Distal cerebral vasospasm treatment following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage using the Comaneci device: technical feasibility and single-center preliminary results.

BACKGROUND: Balloon-assisted mechanical angioplasty for cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has a number of limitations, including transient occlusion of the spastic blood vessel. Comaneci is an FDA-approved device for temporary coil embolization assistance which has recently also been approved for the treatment of distal symptomatic refractory vasospasm. We aimed to report the feasibility, efficacy and safety of our experience with Comaneci angioplasty for refractory distal vasospasm (up to the second segment of the cerebral arteries) following aSAH. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective series of 18 patients included between April 2019 and June 2021 with aSAH and symptomatic vasospasm refractory to medical therapy, who were treated using Comaneci-17-asssisted mechanical distal angioplasty. Immediate angiographic results, procedure-related complications, and clinical outcomes were assessed. Inter-rater reliability of the scores was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Comaneci-assisted distal angioplasty was performed in 18 patients, corresponding to 31 target arteries. All distal anterior segments were easily accessible with the Comaneci-17 device. Vasospasm improvement after Comaneci mechanical angioplasty was seen in 22 distal arteries (71%) (weighted Cohen's kappa (κw) 0.73, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93). Vasospasm recurrence occurred in three patients (16.67%) and delayed cerebral infarction in three patients (16.67%), with a mean±SD delay between onset of symptoms and imaging follow-up (MRI/CT) of 32.61±8.93 days (κw 0.98, 95% CI 0.88 to 1). CONCLUSION: This initial experience suggests that distal mechanical angioplasty performed with the Comaneci-17 device for refractory vasospasm following aSAH seems to be safe, with good feasibility and efficacy.

Automatic segmentation of deep grey nuclei using a high-resolution 7T magnetic resonance imaging atlas-Quantification of T1 values in healthy volunteers.

We present a new consensus atlas of deep grey nuclei obtained by shape-based averaging of manual segmentation of two experienced neuroradiologists and optimized from 7T MP2RAGE images acquired at (.6 mm)3 in 60 healthy subjects. A group-wise normalization method was used to build a high-contrast and high-resolution T1 -weighted brain template (.5 mm)3 using data from 30 out of the 60 controls. Delineation of 24 deep grey nuclei per hemisphere, including the claustrum and 12 thalamic nuclei, was then performed by two expert neuroradiologists and reviewed by a third neuroradiologist according to tissue contrast and external references based on the Morel atlas. Corresponding deep grey matter structures were also extracted from the Morel and CIT168 atlases. The data-derived, Morel and CIT168 atlases were all applied at the individual level using non-linear registration to fit the subject reference and to extract absolute mean quantitative T1 values derived from the 3D-MP2RAGE volumes, after correction for residual B1+ biases. Three metrics (the Dice and the volumetric similarity coefficients and a novel Hausdorff distance) were used to estimate the inter-rater agreement of manual MRI segmentation and inter-atlas variability, and these metrics were measured to quantify biases due to image registration, and their impact on the measurements of the quantitative T1 values was highlighted. This represents a fully automated segmentation process permitting the extraction of unbiased normative T1 values in a population of young healthy controls as a reference for characterizing subtle structural alterations of deep grey nuclei relevant to a range of neurological diseases.

T1-Based Synthetic Magnetic Resonance Contrasts Improve Multiple Sclerosis and Focal Epilepsy Imaging at 7 T.

OBJECTIVES: Ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (≥7 T) is a unique opportunity to improve the clinical diagnosis of brain pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis or focal epilepsy. However, several shortcomings of 7 T MRI, such as radiofrequency field inhomogeneities, could degrade image quality and hinder radiological interpretation. To address these challenges, an original synthetic MRI method based on T1 mapping achieved with the magnetization-prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP2RAGE) sequence was developed. The radiological quality of on-demand T1-based contrasts generated by this technique was evaluated in multiple sclerosis and focal epilepsy imaging at 7 T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was carried out from October 2017 to September 2019 and included 21 patients with different phenotypes of multiple sclerosis and 35 patients with focal epilepsy who underwent MRI brain examinations using a whole-body investigative 7 T magnetic resonance system. The quality of 2 proposed synthetic contrast images were assessed and compared with conventional images acquired at 7 T using the MP2RAGE sequence by 4 radiologists, evaluating 3 qualitative criteria: signal homogeneity, contrast intensity, and lesion visualization. Statistical analyses were performed on reported quality scores using Wilcoxon rank tests and further multiple comparisons tests. Intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities were calculated as well. RESULTS: Radiological quality scores were reported higher for synthetic images when compared with original images, regardless of contrast, pathologies, or raters considered, with significant differences found for all 3 criteria (P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon rank test). None of the 4 radiologists ever rated a synthetic image "markedly worse" than an original image. Synthetic images were rated slightly less satisfying for only 3 epileptic patients, without precluding lesion identification. CONCLUSION: T1-based synthetic MRI with the MP2RAGE sequence provided on-demand contrasts and high-quality images to the radiologist, facilitating lesion visualization in multiple sclerosis and focal epilepsy, while reducing the magnetic resonance examination total duration by removing an additional sequence.

