EEG for good outcome prediction after cardiac arrest: A multicentre cohort study.

AIM: Assess the prognostic ability of a non-highly malignant and reactive EEG to predict good outcome after cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS: Prospective observational multicentre substudy of the "Targeted Hypothermia versus Targeted Normothermia after Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest Trial", also known as the TTM2-trial. Presence or absence of highly malignant EEG patterns and EEG reactivity to external stimuli were prospectively assessed and reported by the trial sites. Highly malignant patterns were defined as burst-suppression or suppression with or without superimposed periodic discharges. Multimodal prognostication was performed 96 h after CA. Good outcome at 6 months was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0-3. RESULTS: 873 comatose patients at 59 sites had an EEG assessment during the hospital stay. Of these, 283 (32%) had good outcome. EEG was recorded at a median of 69 h (IQR 47-91) after CA. Absence of highly malignant EEG patterns was seen in 543 patients of whom 255 (29% of the cohort) had preserved EEG reactivity. A non-highly malignant and reactive EEG had 56% (CI 50-61) sensitivity and 83% (CI 80-86) specificity to predict good outcome. Presence of EEG reactivity contributed (p < 0.001) to the specificity of EEG to predict good outcome compared to only assessing background pattern without taking reactivity into account. CONCLUSION: Nearly one-third of comatose patients resuscitated after CA had a non-highly malignant and reactive EEG that was associated with a good long-term outcome. Reactivity testing should be routinely performed since preserved EEG reactivity contributed to prognostic performance.

Long-term follow-up of cardiac arrest survivors: Protocol of the DESAC (Devenir des survivants d'Arrets Cardiaques) study, a French multicentric prospective cohort.

Background: While the short-term prognosis of cardiac arrest patients - nearly 250,000 new cases per year in Europe - has been extensively studied, less is known regarding the mid and long-term outcome of survivors. Objective: The aim of the DESAC study is to describe mid- and long-term survival rate and functional status of cardiac arrest survivors, and to assess the influence of pre and intra hospital therapeutic strategies on these two outcomes. Methods: Between Jul 2015 and Oct 2018, adult patients over 18 years who were discharged alive from any intensive care units (public and private hospitals) in the Ile-de-France area (Paris and suburbs, France) after a non-traumatic cardiac arrest were screened for participation in this multicentric study. Survivors were included after they signed (or the proxies) an informed consent before discharge during initial hospitalisation. We calculated that including 600 patients in total would allow an 80% power to demonstrate a 2 years survival rate difference of 10% between patients who did and those who did not receive therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation. Pre- and in-hospital data related to the circumstances surrounding the event and to the therapeutic interventions (such as cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, defibrillation, emergent coronary revascularization, neuroprotective therapeutics) were collected. After discharge, patients were interviewed at 3 months, 6 months and every year thereafter for a minimum follow-up of 26 months and a maximum follow-up of 48 months. Information on vital status, occurrence of cardiovascular events, medications and a comprehensive assessment of the functional status (qualitive of life as assessed by the Short-Form General Health Survey (SF36) scale, activities of daily living (ADL) scale, neurological Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) and Overall Performance Categories (OPC) scales, socio-professional activities) were collected at follow-up interviews. Discussion: The DESAC study should provide important information regarding several dimensions of the mid and long-term prognosis of cardiac arrest survivors and on the benefit (and potentially harm) of early therapeutic strategies.

Ischemic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective, multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: The consequences of cardiac arrest (CA) on the gastro-intestinal tract are poorly understood. We measured the incidence of ischemic injury in the upper gastro-intestinal tract after Out-of-hospital CA (OHCA) and determined the risk factors for and consequences of gastrointestinal ischemic injury according to its severity. METHODS: Prospective, non-controlled, multicenter study in nine ICUs in France and Belgium conducted from November 1, 2014 to November 30, 2018. Included patients underwent an esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy 2 to 4 d after OHCA if still intubated and the presence of ischemic lesions of the upper gastro-intestinal tract was determined by a gastroenterologist. Lesions were a priori defined as severe if there was ulceration or necrosis and moderate if there was mucosal edema or erythema. We compared clinical and cardiac arrest characteristics of three groups of patients (no, moderate, and severe lesions) and identified variables associated with gastrointestinal ischemic injury using multivariate regression analysis. We also compared the outcomes (organ failure during ICU stay and neurological status at hospital discharge) of the three groups of patients. RESULTS: Among the 214 patients included in the analysis, 121 (57%, 95% CI 50-63%) had an upper gastrointestinal ischemic lesion, most frequently on the fundus. Ischemic lesions were severe in 55/121 (45%) patients. In multivariate regression, higher adrenaline dose during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR 1.25 per mg (1.08-1.46)) was independently associated with increased odds of severe upper gastrointestinal ischemic lesions; previous proton pump inhibitor use (OR 0.40 (0.14-1.00)) and serum bicarbonate on day 1 (OR 0.89 (0.81-0.97)) were associated with lower odds of ischemic lesions. Patients with severe lesions had a higher SOFA score during the ICU stay and worse neurological outcome at hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the patients successfully resuscitated from OHCA had upper gastrointestinal tract ischemic injury. Presence of ischemic lesions was independently associated with the amount of adrenaline used during resuscitation. Patients with severe lesions had higher organ failure scores during the ICU stay and a worse prognosis. Clinical Trial Registration NCT02349074 .

