Dosimetry and pharmacokinetics of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan in patients with progressive neuroendocrine tumours.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the dosimetry and pharmacokinetics of the novel radiolabelled somatostatin receptor antagonist [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). METHODS: This study was part of a phase I/II trial of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan, administered at a median cumulative activity of 13.0 GBq over three planned cycles (median activity/cycle: 4.5 GBq), in 40 patients with progressive NETs. Organ absorbed doses were monitored at each cycle using patient-specific dosimetry; the cumulative absorbed-dose limits were set at 23.0 Gy for the kidneys and 1.5 Gy for bone marrow. Absorbed dose coefficients (ADCs) were calculated using both patient-specific and model-based dosimetry for some patients. RESULTS: In all evaluated organs, maximum [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan uptake was observed at the first imaging timepoint (4 h after injection), followed by an exponential decrease. Kidneys were the main route of elimination, with a cumulative excretion of 57-66% within 48 h following the first treatment cycle. At the first treatment cycle, [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan showed a median terminal blood half-life of 127 h and median ADCs of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan were 5.0 Gy/GBq in tumours, 0.1 Gy/GBq in the bone marrow, 0.9 Gy/GBq in kidneys, 0.2 Gy/GBq in the liver and 0.8 Gy/GBq in the spleen. Using image-based dosimetry, the bone marrow and kidneys received median cumulative absorbed doses of 1.1 and 10.8 Gy, respectively, after three cycles. CONCLUSION: [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan showed a favourable dosimetry profile, with high and prolonged tumour uptake, supporting its acceptable safety profile and promising efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02592707. Registered October 30, 2015.

Lutetium-177 Labelled Anti-PSMA Monoclonal Antibody (Lu-TLX591) Therapy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Treatment Toxicity and Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Whilst prostate cancer is the fourth most common cancer globally, effective therapies for patients with advanced disease are lacking. In recent years, interest in using theranostic agents to treat castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and metastatic prostate cancer has emerged. Lu-TLX591 monoclonal antibody is a potential agent of significance; however, to date, reports on its toxicity and efficacy have been limited to small clinical trials in heavily pretreated patients. This retrospective study describes the real-world toxicity and efficacy profile of Lu-TLX591. METHODS: Eighteen patients received Lu-TLX591 at two private oncology centres in Australia. Patients were eligible if they had CRPC or metastatic prostate cancer and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-avid disease confirmed by PSMA-positron emission tomography (PET). Patients received two cycles of Lu-TLX591 monoclonal antibody (177 Lu-DOTA-rosopatamab) each dosed from 1.01-2.85 GBq, 14 days apart. Patient side effects, blood test results and radiology reports were recorded on the patient's electronic medical record (eMR). RESULTS: Prominent side effects included fatigue (55.6%), anorexia (16.7%), nausea (11.1%), and transfusion reactions (11.1%). All-grade haematological toxicities included lymphopenia (61.1%), anaemia (22.2%), leukopenia (27.8%), neutropenia (27.8%), and thrombocytopenia (27.8%). Grade 4 toxicity included lymphopenia (6.7%) and thrombocytopenia (6.7%). Patients' prostate-specific antigen (PSA) responses were as follows; ≥ 30% PSA decline (27.8%), ≥ 50% PSA decline (11.4%) and any PSA decline (38.9%). Follow-up radiology revealed 54.5% stable disease, 45.4% disease progression and 9.1% disease regression. CONCLUSION: Lu-TLX591 was safely administered at acceptable toxicity and its efficacy reflects previous clinical trials. Larger studies are required and are underway (NCT04786847; NCT05146973; NCT04876651) to determine Lu-TLX591 effectiveness amongst different prostate cancer populations and compare its efficacy against peptide-based radiopharmaceutical agents.