Acute Stroke Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Confinement Impact Eligibility for Endovascular Therapy?

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the World Health Organization recommended measures to mitigate the outbreak such as social distancing and confinement. Since these measures have been put in place, anecdotal reports describe a decrease in the number of endovascular therapy (EVT) treatments for acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect on EVT for patients with acute ischemic stroke during the COVID-19 confinement. In this retrospective, observational study, data were collected from November 1, 2019, to April 15, 2020, at 17 stroke centers in countries where confinement measures have been in place since March 2020 for the COVID-19 pandemic (Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Canada, and United States). This study included 1600 patients treated by EVT for acute ischemic stroke. Date of EVT and symptom onset-to-groin puncture time were collected. Mean number of EVTs performed per hospital per 2-week interval and mean stroke onset-to-groin puncture time were calculated before confinement measures and after confinement measures. Distributions (non-normal) between the 2 groups (before COVID-19 confinement versus after COVID-19 confinement) were compared using 2-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The results show a significant decrease in mean number of EVTs performed per hospital per 2-week interval between before COVID-19 confinement (9.0 [95% CI, 7.8-10.1]) and after COVID-19 confinement (6.1 [95% CI, 4.5-7.7]), (P<0.001). In addition, there is a significant increase in mean stroke onset-to-groin puncture time (P<0.001), between before COVID-19 confinement (300.3 minutes [95% CI, 285.3-315.4]) and after COVID-19 confinement (354.5 minutes [95% CI, 316.2-392.7]). Our preliminary analysis indicates a 32% reduction in EVT procedures and an estimated 54-minute increase in symptom onset-to-groin puncture time after confinement measures for COVID-19 pandemic were put into place.

Live birth rates remain stable in modified natural IVF despite low anti-Müllerian hormone: analysis of 638 cycles.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Do live birth rates (LBR) following modified natural IVF (mnIVF) differ according to serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration? DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study including 638 women aged ≤39 years starting their first mnIVF cycle at a university-affiliated private IVF centre. Patients were divided into three groups, by concentration of AMH: ≤0.5 ng/ml (25th percentile), 0.51-2.03 ng/ml (25-75th percentile, reference) and 2.04-6.56 ng/ml (75th percentile). Analyses were stratified by AMH percentile and the age of patients (<35, 35-39 years). Logistic regression assessed the impact of age and AMH percentile on outcomes. LBR was the primary outcome measure. RESULTS: LBR per started cycle were comparable across AMH percentiles (11.6%, 12.4% and 17.0% for the 25th, 25-75th and 75th percentile, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found between the three AMH groups with respect to cancellation, successful egg retrieval, embryo transfer, or biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates. Logistic regression analysis did not identify AMH percentile as a significant predictor of live birth. Compared with the reference group, the odds ratios (OR [95% confidence interval, CI]) for live birth in the <25th and >75th AMH percentile groups were 0.97 (0.54-1.76) and 1.41 (0.82-2.41), respectively. The results were the same regardless of age group (<35 years, 35-39 years). CONCLUSIONS: Serum AMH cannot be used to predict mnIVF outcomes. Patients in lower/upper AMH percentiles showed pregnancy and LBR comparable to patients with normal AMH.

Relationship between magnetic resonance imaging characteristics and plasmatic levels of MMP2 and MMP9 in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas treated by Bevacizumab and Irinotecan.

