Transient Acute Diplopia as a Rare Side Effect of Hydromorphone: A Case Report.

Diplopia, or double vision, has been listed as a rare adverse effect of intravenous hydromorphone, although there are no case studies or literature documenting this. We detail a case of acute transient diplopia correlated with the use of intraoperative hydromorphone and postoperative hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia. Although the mechanism for this adverse effect is unknown, there may be risk factors that predispose patients to the potential toxic metabolic effects of hydromorphone. We share the first published case of diplopia as a clinically relevant adverse effect of hydromorphone and propose a potential reason behind this association.

Surgical strategies to address re-operative complex left ventricular outflow tract and thoracic aortic pathology: Cleveland Clinic children's experience.

BACKGROUND: Complex patients requiring operations on the left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve, or thoracic aorta after previous repair of aortopathy constitute a challenging group, with limited information guiding decision-making. We aimed to use our institutional experience to highlight management challenges and describe surgical pearls to address them. METHODS: Forty-one complex patients with surgery on the left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve, or aorta at Cleveland Clinic Children's between 2016 and 2021 following previous repair of aortic pathology were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with known connective tissue disease or single ventricle circulation were excluded. RESULTS: Median age at index procedure was 23 years (range 0.25-48) with median of 2 prior sternotomies. Previous aortic operations included subvalvular (n = 9), valvular (n = 6), supravalvular (n = 13), and multi-level surgeries (n = 13). Four deaths occurred in median follow-up of 2.5 years. Mean left ventricular outflow tract gradients improved significantly for patients with obstruction (34.9 ± 17.5 mmHg versus 12.6 ± 6.0 mmHg; p < 0.001). Technical pearls include the following: 1) liberal use of anterior aortoventriculoplasty with valve replacement; 2) primarily anterior aortoventriculoplasty following the subpulmonary conus in contrast to more vertical incision for post-arterial switch operation patients; 3) pre-operative imaging of mediastinum and peripheral vasculature for cannulation and sternal re-entry; and 4) proactive use of multi-site peripheral cannulation. CONCLUSIONS: Operation to address the left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve, or aorta following prior congenital aortic repair can be accomplished with excellent outcomes despite high complexity. These procedures commonly include multiple components, including concomitant valve interventions. Cannulation strategies and anterior aortoventriculoplasty in specific patients require modifications.

Characterizing the anatomic spectrum, surgical treatment, and long-term clinical outcomes for patients with Shone's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Shone's syndrome (SS) has a varied anatomic spectrum without consensus on need and timing for mitral valve intervention (MVI). We sought to (1) characterize the anatomic spectrum and treatment pathways; (2) describe long-term outcomes and their determinants; and (3) define the impact of MVI timing on survival. METHODS: In total, 121 patients with SS who underwent operation at Cleveland Clinic between 1956 and 2021 were reviewed. Multivariable parametric hazard analyses including time-varying covariables, and modulated renewal to account for repeated events, were performed. End points included time-related survival and reintervention. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 9.9 years. Mitral stenosis (MS) (98%), coarctation (80%), and aortic stenosis (70%) predominated. The most common combination was MS + aortic stenosis + coarctation (26%). Median initial mean mitral and aortic gradients were 3.6 (15th/85th percentiles: 2.0/6.8) and 9.0 (2.1/46) mm Hg, respectively. Median initial surgery age was 0.041 (0.011/3.2) years. Initial surgeries included coarctation repair (43%), arch repair (18%), and staged biventricular repair (18%). Overall survival was 92% at 20 years. Freedom from reoperation was 66% and 24% at 1 and 20 years. Patients with no MVI or initial MVI (N = 7) tended to be associated with better early survival compared with those with MVI at subsequent operation (N = 29) (P = .06). Risk factors for early reintervention included initial Norwood operation, with younger age and arch hypoplasia increasing later reintervention. CONCLUSIONS: Despite excellent long-term survival, reoperation in SS is frequent and occurs most commonly on left ventricular outflow tract and mitral valve. Although MS is present in most, few require MVI. Delaying MVI may compromise early survival.