Application of Bacillus spp. Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Improves Common Bean Production Compared to Conventional Fertilization.

The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can be a sustainable strategy to increase phosphorus availability and promote satisfactory crop yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether inoculation with PSB in common bean increases (i) growth, (ii) nutrition, (iii) yield, and (iv) grain quality, and (v) reduces the chemical phosphorus application dose to obtain maximum yields. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol using a randomized block design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with four replicates, using the cultivar IAC 2051. The first factor was four doses of P2O5 (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg ha-1), and the second factor was four doses of PSB (0, 100, 200 and 300 mL ha-1). For leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content, the association of PSB inoculation with a P2O5 dose of 40 kg ha-1 promoted the best conditions for the common bean. P2O5 application increased yield by 79 kg ha-1 for each 10 kg ha-1 added. PSB inoculation at a dose of 192 mL ha-1 promoted P export of 15.3 kg ha-1, and the PSB dose of 159 mL ha-1 increased yield by 389 kg ha-1 (12%) compared to the control. Grain quality remained within the standards required by the consumer market, being little affected by the treatments. Improvements in common bean growth and nutritional and physiological status promoted by P2O5 application and PSB were essential in increasing yield, so these are sustainable production strategies.

Fertilizer source and application method influence sugarcane production and nutritional status.

Introduction: The contrasting weather conditions throughout the sugarcane harvest period in south-central Brazil (April to November) influence fertilization management in sugarcane ratoon. Methods: Through field studies carried out over two cropping seasons, we aimed to compare the performance of sugarcane at sites harvested in the early and late periods of the harvest season as a function of fertilizer sources associated with application methods. The design used in each site was a randomized block in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of fertilizer sources (solid and liquid), and the second factor consisted of application methods (above the straw, under the straw, and incorporated into the middle of the sugarcane row). Results: The fertilizer source and application method interacted at the site harvested in the early period of the sugarcane harvest season. Overall, the highest sugarcane stalk and sugar yields at this site were obtained with the incorporated application applying liquid fertilizer and under straw applying solid fertilizer, with increments of up to 33%. For the site harvested in the late period of the sugarcane harvest season, the liquid fertilizer promoted a 25% higher sugarcane stalk yield compared to the solid fertilizer in the crop season with low rainfall in the spring, while in the crop season with normal rainfall, there were no differences between treatments. Discussion: This demonstrates the importance of defining fertilization management in sugarcane as a function of harvest time, thereby promoting greater sustainability in the production system.

Response of early-cycle common bean cultivars with carioca, black and speckled grains to top-dressing nitrogen fertilization

The aim was to evaluate the agronomic and qualitative attributes of early-cycle common bean cultivars with different grains types grains in response to top-dressing nitrogen (N) doses. The experiment was carried out using a randomized block design, in a split-plot scheme, with 4 replicates. The plots consisted of the cultivars IAC Nuance, IAC 1849 Polaco and IAC Veloz, with speckled, Carioca and black grains, respectively. The subplots were formed by N doses applied as top-dressing: 0 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 (applied in the stage of third trifoliate leaf), 120 kg ha-1 (1/2 applied at third trifoliate leaf stage + 1/2 applied at the floral bud stage) and 180 kg ha-1 (1/3 applied at the first trifoliate leaf stage + 1/3 applied at the third trifoliate leaf stage + 1/3 applied at the floral bud stage). IAC Veloz stood out for grain yield, showing the highest grain yield in the lowest N doses, being classified as efficient to the use of N. The cultivars IAC Nuance and IAC 1849 Polaco reached maximum yields with 155 and 163 kg ha-1 of N. The IAC Nuance was the most responsive, increasing grain yield by up to 25.3% due to nitrogen fertilization. Increasing N doses applied as top-dressing increased the sieve yield and crude protein content of the common bean cultivars, with IAC Nuance standing out. The cultivars showed good grain quality, and IAC 1849 Polaco and IAC Veloz had the shortest cooking time and IAC Veloz also had the fastest hydration.