[Coronary artery spasm revealed by an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with a moyamoya disease. A case report of multimodality imaging]. / Arrêt cardiaque par spasme coronaire associé à une maladie de Moyamoya. Apport de l'imagerie cardiaque multimodale.

Moyamoya disease is a rare angiopathy characterized by a progressive distal occlusion of the internal carotid arteries and their branches. Extracerebral involvement, including coronary arteries, has been described. We report the case of a patient with moyamoya disease who suffered an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest associated with coronary spasm. We discussed the possible links between coronary spasm and moyamoya, as well as the contribution of multimodal cardiac imaging, combining conventional and intracoronary imaging, cardiac MRI, provocative tests for spasm, in the exploration of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without obvious electrocardiographic and angiographic cause.

[Isolated right ventricular acute myocardial infarction mimicking anterior infarction]. / Infarctus isolé du ventricule droit mimant un infarctus antérieur.

Isolated right ventricular acute myocardial infarction is rare and its presentation can sometimes mimic an anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. We reported two cases of isolated right ventricular acute myocardial infarction presenting with a ST-elevation in anterior leads. The first case was admitted for an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. The patient died from neurologic consequences of the cardiac arrest, despite a successful prehospital thrombolysis, followed by a percutaneous angioplasty of the right coronary artery. The second case occurred after a complex percutaneous angioplasty of the right coronary artery, complicated by a total occlusion of a right marginal branch. These two cases illustrate the limits of the ECG for the diagnosis of isolated right ventricular acute infarction, and the difficulties of the differential diagnosis with anterior infarction, which may determine the treatment and the prognosis.

Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without obvious extracardiac cause: Who benefits?

BACKGROUND: Immediate coronary angiography (iCA) and primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty (pPCI) in patients successfully resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) of suspected cardiac cause is controversial. Our aims were to assess the results of iCA, the prognostic impact of pPCI after OHCA, and to identify subgroups most likely to benefit from this strategy. METHODS: In this single-centre retrospective study, patients aged ≥18 years with sustained return of spontaneous circulation after OHCA and no evidence of a non-cardiac cause underwent routine iCA at admission, with pPCI if indicated. Results of iCA, and factors associated with in-hospital survival were analysed. RESULTS: Between 2006 and 2013, 160 survivors from OHCA presumed of cardiac origin were included (median age, 60 years; 85% males). iCA showed significant coronary-artery lesions in 75% of patients, and acute occlusion or unstable lesion in only 41%. pPCI was performed in 34% of patients and was not associated with survival by univariate or multivariate analysis (P=0.67). ST-segment elevation predicted acute coronary occlusion in 40%. An initial shockable rhythm was associated with higher in-hospital survival (52% vs. 19%; P<0.001). After initial defibrillation, the first rhythm recorded by 12-lead electrocardiography was highly associated with prognosis: secondary asystole had a very low survival rate (5%, 1/21) despite PCI in 43% of patients, compared to sustained ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (42%, 15/36) and supraventricular rhythm (71%, 50/70) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, the prevalence of acute coronary occlusion or unstable lesion immediately after OHCA of likely cardiac cause is only 41%. Immediate CA in OHCA survivors, with pPCI if indicated, should be restricted to highly selected patients.

Ilio-psoas hematoma in the intensive care unit: a multicentric study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical features and outcomes of patients with spontaneous ilio-psoas hematoma (IPH) in intensive care units (ICUs) are poorly documented. The objectives of this study were to determine epidemiological, clinical, biological and management characteristics of ICU patients with IPH. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicentric study in three French ICUs from January 2006 to December 2014. We included IPH diagnosed both at admission and during ICU stay. Surgery and embolization were available 24 h a day for each center, and therapeutic decisions were undertaken after pluridisciplinary discussion. All IPHs were diagnosed using CT scan. RESULTS: During this period, we identified 3.01 cases/1000 admissions. The mortality rate of the 77 included patients was 30 %. In multivariate analysis, we observed that mortality was independently associated with SAPS II (OR 1.1, 95 % CI [1.013-1.195], p = 0.02) and with the presence of hemorrhagic shock (OR 67.1, 95 % CI [2.6-1691], p = 0.01). We found IPH was related to anticoagulation therapy in 56 cases (72 %), with guideline-concordant reversal performed in 33 % of patients. We did not found any association between anticoagulant therapy type and outcome. CONCLUSION: We found IPH is an infrequent disease, with a high mortality rate of 30 %, mostly related to anticoagulation therapy and usually affecting the elderly. Management of anticoagulation-related IPH includes a high rate of no reversal of 38 %.