Actinium-225-PSMA radioligand therapy of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (WARMTH Act): a multicentre, retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Actinium-225 (225Ac) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligand therapy (RLT) is a novel therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We aimed to report the safety and antitumour activity of 225Ac-PSMA RLT of mCRPC in a large cohort of patients treated at multiple centres across the world. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients treated at seven centres in Australia, India, Germany, and South Africa. We pooled data of consecutive patients of any age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status with histopathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate who were treated with one or more cycles of 8 MBq 225Ac-PSMA RLT administered intravenously for mCRPC. Previous lines of mCRPC treatment included taxane-based chemotherapy, androgen-receptor-axis inhibitors, lutetium-177 (177Lu) PSMA RLT, and radium-223 dichloride. The primary outcomes were overall survival and progression-free survival. FINDINGS: Between Jan 1, 2016, and May 31, 2023, 488 men with mCRPC received 1174 cycles of 225Ac-PSMA RLT (median two cycles, IQR 2-4). The mean age of the patients was 68·1 years (SD 8·8), and the median baseline prostate-specific antigen was 169·5 ng/mL (IQR 34·6-519·8). Previous lines of treatment were docetaxel in 324 (66%) patients, cabazitaxel in 103 (21%) patients, abiraterone in 191 (39%) patients, enzalutamide in 188 (39%) patients, 177Lu-PSMA RLT in 154 (32%) patients, and radium-223 dichloride in 18 (4%) patients. The median follow-up duration was 9·0 months (IQR 5·0-17·5). The median overall survival was 15·5 months (95% CI 13·4-18·3) and median progression-free survival was 7·9 months (6·8-8·9). In 347 (71%) of 488 patients, information regarding treatment-induced xerostomia was available, and 236 (68%) of the 347 patients reported xerostomia after the first cycle of 225Ac-PSMA RLT. All patients who received more than seven cycles of 225Ac-PSMA RLT reported xerostomia. Grade 3 or higher anaemia occurred in 64 (13%) of 488 patients, leukopenia in 19 (4%), thrombocytopenia in 32 (7%), and renal toxicity in 22 (5%). No serious adverse events or treatment-related deaths were recorded. INTERPRETATION: 225Ac-PSMA RLT shows a substantial antitumour effect in mCRPC and represents a viable therapy option in patients treated with previous lines of approved agents. Xerostomia is a common side-effect. Severe bone marrow and renal toxicity are less common adverse events. FUNDING: None.

A phase I/II study of the safety and efficacy of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan in advanced somatostatin receptor-positive neuroendocrine tumours.

PURPOSE: We present the results of an open-label, phase I/II study evaluating the safety and efficacy of the novel somatostatin receptor (SSTR) antagonist [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan in 40 patients with previously treated, progressive neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), in which dosimetry was used to guide maximum administered activity. METHODS: This study was conducted in two parts. Part A consisted of 15 patients who completed three cycles of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan at a fixed administered activity and peptide amount per cycle (4.5 GBq/300 µg). Part B, which included 25 patients who received one to five cycles of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan, evaluated different administered activities (4.5 or 6.0 GBq/cycle) and peptide amounts (300, 700, or 1300 µg/cycle), limited to a cumulative absorbed radiation dose of 23 Gy to the kidneys and 1.5 Gy to the bone marrow. RESULTS: Median cumulative administered activity of [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan was 13.0 GBq over three cycles (13.1 GBq in part A and 12.9 GBq in part B). Overall, 17 (42.5%) patients experienced grade ≥ 3 treatment­related adverse events; the most common were lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. No grade 3/4 nephrotoxicity was observed. Two patients developed myeloid neoplasms considered treatment related by the investigator. Disease control rate for part A and part B was 94.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.3-99.4), and overall response rate was 21.1% (95% CI: 9.6-37.3). CONCLUSION: [177Lu]Lu-satoreotide tetraxetan, administered at a median cumulative activity of 13.0 GBq over three cycles, has an acceptable safety profile with a promising clinical response in patients with progressive, SSTR-positive NETs. A 5-year long-term follow-up study is ongoing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02592707. Registered October 30, 2015.

Potential utility of B-type natriuretic peptides in secondary prevention following percutaneous coronary intervention in remote communities of Western Australia.