Agronomic efficiency and grain quality of upland rice cultivars as a function of nitrogen topdressing / Eficiência agronômica e qualidade do grão em cultivares de arroz de terras altas em função do nitrogênio em cobertura

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency and grain quality of rice cultivars as a function of nitrogen application in upland conditions with supplemental sprinkler irrigation. The experiment was carried out in 2012/13 at Jaboticabal-SP on a randomized block and split plots design with four replications. The plots were composed of twelve rice cultivars (BRS Aroma, BRS Monarca, BRS Primavera, BRS Sertaneja, BRSMG Curinga, Caiapó, CIRAD 141, Guarani, IAC 165, IAC 201, IAC 202, and IAC 25), and two levels of nitrogen application (0 and 100 kg of N ha-1) in topdress at the R1 stage (panicle differentiation) as subplots. The N application intensifies the degree of lodging, mainly at Caiapó, Guarani, IAC 165, IAC 201 and IAC 25 cultivars. The N application affects the number of sterile spikelets per panicle, mainly in CIRAD 141, BRS Sertaneja, IAC 202, and BRS Aroma cultivars. Caiapó cultivar shows higher grain yield and agronomic efficiency in function of N application, followed by BRS Monarca, BRSMG Curinga, IAC 165, and IAC 202. Although Caiapó, CIRAD 141, Guarani, IAC 165, IAC 202, and IAC 25 cultivars present better results, all the others cultivars also present acceptable values of milling yield, without N application effects. The grain protein content in rice is increased by the N topdressing application.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência agronômica e a qualidade do grão em doze cultivares de arroz em função da aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura no sistema de cultivo em terras altas com uso de irrigação suplementar. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2012/13 em Jaboticabal-SP, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de 12 cultivares (BRS Aroma, BRS Monarca, BRS Primavera, BRS Sertaneja, BRSMG Curinga, Caiapó, CIRAD 141, Guarani, IAC 165, IAC 201, IAC 202 e IAC 25) nas parcelas, e duas doses de N em cobertura (0 e 100 kg de N ha-1) nas subparcelas. A aplicação do N em cobertura no ponto algodão (R1) intensificou o grau de acamamento, principalmente nas cultivares Caiapó, Guarani, IAC 165, IAC 201 e IAC 25, de porte mais elevado. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura interferiu no número de espiguetas estéreis por panícula, em especial nas cultivares CIRAD 141, BRS Sertaneja, IAC 202 e BRS Aroma, respectivamente. A cultivar Caiapó apresentou maior produtividade de grãos e eficiência agronômica em função da aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura, seguida por BRS Monarca, BRSMG Curinga, IAC 165 e IAC 202. Quanto ao rendimento de engenho mesmo ocorrendo destaque para Caiapó, CIRAD 141, Guarani, IAC 165, IAC 202 e IAC 25, todas as demais cultivares apresentaram valores aceitáveis, sem alterações devido à aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura. O teor de proteína bruta nos grãos de arroz foi incrementado pela aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura.

Sistemas de cultivo antecessores e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro em plantio direto / Cover crop systems and nitrogen topdressing on common bean in no tillage

