattices that can be exfoliated down to monolayer. One particular important structure is a kagome lattice with its potentially diverse and vibrant physics. We report a van-der-Waals kagome lattice material, Pd3P2S8, with several unique properties such as an intriguing flat band. The flat band is shown to arise from a possible compact-localized state of all five 4d orbitals of Pd. The diamagnetic susceptibility is precisely measured to support the calculated susceptibility obtained from the band structure. We further demonstrate that Pd3P2S8 can be exfoliated down to monolayer, which ultimately will allow the possible control of the localized states in this two-dimensional kagome lattice using the electric field gating.

Comparison of antiaging, anti-melanogenesis effects, and active components of Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.) extracts according to maturity.

In this study, we carried out a comparative evaluation of antiaging and anti-melanogenesis activities of raspberry extracts (Rubus occidentalis L.) according to their stage of ripening (uRo: unripe raspberry, Ro: ripe raspberry), and analyzed the active component (ellagic acid) present in these extracts. Our results showed higher inhibitory effects of the uRo extract in terms of elastase and collagenase activities than Ro extract. In the CCD-986sk cells, uRo extract significantly inhibited MMP-1 activity by 18% and increased the rate of type 1 pro-collagen synthesis by 25%. Besides, treatment with uRo extract significantly inhibited α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Overall, uRo was a more potent mediator of antiaging and anti-melanogenesis effects than Ro extract. Further analysis showed that the functional effects of uRo could be attributed to its 18.5 times higher ellagic acid content than that in Ro extract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study reported the differential effect of the raspberry extracts depending on their stage of ripening. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to report the antiaging, anti-wrinkle, and anti-pigmentation effects of the uRo extracts. We showed that the extracts from the uRo have an overall better antiaging and skin-whitening effect than ripe ones. The effects were attributed to high ellagic acid content in uRo. We believed that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because the outcome of the study has both, cosmetic as well as therapeutic implications.

Viability of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilms on major food-contact surfaces and eggshell treated during 35 days with and without water storage at room temperature.

Salmonella is one of the main foodborne pathogens that affect humans and farm animals. The Salmonella genus comprises a group of food-transmitted pathogens that cause highly prevalent foodborne diseases throughout the world. The aim of this study was to appraise the viability of Salmonella Typhimurium biofilm under water treatment at room temperature on different surfaces, specifically stainless steel (SS), plastic (PLA), rubber (RB), and eggshell (ES). After 35 D, the reduction of biofilm on SS, PLA, RB, and ES was 3.35, 3.57, 3.22, and 2.55 log CFU/coupon without water treatment and 4.31, 4.49, 3.50, and 1.49 log CFU/coupon with water treatment, respectively. The dR value (time required to reduce bacterial biofilm by 99% via Weibull modeling) of S. Typhimurium without and with water treatment was the lowest on PLA (176.86 and 112.17 h, respectively) and the highest on ES (485.37 and 2,436.52 h, respectively). The viability of the S. Typhimurium on ES and the 3 food-contact surfaces was monitored for 5 wk (35 D). The results of this study provide valuable information for the control of S. Typhimurium on different surfaces in the food industry, which could reduce the risk to consumers.

Relationship between the actual fine dust concentration and media exposure that influenced the changes in outdoor activity behavior in South Korea.

The one reason of the decrease of walking time for adults in South Korea among various factors is the sense of fear about fine dust sparked by media reports, which has created a negative perception of fine dust. This study aimed to assess the change in concentration of fine dust, as well as individuals' walking time and health status, in South Korea, and to investigate the relationship between the media reports on fine dust. Using the national government statistics data, we analyzed the relationship between walking time, concentration of fine dust, and amount of media reports on fine dust. From 2008 to 2017, the average walking time and PM10 levels decreased from 76.17 to 49.47 min and 52 to 45 µg/m3; whereas PM10 media frequency increased from 349 to 9,234. No positive correlation existed between walking time in South Korea and exposure to fine dust. However, media reports on fine dust increased steadily from 2012 and peaked in 2015. The decrease in average walking time in South Korea was due to the negative perception created by the increase in media reports on fine dust, rather than the increase in the actual concentration of fine dust.

Effect of the submandibular push exercise using visual feedback from pressure sensor: an electromyography study.