INTRODUCTION: A third of all acute coronary events that present in the Australian population occur in patients with established coronary heart disease. This study assessed the prognostic value of combined B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP) measurement and quantitative myocardial perfusion scan (MPS) data for cardiac events (CE). MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 133 patients from rural Western Australia. The cut-off for normality was 6.0 for qualitative summed difference scores (SDS) of MPS and 400 pg/mL for BNP. RESULTS: Patients with no CE had a mean SDS and BNP (1.52 with a 95% CI of 0.34 to 2.69), (175.9 with a 95% CI of 112.7-239.1) that was lower than patients with CE (6.54 with 95% CI 4.18-9.89) (P = 0.0003), (669.1 with 95% CI 543.9-794.3) (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of combined testing for predicting CE respectively were 79.6% and 86.3% for SDS, 84.6% and 94.1% for BNP, and 100% and 92.7% for SDS and BNP combined. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Elevated BNP is marginally superior to MPS in predicting CEs in patients who have previously undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, MPS can identify the region of myocardium most at risk. Routine BNP monitoring in this subgroup may serve as secondary prevention by identifying subclinical disease.

Rural communities are disproportionately affected by preventable coronary heart disease-related deaths and access to cardiac imaging techniques can be infrequent or unavailable.Secondary prevention strategies can reduce hospital readmissions and contribute to improving the management of chronic conditions.This study demonstrated that elevated B-type natriuretic peptides levels were marginally superior to myocardial perfusion scans in predicting cardiac events in patients with prior percutaneous coronary intervention.Monitoring BNP levels in rural patients with prior percutaneous coronary interventions is a relatively non-invasive and inexpensive, and may lead to improved risk estimation, identify the subclinical disease and provoke further investigation as clinically appropriate.

89Zirconium-labelled girentuximab (89Zr-TLX250) PET in Urothelial Cancer Patients (ZiPUP): protocol for a phase I trial of a novel staging modality for urothelial carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Bladder cancer is a lethal disease with a rising incidence on a background of limited conventional imaging modalities for staging (either CT of the chest-abdomen-pelvis or 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emitting tomography (FDG-PET/CT)). CT is known to have relatively low sensitivity for detecting low volume metastatic disease, an important goal when considering surgical interventions entailing significant potential morbidity. FDG is also limited, being predominantly renally excreted and, therefore, producing intense non-specific activity in the urinary tract, which limits its utility to detect bladder and upper tract lesions, or nodal metastases in close proximity to the urinary tract. 89Zirconium-labelled girentuximab (89Zr-TLX250) may have utility in the accurate staging of bladder and urothelial carcinomas, with less renal excretion as compared with FDG; however, this has not previously been investigated. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: 89Zirconium-labelled girentuximab PET in Urothelial Cancer Patients is a single-arm phase I trial examining the feasibility of using 89Zr-TLX250-PET/CT as a staging modality for urothelial and bladder carcinomas by examining isotope uptake by the cancer. This trial will also examine the safety and utility of 89Zr-TLX250-PET/CT in patients either undergoing preoperative staging of bladder or other urothelial carcinomas for curative intent, or with known metastatic urothelial carcinomas. All participants will undergo 89Zr-TLX250-PET/CT and will need to have undergone recent FDG-PET/CT for comparison. This trial aims to recruit 10 participants undergoing preoperative staging and 10 participants with known metastatic disease. The primary endpoint is feasibility defined by the ability to recruit to the target sample size within the study duration; secondary endpoints are safety, tolerability, sensitivity and specificity in detecting lymph node metastases compared with FDG-PET/CT. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval has been obtained from the South Metropolitan Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (RGS0000003940). Eligible patients will only be enrolled after providing written informed consent. Patients will be given a full explanation, in lay terms, of the aims of the study and potential risks including as a written patient information sheet. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ACTRN12621000411842, NCT05046665.