Matrix metalloproteases MMP2 and MMP9 are involved in cancer angiogenesis and invasion. We recently demonstrated that plasma MMP2 and MMP9 levels could both predict response to bevacizumab in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma (HGG). We examined the potential relationship between MMP2/MMP9 plasma levels and glioma imaging characteristics. In this retrospective, monocentric study, MRI before bevacizumab administration for HGG patients was independently analyzed for contrast enhancement (CE) and FLAIR sequences. Contemporary MMP2 and MMP9 plasma levels were assessed using ELISA kits. We analyzed 28 patients with a median Karnofsky Performance Status of 70 (range 50-80). A diffuse pattern was observed in 14 patients (50%). We did not observe any correlation between baseline imaging features and plasma levels of MMP2 or MMP9. We found no association between baseline MMP levels and diffuse MRI patterns. In univariate analyses, diffuse pattern, multi-focal disease, tumor diameter, surface area, and volume had no impact on outcome, while the number of lobes involved in CE and crossing of the midline by CE were associated with a worse progression-free survival (p = 0.072 and p = 0.012, respectively) and overall survival (p = 0.012 and p < 0.001, respectively). In patients with recurrent high-grade glioma treated with a bevacizumab-based regimen, our exploratory analysis of multiple MRI tumor characteristics at baseline failed to detect a relationship between imaging feature and plasma levels of MMP2 and MMP9. Our results suggests that number of lobes involved in CE and crossing of the midline by CE are associated with outcome although the potential prognostic versus predictive role of these markers warrant further investigation.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH): a reliable biomarker of oocyte quality in IVF.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of serum AMH levels on stimulated IVF implantation and clinical pregnancy rates. METHODS: • DESIGN: Retrospective study with multivariate analysis. • SETTING: Clinique ovo (Montreal University affiliated Center). • PATIENT(S): Six hundred and thirty seven patients undergoing a stimulated IVF protocol were included. Only non-polycystic ovary patients at their first IVF attempt were considered for the analysis. • INTERVENTION(S): None. • MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES(S): Implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates. RESULT(S): Cycle outcomes were analysed according to AMH percentiles based on the AMH normogram per patient's age of our infertile population. Multivariate analyses were done to adjust for potential confounding factors such as age, total exogenous FSH dosage and number of eggs retrieved. Compared to the reference population, a significant lower mean implantation rate (0.26 vs 0.45) was observed in patients under 35 years of age with AMH < 1 ng/ml. Women with AMH < 25th percentile had less chances of having an embryo transferred, lower chances of having an ongoing pregnancy per started IVF cycle and a lower embryo freezing rate compared to the reference population. CONCLUSION(S): Patients with AMH < 0.47 ng/ml should be advised before starting a stimulated IVF cycle of the poorer prognosis compared to our reference population independently of their age, total exogenous FSH dosage and number of eggs retrieved. Therefore, AMH could enable a more individualized number of embryo transfer policy based on oocyte quality.

Primary cough headache, primary exertional headache, and primary headache associated with sexual activity: a clinical and radiological study.

INTRODUCTION: The purposes of this study are to describe clinical features of primary cough headache, primary exertional headache, and primary headache associated with sexual activity and to evaluate potential association with abnormalities in the cerebral or cervical venous circulation. METHODS: This multicentre, observational, non-interventional consecutive cohort study included patients fulfilling ICHD-II criteria for primary cough headache (N = 10), primary exertional headache (N = 11), or primary headache associated with sexual activity (N = 20), as well as 16 headache-free controls. Each patient was evaluated clinically and underwent craniocervical MRV of the cranial circulation. All scans were interpreted centrally by blinded raters, using the Farb criteria proposed for idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Stenosis was defined as a Farb score <3 in left or right transverse sinuses or jugular veins. RESULTS: In all primary headache groups, headaches were most frequently diffuse, severe, or very severe. Headache duration was significantly shorter in patients with cough headache (median 6.5 versus 20 and 60 min). An exploitable magnetic resonance venogram was obtained for 36 patients. Stenosis was detected in none of the control group, but in 5/7 patients with primary cough headache group, 2/10 patients with primary exertion headache, and 12/19 patients with primary headache associated with sexual activity. The frequency of stenosis was significantly different from the control group in the primary cough headache and primary headache associated with sexual activity groups. CONCLUSIONS: Headaches provoked by cough and sexual activity are possibly associated with venous abnormalities in a significant subgroup of affected patients. As the literature shows conflicting results, this venous stenosis can be considered as a promoting factor.