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a formação de palhada e recobrimento do solo em sistemas de cultivo representados por milho, Urochloa ruziziensis e consórcio entre ambos, e sua influência no desempenho produtivo e eficiência agronômica do feijoeiro em sucessão submetido a diferentes doses de nitrogênio em cobertura. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Latossolo Vermelho eutróférrico, no segundo ano após implantação do sistema de plantio direto, em Jaboticabal (SP). Foi utilizada a cultivar de feijoeiro IPR 139 em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições, dispostas em blocos casualizados. As parcelas foram compostas por três sistemas de cultivos, representados por milho exclusivo, milho consorciado com U. ruziziensis e U. ruziziensis exclusiva (verão 2009/10) antecedendo a cultura do feijão irrigado, tendo como subparcelas cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg ha-1) aplicadas em cobertura no estádio V4-4. O uso de U. ruziziensis num sistema de sucessão de culturas, seja de forma exclusiva ou consorciada com o milho favorece a formação de palhada suficiente para o total recobrimento da superfície do solo, possibilitando produtividade de grãos similar ao milho exclusivo. O feijoeiro em sucessão ao consórcio não respondeu à adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, diferentemente ao observado na sucessão com milho exclusivo, onde a produtividade de grãos foi positivamente influenciada pela adubação nitrogenada em cobertura. Observou-se redução na eficiência de uso do nitrogênio com incremento da dose do nutriente em cobertura.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the grass cover crop production in crop systems involving maize and Urochloa ruziziensis, and the influence of topdressing nitrogen rates in the yield and agronomic efficiency on common-bean cultivated in succession in no-tillage. The experiments were conducted in Jaboticabal-SP, in a eutrophic red latosol, in the second year of no-tillage system implementation. The IPR 139 cultivar was used in split plot design with three replications, in randomized block. The plots had been composed for three crop systems in the summer season, with maize exclusive, maize intercropped with U. ruziziensis and U. ruziziensis exclusive. The subplots had been constituted for five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), applied as topdressing at V4-4 in irrigated common-bean cultivated in the winter-spring season. The use of U. ruziziensis in crops systems, exclusive or intercropped with maize favors the grass cover crop production sufficiently to total soli surface covered, possibility similar grain yield compared to maize exclusive. The topdressing nitrogen application doesn't affect the common-bean yield in succession to maize and U. ruziziensis intercropped. The increase of nitrogen rates in common-bean in succession to maize exclusive improves the yield, although decreases the agronomic efficiency.

Desempenho produtivo e qualidade pós-colheita de genótipos de feijão do grupo comercial carioca cultivados na época de inverno-primavera / Yield and post harvest quality in commom-bean genotypes cultivated in winter-spring season

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de genótipos de feijão do grupo comercial carioca, quanto às características agronômicas, nutricionais e tecnológicas, cultivados na época de inverno-primavera. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal-SP, num Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. A semeadura foi realizada no dia 14 de agosto de 2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 17 tratamentos, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 17 genótipos de feijoeiro, pertencentes ao grupo comercial carioca (Pérola, BRS Cometa, BRS Pontal, IPR Juriti, CNFC 10703, CNFC 10713, CNFC 10716, CNFC 10721, CNFC 10729, CNFC 10733, CNFC 10742, CNFC 10753, CNFC 10757, CNFC 10758, CNFC 10762, CNFC 10763 e CNFC 10813). Cada parcela experimental foi formada por quatro linhas de 4m de comprimento, espaçadas em 0,45m. A área útil foi constituída pelas duas linhas centrais, eliminando-se 0,50m das extremidades de cada linha. Quanto ao desempenho produtivo, mereceram destaque os genótipos BRS Pontal e CNFC 10716, obtendo simultaneamente maior número de vagens por planta e rendimento de grãos. Em relação às características tecnológicas, os genótipos CNFC 10703, CNFC 10713, CNFC 10758, CNFC 10813 e CNFC 10716 foram os que mais se destacaram, obtendo simultaneamente maior teor de proteína bruta e reduzido tempo para cozimento, assim como adequada capacidade de hidratação dos grãos. O genótipo CNFC 10716 mostrou-se promissor, pois além do elevado desempenho produtivo, suas características tecnológicas foram satisfatórias.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and grain quality, especially the grain technological characteristics in the common bean genotypes, cultivated in winter-spring season. The experiment was carried out in Jaboticabal-SP, in a Rhodic Hapludox. The experimental design was a randomized block with 17 treatments (genotypes) with three replications. The plots had been composed for 17 carioca common bean group genotypes (Pérola, BRS Cometa, BRS Pontal, IPR Juriti, CNFC 10703, CNFC 10713, CNFC 10716, CNFC 10721, CNFC 10729, CNFC 10733, CNFC 10742, CNFC 10753, CNFC 10757, CNFC 10758, CNFC 10762, CNFC 10763 and CNFC 10813). BRS Pontal and CNFC 10716 showed simultaneously the higher number of per plant and grain yield. The technological characteristics more expressive was verified in CNFC 10703, CNFC 10713, CNFC 10758, CNFC 10813 and CNFC 10716 genotypes, principally about the protein content, cooking time and grain hydration capacity. The CNFC 10716 genotype detached as promissory, because their elevated agronomic performance and satisfactory technological characteristics.