Efficacy and Haematologic Toxicity of Palliative Radioligand Therapy of Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer with Lutetium-177-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Heavily Pre-Treated Patients.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) remains a significant contributor to the global cancer burden. lutetium-177-prostate-specific membrane antigen radioligand therapy (177Lu-PSMA RLT) is an effective salvage treatment. However, studies have highlighted haematologic toxicity as an adverse event of concern. We report our single-centre experience of compassionate access palliative 177Lu-DOTAGA-(I-y)fk(Sub-KuE) (177Lu-PSMA I&T) with respect to efficacy and haematologic safety. METHODS: Patients with mCRPC and adequate bone marrow/liver function were included. All patients included underwent baseline and response assessment by Gallium-68-PSMA-11 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT). Prescribed activity of therapy was a median 6.24 GBq per patient per cycle (IQR1.29 GBq), administered in 8-week intervals, up to four cycles. Response was assessed by prostate specific antigen (PSA) and a week-12 PET/CT. Incidence of grade ≥ 3 haematologic toxicity, including association with risk factors (age ≥ 70 years, prior/concurrent therapy, presence of metastases, and number of cycles completed), was analysed. RESULTS: One hundred patients completed one cycle of 177Lu PSMA I&T and underwent response assessment by both PSA and PET/CT. Two patients had an uninterpretable week-12 PET/CT. Median age was 70 (50-89), median number of prior therapies was three (1-6), and median follow up was 12-months. Fifty-four percent achieved a PSA response. Disease control rate (DCR) by PET/CT was 64% (29% SD, 34% PR, and 1% CR). Disease control by PET/CT was associated with an improved one-year overall survival (OS) compared to non-responders, median OS not-reached vs 10-months (p < 0.0001; 95% CI: 0.08-0.44). Regarding haematologic toxicity, 11% experienced a grade ≥ 3 cytopenia (self-limiting). No cases of myelodysplasia/acute leukaemia (MDS/AL) have been recorded. No association with risk factors was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: 177Lu-PSMA I&T is a safe and effective palliative outpatient treatment for mCRPC. 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT response is associated with an improved one-year OS and may be used to adapt therapy.

Real-World Data Analysis of Efficacy and Survival After Lutetium-177 Labelled PSMA Ligand Therapy in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lutetium-177 prostate-specific membrane antigen (177Lu-PSMA) radioligand therapy is emerging as a promising treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer refractory to established therapies. While there is an increasing body of survival and other data from retrospective analyses and prospective trials, there is no clear understanding of how best to predict therapy response and survival outcomes. OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective cohort analysis, we aimed to identify features that are associated with response to radioligand therapy and greater survival based on analysis of real-world data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 191 patients aged 70 ± 8 years with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with radioligand therapy from November 2015 to February 2019 were included for analysis. Eligible patients had PSMA-expressing metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (confirmed by a 68Ga-PSMA-ligand positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan), an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score ≤ 2 and no significant kidney, liver or bone marrow dysfunction (as characterised by kidney and liver function tests and a full blood count). Patients received one to five cycles of intravenous 177Lu-PSMA-ligand therapy. Endpoints included biochemical [prostate-specific antigen (PSA)] and radiologic (PSMA PET/CT) response, progression-free survival and overall survival, defined according to the Prostate Cancer Working Group 3 guidelines. Survival analysis was conducted by Kaplan-Meier estimation. RESULTS: Most individuals (89.5%) previously underwent first- and second-line systematic therapy. Of the 191 men treated with 452 cycles with mean injected activity of 6.1 ± 1.0 GBq per cycle, 159 patients were assessed for a biochemical response defined as a PSA decline ≥ 50% from baseline. A ≥ 50% PSA decline was observed in 89 (56%) patients, while any PSA decline occurred in 120 (75%) men. For the entire cohort, median values (interquartile range) of overall survival [n = 191], PSA progression-free survival [n = 132] and PET/CT progression-free survival were 12 (5-18), 4 (3-8) and 6 (3-10) months, respectively. Survival analysis confirmed better outcomes in individuals who had demonstrated therapy response. Predominantly lymph node metastatic disease and chemotherapy-naïve status were significant pre-therapy factors associated with longer survival. Baseline PSA was significantly linked to survival outcomes: lower levels predicted a lower risk of death and disease progression. Treatment-related adverse events included grade 3 or 4 haematological (12%), grade 1 or 2 renal (4.5%), and grade 3 or 4 clinical events (5.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy provides a significant response rate with a low toxicity profile. The evidence promotes greater efficacy of radioligand therapy in predominantly lymph node metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, and in individuals with chemotherapy-naïve status and lower levels of baseline PSA.

Personality factors and cerebral glucose metabolism in community-dwelling older adults.