Cerebral Blood and CSF Flow Patterns in Patients Diagnosed for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Recent studies of the organization of the cerebral venous system in healthy subjects using phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) show its structural complexity and inter-individual variations. Our objective was to study the venous blood and CSF flows in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: PC-MRI sequences were added to brain MRI conventional protocol in 19 patients suspected of CVT, among whom 6 patients had CVT diagnosis confirmed by MR venography. Results were compared with 18 healthy age-matched volunteers (HV). RESULTS: In patients without CVT (NoCVT) confirmed by venography, we found heterogeneous individual venous flows, and variable side dominance in paired veins and sinuses, comparable to those in healthy volunteers. In CVT patients, PC-MRI detected no venous flow in the veins and/or sinuses with thrombosis. Arterial flows were preserved. CSF aqueductal and cervical stroke volumes were increased in a patient with secondary cerebral infarction, and decreased in 4 patients with extended thrombosis in the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses. These results suggest the main role of the venous system in the regulation of the dynamic intracranial equilibrium. CONCLUSIONS: CVT produces highly individualized pattern of disturbance in venous blood drainage. Complementary to MRI venography, PC-MRI provides non-invasive data about venous blockage consequences on CSF flow disturbances.

A phase-contrast MRI study of acute and chronic hydrodynamic alterations after hydrocephalus induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: To determine acute intracranial hydrodynamic changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) via phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) analysis of the CSF stroke volume in the aqueduct (SVaq) and the foramen magnum (SVfm). METHODS: A prospective PC-MRI study was performed on 34 SAH patients in the acute and late phase. Data on CSF flow and hemorrhage site were analyzed according to acute or chronic hydrocephalus (HC). RESULTS: In the acute phase, CSF analysis was performed for 31 patients, 12 of whom presented HC. All 12 had an abnormal SVaq; those with communicating HC (n = 7) had an elevated SV and those with noncommunicating HC (n = 5) had a nil SV. None of the patients with a normal SVaq (n = 11) developed acute HC. Intraventricular bleeding led to more cases of acute HC (P = .005), which was communicating in 58% of cases. In the chronic phase, CSF analysis was performed for 27 patients, 7 of whom presented HC. None of these 7 patients displayed a depressed SVaq. CONCLUSION: SAH led to changes in cerebrospinal fluid hydrodynamics in the majority of patients. Acute HC was communicating in most cases, even when there was intraventricular bleeding. In the late phase, all chronic HC were communicating and did not display aqueductal stenosis.

Cerebral peritumoral oedema study: does a single dynamic MR sequence assessing perfusion and permeability can help to differentiate glioblastoma from metastasis?

Our purpose was to differentiate glioblastoma from metastasis using a single dynamic MR sequence to assess perfusion and permeability parameters. 24 patients with glioblastoma or cerebral metastasis with peritumoral oedema were recruited and explored with a 3T MR unit. Post processing used DPTools software. Regions of interest were drawn around contrast enhancement to assess relative cerebral blood volume and permeability parameters. Around the contrast enhancement Glioblastoma present high rCBV with modification of the permeability, metastasis present slight modified rCBV without modification of permeability. In conclusion, peritumoral T2 hypersignal exploration associating morphological MR and functional MR parameters can help to differentiate cerebral metastasis from glioblastoma.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for pain management in malignant fractures of the spine with epidural involvement.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) in the treatment of pathologic fractures owing to malignancy with epidural involvement, with or without neurologic symptoms of spinal cord or cauda equina compression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the local ethics committee; informed consent was obtained from all patients. This retrospective review was performed for 51 consecutive patients with metastatic disease or multiple myeloma treated by means of vertebroplasty, who presented with at least one vertebral lesion with epidural involvement, with or without clinical symptoms of spinal cord or cauda equina compression. All patients with neurologic deficit were terminally ill. A neurologic examination was performed before and after treatment in all patients. All imaging examinations and treatments were reviewed, and chi(2), Mann Whitney, or Fisher exact testing was performed for univariate analysis of variables. RESULTS: A total of 74 vertebrae were treated in 51 patients, 22 women and 29 men with a mean age of 62.5 years (range, 28-85 years). Fifteen (29%) patients presented symptoms of complete or incomplete spinal cord or cauda equina compression before vertebroplasty and no further clinical deterioration was observed after treatment. The analgesic efficacy of vertebroplasty was satisfactory for 94% (48 of 51) of patients after 1 day, 86% (31 of 36) patients after 1 month, and 92% (11 of 12) patients after 1 year. One patient with no clinical neurologic deficit before treatment experienced symptoms of cauda equina compression 2 days after vertebroplasty. No other major complication was observed. CONCLUSION: The feasibility, efficacy, and safety of PV were confirmed in patients experiencing pain related to malignant spinal tumors with epidural extension, with a low complication rate. PV should become part of the palliative analgesic treatment for such patients. (c) RSNA, 2010.