We developed a new exercise method called the submandibular push exercise that can strengthen the suprahyoid muscle by inducing only the motion of the hyoid bone without neck flexion. In this study, we aimed to investigate and compare the muscle activity of the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles in the course of performing three different swallowing exercises. Twenty healthy participants and fifteen patients with dysphagia were recruited. Each participant consecutively performed three exercises: Shaker, CTAR, and submandibular push exercises. To investigate muscle activation, surface electromyography was performed on the suprahyoid, infrahyoid, and SCM muscles, during the exercises. Root mean square (RMS) was measured. In healthy participants, the submandibular push exercise showed a significantly higher RMS value in the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles than the Shaker and CTAR exercises using repeated ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). In patients with dysphagia, the submandibular push and Shaker exercises showed significantly higher RMS value in the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles than the CTAR exercise. However, no significant difference was found between the submandibular push and Shaker exercises. In both healthy and patients with dysphagia, the mean RMS values of the SCM muscles during the submandibular push exercise were significantly lower than those during the Shaker exercise using repeated ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). In conclusion, considering the relatively superior selectiveness in suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle contraction, the submandibular push exercise using visual feedback from pressure sensor could be an efficient supplementary exercise to the conventional swallowing muscle exercises. However, further studies may be necessary to confirm the improvement in swallowing difficulty.

Momentum-Dependent Magnon Lifetime in the Metallic Noncollinear Triangular Antiferromagnet CrB_{2}.

Noncollinear magnetic order arises for various reasons in several magnetic systems and exhibits interesting spin dynamics. Despite its ubiquitous presence, little is known of how magnons, otherwise stable quasiparticles, decay in these systems, particularly in metallic magnets. Using inelastic neutron scattering, we examine the magnetic excitation spectra in a metallic noncollinear antiferromagnet CrB_{2}, in which Cr atoms form a triangular lattice and display incommensurate magnetic order. Our data show intrinsic magnon damping and continuumlike excitations that cannot be explained by linear spin wave theory. The intrinsic magnon linewidth Γ(q,E_{q}) shows very unusual momentum dependence, which our analysis shows to originate from the combination of two-magnon decay and the Stoner continuum. By comparing the theoretical predictions with the experiments, we identify where in the momentum and energy space one of the two factors becomes more dominant. Our work constitutes a rare comprehensive study of the spin dynamics in metallic noncollinear antiferromagnets. It reveals, for the first time, definite experimental evidence of the higher-order effects in metallic antiferromagnets.

Long-Term Exposure to Urban Particulate Matter on the Ocular Surface and the Incidence of Deleterious Changes in the Cornea, Conjunctiva and Retina in Rats.

We investigated the time-dependent deleterious ocular changes induced by urban particulate matter (UPM) in vitro and in vivo. UPM treatment decreased human corneal epithelial cell migration and survival. Fluorescein scores were consistently increased by UPM application for 16 weeks. One week of rest at 2 or 4 weeks led to a recovery trend, whereas two weeks of rest at 8 weeks induced no change. UPM treatment decreased the tear film break-up time at 2 weeks, which was thereafter maintained until 16 weeks. No changes were found after periods of rest. UPM-treated eyes exhibited greater corneal epithelium thickness than normal eyes at 2 weeks, which recovered to normal at 4 and 8 weeks and was significantly decreased at 16 weeks. Apoptotic cell number in the epithelium was increased at 2 weeks, which remained constant except at 8 weeks. IL-6 expression in the cornea of the right eye continually increased for 16 weeks, and significant recovery was only observed at 8 weeks after 2 weeks of rest. Ocular pressure was significantly increased in the right eye at 12 and 16 weeks. Topical UPM application to the eye induced deleterious changes to various closely related parts of the eye.

Burnout Syndrome and Work-Related Stress in Physical and Occupational Therapists Working in Different Types of Hospitals: Which Group Is the Most Vulnerable?

Because of the nature of their work, physical and occupational therapists are at high risk of burnout, which is associated with decreased job satisfaction, medical errors, and mental wellbeing in healthcare professionals. To well manage and minimize potential impact of burnout, risk factors should be determined. This study examined burnout and job stress in physical and occupational therapists in various Korean hospital settings. Physical and occupational therapists from several rehabilitation facilities in South Korea completed a survey between March-May 2019. A set of questionnaires, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Job Content Questionnaire, were distributed to all participants. In total, 325 professionals (131 men and 194 women) were recruited. Burnout and work-related stress differed significantly according to several factors. Hospital size, gender, and age were the main contributory factors affecting at least two dimensions of the questionnaires. The more vulnerable group consisted of female therapists in their 20s at small- or medium-sized hospitals with low scores for quality of life. High levels of job stress and burnout were observed in female therapists in their 20s at small- or medium-sized hospitals. Hospitals and society should create suitable environments and understand the nature of therapists' work to improve healthcare.