Personality factors have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia, but they have not been examined against markers of regional brain glucose metabolism (a primary measure of brain functioning) in older adults without clinically diagnosed cognitive impairment. The relationship between personality factors derived from the five-factor model and cerebral glucose metabolism determined using positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG-PET) was examined in a cohort of 237 non-demented, community-dwelling older adults aged 60-89 years (M ± SD = 73.76 ± 6.73). Higher neuroticism and lower scores on extraversion and conscientiousness were significantly associated with decreased glucose metabolism in brain regions typically affected by AD neuropathological processes, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, while there were significant differences between apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele carriers and non-carriers on 18F-FDG-PET results in the neocortex and other brain regions (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference between carriers and non-carriers on personality factors and no significant interactions were found between APOE ε4 carriage and personality factors on brain glucose metabolism. In conclusion, we found significant relationships between personality factors and glucose metabolism in neural regions more susceptible to AD neuropathology in older adults without clinically significant cognitive impairment. These findings support the need for longitudinal research into the potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between personality and dementia risk, including measurement of change in other AD biomarkers (amyloid and tau imaging) and how they correspond to change in personality factors. Future research is also warranted to determine whether timely psychological interventions aimed at personality facets (specific aspects or characteristics of personality factors) can affect imaging or other biomarkers of AD resulting in delay or ideally preventing the onset of the cognitive impairment.

Renal outcomes of radioligand therapy: experience of 177lutetium-prostate-specific membrane antigen ligand therapy in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Radioligand therapy (RLT) with 177lutetium (Lu)-labelled prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) ligands has been increasingly used in recent years for therapy of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Studies have revealed that 177Lu-PSMA ligand therapy is well tolerated and appears to cause fewer adverse effects than current standard of care third-line treatments. Notably, since 177Lu-PSMA agents are predominantly excreted by kidneys, there are concerns relating to their potential nephrotoxicity and renal outcomes. Although many recent studies have focused on mostly nephrotoxic adverse reactions at up to 3-month follow-up, assessment of renal outcomes after 177Lu-PSMA RLT in longer term follow-up is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of 177Lu-PSMA RLT on renal function in patients treated for mCRPC at >3 months post-therapy. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed 195 men with progressive mCRPC who had received therapy with 177Lu-PSMA as second- or third-line after standard therapeutic interventions. Patients underwent investigations with 68Ga-PSMA-ligand positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan to confirm PSMA-expressing mCRPC. Eligible patients were required to have estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >30 mL/min/1.73 m2, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score <3, no severe liver injury (as characterized by liver function tests) and no significant bone marrow dysfunction. Enrolled patients received two to five cycles of intravenous 177Lu-PSMA I&T or 177Lu-PSMA-617, at 6- to 10-week intervals. Renal outcomes were assessed according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines as incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), acute kidney disease (AKD) or chronic kidney disease (CKD). All assessments and tests were undertaken between therapy cycles and at follow-up of at least 3 months. RESULTS: Of 195 assessed men with mCRPC, 110 patients aged [mean ± SD (range)] 70 ± 8 (53-92) years were recruited into this study with median follow-up of 8 (interquartile range 5-12, minimum 3, maximum 29) months and mean baseline eGFR 81 ± 13 mL/min/1.73 m2. Pre-existing CKD was identified in 12% of patients. None of the patients experienced an AKI during RLT. Two AKD and three CKD G3a cases were identified. Analysis of possible impact of prior CKD and major risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, history of AKI) on incidence of AKD or CKD demonstrated relative risk 4.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23-14.29] and 1.91 (95% CI 1.14-3.12), respectively. However, Fisher's exact test did not reveal statistical significance of the impact of both conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Current Lu-PSMA RLT protocols appear to carry a mild nephrotoxic risk with the rate of about 4.5%. Prior CKD is potentially the most significant risk factor of post-RLT renal dysfunction.

Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with diagnostic computed tomography in relapsed prostate cancer.