[Fatal Panton-Valentine leukocidine-associated Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia]. / Pneumopathie nécrosante fatale à Staphylococcus aureus sécréteur de leucocidine de Panton-Valentine.

Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia is an unusual cause of community-acquired pneumonia associated with a high fatality rate. The specificities of its presentation must be known by the critical care doctor, in order to quickly make the diagnosis and start the right antibiotics and discuss adjunctive therapy with intravenous immunoglobin. Moreover, the management of close contacts (household and healthcare workers) of patient with such a pneumonia is not well-known. The present case report underlines the clinical presentation of this pneumonia, the specificities of its treatment, and specifies the management of close contacts.

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary dipstick to exclude catheter-associated urinary tract infection in ICU patients: a reappraisal.

OBJECTIVES: We wanted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of urinary dipstick testing in excluding catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients with fever or hypothermia. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort study in a medical-surgical ICU. Patients with new-onset fever >38.3 °C or hypothermia <36 °C at least 48 h after urinary catheter insertion were included over a 2-year period. At each episode, a urinary dipstick test and a urine culture were performed as the criterion standard. Extensive microbiological investigations for extra-urinary infections were performed also. The performances of various urinary dipstick result combinations in ruling out CAUTI were compared based on the likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-). RESULTS: Symptomatic CAUTI was diagnosed in 31 (24.4 %) of the 127 included patients (195 episodes of fever or hypothermia). LR+ was best for combined leukocyte esterase-positive and nitrite-positive dipstick results (overall population: 14.91; 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI], 5.53-40.19; patients without urinary symptoms: 15.63; 95 % CI, 5.76-42.39). LR- was best for either leukocyte esterase-positive or nitrite-positive dipstick results (overall population: 0.41; 95 % CI, 0.57-0.65; patients without urinary symptoms, 0.36; 95 % CI, 0.21-0.60). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary dipstick testing at the bedside does not help to rule out symptomatic CAUTI in medical or surgical ICU patients with fever or hypothermia.

Ovarian masses in adolescent girls.

Ovarian masses are the most frequent gynecological pathology seen in adolescent girls. Functional or organic tumors of the ovary are usually benign and the incidence rises with age. Most cysts are functional and adnexal torsion is the main complication, but a malignant etiology must nevertheless always be eliminated. The clinical presentation is quite variable. Ultrasonography is the investigation of choice: the sonogram will reveal a strictly fluid, benign functional cyst, suggest an adnexal torsion, and provide evidence of a heterogeneous mass. Emergency surgery is indicated only in the case of suspected ovarian torsion, in order to perform detorsion. In all other cases, serum tumor marker measurements will orient the diagnosis and MRI is an essential complement to imaging of tumors with heterogeneous solid components. Surgery and histopathological examination then determine the stage and the benign or malignant nature of the mass. Ovarian tumors are classified by the World Health Organization based on the cell of origin into epithelial tumors, germ cell tumors and sex cord-stromal tumors. Surgery should always follow oncological standards and be as conservative as possible to preserve future fertility.

[Klinefelter's syndrome and Turner's syndrome. For a better management]. / Syndrome de Klinefelter et syndrome de Turner : pour une meilleure prise en charge.

Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) affects one in 600 men and Turner's syndrome (TS), one in 2500 women. These 2 diseases are the most sex chromosome disorders characterized by one extra X in the SK male (47XXY) and the loss of an X in the girls with ST (45 X). Their common characteristic is the gonadal dysgenesis, which is the main cause of male or female infertility. Called "the forgotten syndrome", KS is under-diagnosed because apart from the large size, there are no dysmorphic features, along with a great ignorance of cognitive and language disorders in children. There are often comorbidities that lead to diagnosis such as autoimmune diseases or metabolic syndrome. TS is often diagnosed by the short stature. Management of Turner's girls has profoundly changed with Growth hormone therapy. There is an international consensus for a better management of associated diseases such as ORL, cardiac, renal, hepatic, autoimmune and metabolic diseases. Prenatal diagnosis allows early detection and management of cognitive deficiencies and of associated diseases.

Favorable outcome after life-threatening meningococcal disease complicating influenza A(H1N1) infection.

PURPOSE: Neurological complications of influenza A(H1N1) have been reported in several patients since the onset of the pandemic in 2009. However, meningococcal disease complicating influenza A(H1N1) has not been reported. PATIENTS: Two patients were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) for altered mental status, fever, and rapidly spreading petechial purpura. They were diagnosed with meningococcal meningitis and/or meningococcemia and influenza A(H1N1) co-infection. CONCLUSIONS: Meningococcal disease presenting as meningitis and/or meningococcemia is among the potential complications of influenza A(H1N1) infection. Physicians should be aware of this co-infection, as it must be detected and treated promptly with antibiotics in addition to supportive care.