[Contribution of phase-contrast MRI to the management of patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus: Can it predict response to shunting?]. / Apport de l'IRM de flux dans les hydrocéphalies à pression normale de l'adulte : intérêt prédictif dans les indications chirurgicales.

The diagnosis and management of patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) remain somewhat controversial and there is no clear guideline for assessing the post-shunt outcome. The objective of this study was to investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics is linked to post-shunt improvement. Fourteen NPH patients (nine males and five females; mean age, 68 years) investigated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgical diversion of CSF were retrospectively reviewed. Phase-contrast sequences were added to the morphological clinical protocol for quantification of CSF oscillations, which were recorded at the level of the cerebral aqueduct and the C2 and C3 subarachnoid spaces (SAS). The phase-contrast images were analysed with custom-designed dedicated flow segmentation software. The oscillations measured in this hydrocephalus population were compared to a previously studied healthy population. A difference of at least two standard deviations was used to define a hyperdynamic or hypodynamic state of CSF flow. The cervical CSF flow of the hydrocephalus patients was not significantly different from those of the volunteer population. Of the 14 hydrocephalus patients, 12 had a good response to the shunt. Of these, 10 presented an increased ventricular CSF flow, one a low ventricular CSF flow, and the last one had a normal ventricular CSF flow. Phase-contrast MRI can help develop guidelines for surgical management of NPH. The shunt responders appear to be the patients with hyperdynamic ventricular CSF flow and normal cervical CSF flow.

Cognitive forms of multiple sclerosis: report of a dementia case.

Cognitive impairment is now well documented in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and series of MS patients with predominant cognitive problems have been published recently. We report the observation of a female patient with severe cognitive presentation at the onset of MS, with dramatically demented evolution, and show MRI examination results. We discuss the published reports of primary cognitive types of MS.

A phase-contrast MRI study of physiologic cerebral venous flow.

Although crucial in regulating intracranial hydrodynamics, the cerebral venous system has been rarely studied because of its structural complexity and individual variations. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the organization of cerebral venous system in healthy adults. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) was performed in 18 healthy volunteers, in the supine position. Venous, arterial, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows were calculated. We found heterogeneous individual venous flows and variable side dominance in paired veins and sinuses. In some participants, the accessory epidural drainage preponderated over the habitually dominant jugular outflow. The PC-MRI enabled measurements of venous flows in superior sagittal (SSS), SRS (straight), and TS (transverse) sinuses with excellent detection rates. Pulsatility index for both intracranial (SSS) and cervical (mainly jugular) levels showed a significant increase in pulsatile blood flow in jugular veins as compared with that in SSS. Mean cervical and cerebral arterial blood flows were 714+/-124 and 649+/-178 mL/min, respectively. Cerebrospinal fluid aqueductal and cervical stroke volumes were 41+/-22 and 460+/-149 microL, respectively. Our results emphasize the variability of venous drainage for side dominance and jugular/epidural organization. The pulsatility of venous outflow and the role it plays in the regulation of intracranial pressure require further investigation.

Intracranial lipomas: clinical appearances on neuroimaging and clinical significance.

Intracranial lipomas are rare congenital malformations which are neither hematomas nor true neoplasms. They result from the abnormal persistence and maldifferentiation of the meninx primitiva. The majority of such lesions occur near the midline. Around 55% of intracranial lipomas are associated with brain malformations of varying severity. Although they are usually an incidental finding, symptomatic intracranial lipomas are sometimes observed. Surgical excision may result in high morbidity and mortality due to the highly vascular nature of intracranial lipomas and the latter's strong adhesion to the surrounding tissue and is very rarely indicated.

Epistaxis revealing the rupture of a carotid aneurysm of the cavernous sinus extending into the sphenoid: treatment using an uncovered stent and coils. Review of literature.

True carotid aneurysms with sphenoid extension and revealed by epistaxis are rare. A review of the literature shows the mortality risk of this pathology and the different therapeutic options. A 41-year-old female presented with a cavernous carotid aneurysm with sphenoid extension revealed by massive epistaxis. We propose a combined treatment of the affected vessel using coils and an uncovered stent. The first stage to stop the hemorrhages and occlude the aneurysm using the coil and the second stage several days later after anticoagulation using the stent to prevent revascularization. This treatment has been shown to be effective in producing immediate hemostasis and stable long-term occlusion.