The aim of this study was to evaluate if prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has a higher detection rate compared to standard contrast CT imaging for patients with a rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) following definitive treatment (i.e., curative radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and brachytherapy) for prostate cancer in a private hospital setting. A retrospective single-site clinical audit was conducted on 150 PSMA PET/CT scans done for patients with a rising PSA after definitive treatment for prostate cancer. All studies were performed using I and T Ga-68 PSMA produced on a Scintomics radiopharmaceutical unit (Munich). All scans were performed on a GE 710 PET/CT scanner. All studies were compared to standard CT and other imaging. Of the 150 patients who had a 68Gallium (Ga)-PSMA PET/CT for a rise in their PSA levels, 102/150 (68%) of patients had PSMA-avid scans compared to the conventional imaging group which had an overall detection rate of 42% (63/150). The rates of detection were 100%, 90%, 92%, 67%, and 25% at PSA levels of >10 µg/L, 5-10 µg/L, >1.5 µg/L, 0.5-1.5 µg/L, and <0.5 µg/L, respectively. PSMA PET/CT also solely picked up 39/102 (38%) of prostate cancer relapses compared to the conventional imaging group. In our study of 150 patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT demonstrated a superior detection rate (P < 0.05) compared to conventional imaging, including patients with low PSA levels (<0.5 µg/L).

177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy of predominant lymph node metastatic prostate cancer.

177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (LuPRLT) is mainly used for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who are resistant to established drugs. This study describes LuPRLT, either LuPSMA I&T or LuPSMA RLT-617, for 45 patients with predominant lymph node metastatic prostate cancer (LNM PC). Thirty-five patients had LNM and ten patients had LNM and one or two bone metastases. Before LuPRLT, the patients had prostate specific antigen (PSA) of median 18 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR): 3.3-39). LuPRLT was given with a cumulative injected 177Lu activity of median 14.5 GBq (IQR: 12.2-20.4). Maximum percentage decline of PSA was median 92% (IQR: 70-99). Thirty-five patients with only LNM had a better overall survival (OS) than ten patients with LNM and one or two bone metastases. Thirty-three docetaxel-naïve patients had a longer PSMA PET/CT progression-free survival than twelve patients who were resistant to docetaxel. Twenty-two patients who received LuPRLT with a cumulative injected 177Lu activity ≥ 14.8 GBq had a better PSMA PET/CT progression-free survival than 23 patients who received LuPRLT with a lower cumulative injected 177Lu activity. Seventeen patients with relapse after LuPRLT who received rechallenge LuPRLT or ActPRLT had a better OS than five patients who received other forms for relapse treatment. LuPRLT gave mild and transitory adverse effects. The findings of the present study suggest that LuPRLT of patients with LNM may be effective and safe. The promising results motivate randomized phase II trials to further quantify the impact of LuPRLT as treatment of patients with LNM.

Salvage Radiopeptide Therapy of Advanced Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer with Lutetium-177-Labeled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen: Efficacy and Safety in Routine Practice.

BACKGROUND: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based radiopeptide/radioligand therapy represents a rapidly expanding field in the management of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). However, there remains concern for the development of significant toxicities in heavily pretreated patients. In this study, the authors present their local experience, with respect to efficacy and toxicity, of 22 consecutive patients treated with lutetium-177-DOTAGA-(I-y)fk(Sub-KuE) or 177Lu-PSMA I&T radioimmunotherapy for progressive mCRPC, followed up over 1 year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients had progressive mCRPC, an European Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) ≤2 with adequate bone marrow and liver function. 177Lu-PSMA I&T therapy was administered at 8-week intervals with a mean prescribed activity of 5.5 GBq (gigabecquerel) per patient. RESULTS: Twenty patients had evaluable results, median age of 71 years, and median duration of follow-up of 17 months. Three patients (15%) experienced a G1/2 myelotoxicity and four (20%) G3/4. No incidences of myelodysplasia/acute leukemia have been identified. All toxicities were self-limiting. Baseline cytopenia was predictive of the development of subsequent G3/4 myelotoxicity (p = 0.0035). Eight patients (40%) experienced an objective PSA response, with a median time to response of 15 weeks. The median time to PSA progression was not reached. Patients receiving three cycles of therapy were statistically more likely to experience a disease response when compared to those treated with one, two, or four cycles (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: 177Lu-PSMA I&T radioimmunotherapy of progressive mCRPC is safe and effective with three cycles being the potential optimal number for determining long-term disease response.

Review of Gallium-68 PSMA PET/CT Imaging in the Management of Prostate Cancer.

Over 90% of prostate cancers over-express prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and these tumor cells may be accurately targeted for diagnosis by 68Ga-PSMA-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT) imaging. This novel molecular imaging modality appears clinically to have superseded CT, and appears superior to MR imaging, for the detection of metastatic disease. 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT has the ability to reliably stage prostate cancer at presentation and can help inform an optimal treatment approach. Novel diagnostic applications of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT include guiding biopsy to improve sampling accuracy, and guiding surgery and radiotherapy. In addition to facilitating the management of metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), 68Ga-PSMA can select patients who may benefit from targeted systemic radionuclide therapy. 68Ga-PSMA is the diagnostic positron-emitting theranostic pair with the beta emitter Lutetium-177 PSMA (177Lu-PSMA) and alpha-emitter Actinium-225 PSMA (225Ac-PSMA) which can both be used to treat PSMA-avid metastases of prostate cancer in the molecular tumor-targeted approach of theranostic nuclear oncology.

The role of 68Ga-PSMA-I&T PET/CT in the pretreatment staging of primary prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the role of Ga-PSMA-I&T PET/CT in the primary staging of newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PCa), with a focus on the detection of metastatic nodal disease. Correlation of the rate of detection of metastatic disease by Ga-PSMA-I&T PET/CT with the Gleason score (GS) and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was performed to determine the GS and PSA criteria defining patients who would benefit from Ga-PSMA-I&T PET/CT imaging for staging, risk stratification and therapy optimization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patient data and images from 70 patients with a recent diagnosis of prostate cancer who had undergone Ga-PSMA-I&T PET/CT were analysed retrospectively. Data and images were analysed for the rate of detection of primary and metastatic PCa, and correlation with PSA and GS. RESULTS: The rate of detection of primary tumour by Ga-PSMA-I&T for patients with serum PSA less than 5 ng/ml was 73%. The corresponding rate was 90% for patients with PSA 5-10 ng/ml and 97% for patients with PSA more than 10 ng/ml. Metastatic PCa and/or infiltrative disease was detected in 24/70 study patients in total: 1/11 patients with PSA less than 5 ng/ml and 23/59 patients with serum PSA at least 5 ng/ml. The rate of detection of metastatic PCa was greater in patients with GS 9 or more (48%) relative to those with GS 8 (32%) or GS ≤7 (18%). CONCLUSION: A role for Ga-PSMA-I&T PET/CT in primary PCa staging of high-grade disease (GS 8 or more and PSA >10 ng/ml) has been shown. There was a low rate of detection of PSMA-avid metastases in low-grade disease (GS 7 or less and PSA <5 ng/ml), suggesting that there is a limited role for this modality in such cases.

Laxative Related Primary Hyperphosphatemic Tumoral Calcinosis Identified by Bone Scintigraphy.

We describe a case of a 40-year-old female patient presenting with tumor calcinosis where hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA) was suspected given her extensive history of malignancy. Plain X-rays did not show reveal the typical periarticular calcification but did show appearances consistent with HPOA. Bone scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) is a sensitive investigation in the detection of hypertrophic osteoarthopathy but did not show findings characteristics of HPOA like bilateral symmetrical increased uptake of the radiopharmaceutical along the cortical margins of the long bones. The final diagnosis of tumor calcinosis was only made after low dose computerized tomography chest showed a moderated sized amorphous calcified cluster in the apical segment of the right upper lobe consistent. In conclusion, bone scintigraphy continues to be a useful investigation for both common and rare conditions like tumor calcinosis. The unusual three phase bone scan finding of diffuse activity throughout both lung fields, which turned to out to be tumoral calcinosis is highlighted in this case.

Cerebral Glucose Metabolism is Associated with Verbal but not Visual Memory Performance in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Increasing evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease (AD) sufferers show region-specific reductions in cerebral glucose metabolism, as measured by [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET). We investigated preclinical disease stage by cross-sectionally examining the association between global cognition, verbal and visual memory, and 18F-FDG PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in 43 healthy control individuals, subsequently focusing on differences between subjective memory complainers and non-memory complainers. The 18F-FDG PET regions of interest investigated include the hippocampus, amygdala, posterior cingulate, superior parietal, entorhinal cortices, frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and inferior parietal region. In the cohort as a whole, verbal logical memory immediate recall was positively associated with 18F-FDG PET SUVR in both the left hippocampus and right amygdala. There were no associations observed between global cognition, delayed recall in logical memory, or visual reproduction and 18F-FDG PET SUVR. Following stratification of the cohort into subjective memory complainers and non-complainers, verbal logical memory immediate recall was positively associated with 18F-FDG PET SUVR in the right amygdala in those with subjective memory complaints. There were no significant associations observed in non-memory complainers between 18F-FDG PET SUVR in regions of interest and cognitive performance. We observed subjective memory complaint-specific associations between 18F-FDG PET SUVR and immediate verbal memory performance in our cohort, however found no associations between delayed recall of verbal memory performance or visual memory performance. It is here argued that the neural mechanisms underlying verbal and visual memory performance may in fact differ in their pathways, and the characteristic reduction of 18F-FDG PET SUVR observed in this and previous studies likely reflects the pathophysiological changes in specific brain regions that occur in preclinical AD.

Cerebral amyloid-ß accumulation and deposition following traumatic brain injury--A narrative review and meta-analysis of animal studies.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of neurodegenerative disorders many years post-injury. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between TBI and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), remain to be elucidated. Nevertheless, previous studies have demonstrated a link between TBI and increased amyloid-ß (Aß), a protein involved in AD pathogenesis. Here, we review animal studies that measured Aß levels following TBI. In addition, from a pool of initially identified 1209 published papers, we examined data from 19 eligible animal model studies using a meta-analytic approach. We found an acute increase in cerebral Aß levels ranging from 24h to one month following TBI (overall log OR=2.97 ± 0.40, p<0.001). These findings may contribute to further understanding the relationship between TBI and future dementia risk. The methodological inconsistencies of the studies discussed in this review suggest the need for improved and more standardised data collection and study design, in order to properly elucidate the role of TBI in the expression and accumulation of Aß.

18-FDG PET/ CT Scan in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Chronic Q fever Aortic Valve Endocarditis.

Chronic Q fever endocarditis is a rare but important infection associated with risk of morbidity and mortality. Echocardiography rarely visualises the vegetative lesion. We describe the first Australian report of chronic Q fever aortic valve endocarditis confirmed with the use of 18 -FDG PET/ CT scan. Following valvular replacement, the patient had ongoing high serological titres despite active treatment and he was managed with yearly serial PET/ CT scan to confirm the absence of active infection. The utility of serial PET /CT scan imaging as a follow-up management strategy has not been described in the literature previously and should be investigated further.

Positron emission tomography-positive thyroid nodules: rate of malignancy and histological features.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid nodules may be incidentally detected on (18) F-FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) scans. Previous reports suggest a high incidence of malignancy in FDG-avid nodules. The aims of this study were to examine the incidence of malignancy in a large cohort and to report on the histological features. The findings suggest that poor prognostic histologic features are often associated with FDG-avid thyroid nodules and this may have clinical implications. METHODS: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was conducted. A database containing all patients who underwent PET scanning at a single tertiary referral centre from January 2006 to January 2013 was searched to identify those with incidental PET-positive thyroid nodules. Patients with known preexisting thyroid disease were excluded from analysis. The demographics, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy result and operative histopathology were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 27 851 FDG-PET scans were performed of which 221 found incidental PET-positive thyroid nodules (incidence 0.8%). Fifty-three patients went on to have further investigation and 21 of these were found to have malignant disease (incidence 39.6%). Histopathological examination of 12 malignant nodules revealed an expected rate of poor prognostic features, including poorly differentiated subtype (8.3%), lymphovascular invasion (16.7%), perineural invasion (8.3%) and extrathyroid extension (33.3%). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that PET-positive thyroid nodules are associated with a high incidence of malignancy. This finding provides strong support for further investigation including FNA biopsy in all surgically suitable patients.