Feasibility and morbidity and mortality in two hundred consecutive cases of pancreaticogastrostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. / Factibilidad y morbimortalidad en doscientos casos consecutivos de pancreaticogastrostomía después de duodenopancreatectomía.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative mortality associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in high-volume hospitals is below 5%, yet morbidity rates range between 45% and 60%. Recent studies show a lower incidence of complications and postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) in pancreaticogastrostomy (PG). The primary objective was to assess the incidence and predictive factors for complications: POPF, post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) and delayed gastric emptying (DGE) following the criteria of the ISGPS and Clavien-Dindo classifications. METHODS: A prospective observational study that included all patients who underwent PD between 2008 and 2016. PG was the surgical procedure of choice for PD reconstruction. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-nine patients underwent surgery with intention of performing a PD. The feasibility of PG was 90.5%. One hundred and six (53%) patients had complications, 36 (18%) were severe (Clavien-Dindo grade ≥III). Death within 90 postoperative days was 4%. DGE was the most frequent complication (22.5%), followed by PPH (21%). The clinical POPF rate was 15% (6% Clavien-Dindo grade ≥III). The primary risk factors associated with complications were age >70 years (1.9 [1-3.55]), being male (1.89 [1; 3.6]) and soft pancreatic texture (3.38 [1.5; 7.37]). CONCLUSIONS: In this paper, we report a feasibility study for PG (90.5%). The primary risk factors associated with complications were age >70 years, being male and soft pancreatic texture. Soft pancreatic texture is also associated with the development and severity of POPF.

Differential involvement of RASSF2 hypermethylation in breast cancer subtypes and their prognosis.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be subdivided into clinical, histopathological and molecular subtypes (luminal A-like, luminal B-like/HER2-negative, luminal B-like/HER2-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative). The study of new molecular factors is essential to obtain further insights into the mechanisms involved in the tumorigenesis of each tumor subtype. RASSF2 is a gene that is hypermethylated in breast cancer and whose clinical value has not been previously studied. The hypermethylation of RASSF1 and RASSF2 genes was analyzed in 198 breast tumors of different subtypes. The effect of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in the re-expression of these genes was examined in triple-negative (BT-549), HER2 (SK-BR-3), and luminal cells (T-47D). Different patterns of RASSF2 expression for distinct tumor subtypes were detected by immunohistochemistry. RASSF2 hypermethylation was much more frequent in luminal subtypes than in non-luminal tumors (p = 0.001). The re-expression of this gene by lentiviral transduction contributed to the differential cell proliferation and response to antineoplastic drugs observed in luminal compared with triple-negative cell lines. RASSF2 hypermethylation is associated with better prognosis in multivariate statistical analysis (P = 0.039). In conclusion, RASSF2 gene is differently methylated in luminal and non-luminal tumors and is a promising suppressor gene with clinical involvement in breast cancer.

Fox Fordyce disease as a secondary effect of laser hair removal.

Fox Fordyce disease (FFD) has been recently described as an adverse effect of laser hair removal. It is an apocrine gland disorder characterized by pruritus and a folliculocentric papular eruption in apocrine sweat gland areas. Different etiologies have been proposed to be the cause of this entity. It has been suggested that a fisical factor could contribute to FFD phatogenesis. We report a new case of FFD after laser hair removal.

Partial unilateral lentiginosis treated with alexandrite Q-switched laser: case report and review of the literature.

Partial unilateral lentiginosis (PUL) is a rare pigmentary disorder characterized by multiple lentigines grouped within an area of normal skin, often in a segmental pattern and appearing at birth or in childhood. There is no established standard treatment for this condition. We present two cases of PUL succesfully treated with alexandrite Q-switched laser. In our cases, this laser proved to be a safe and effective treatment for cosmetically disfiguring lentigines. Special precautions are needed when treating dark-skinned patients because side effects are more likely. We propose that this modality be considered in the treatment of this rare disorder.

Pathologic response of primary rectal cancer to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.

Management of stage IV rectal cancer is controversial, and different strategies may be useful. Preoperative chemotherapy for liver metastases might cause pathologic changes over the primary rectal tumor. In this study, the authors show the pathologic regression of the primary rectal tumor after neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment. Patients suffering stage IV rectal cancer underwent surgery after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Age, gender, type of surgery, carcinoembryogenic antigen (CEA) level, presence of metastatic disease in one or multiple organs, ypT, ypN, and circumferential resection margin (CRM) were evaluated. Pathologic response of the primary tumor was estimated by using three conventional grading systems and a semiquantitative system assessed by the amount of viable cells out of the total tumor area macroscopically described. Fibrosis, necrosis, and colloid response were evaluated with a semiquantitative system. A complete pathologic response (ypTO) was found in one patient. A good response was observed in the 41.6% of the cases with all grading systems. Presence of fibrosis in the primary tumor was found in six cases. No patient showed CRM involvement. One patient developed a local recurrence. Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for stage IV rectal cancer provides high rates of pathologic regression in the rectal tumor and may allow surgery without CRM involvement.

Differences and molecular immunohistochemical parameters in the subtypes of infiltrating ductal breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and patients are categorized into subtypes according to gene expression. We studied the associations among molecular, immunohistochemical, and clinicopathologic features and their distribution according to the subtypes luminal, HER2, basal, and normal-like in 60 patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma without distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis (M0). We evaluated the hypermethylation of the CDH-1, RASSF1A, SIAH-1 and TSLC-1 genes by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and the expression of p53, bcl-2, cyclin D1, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin proteins in tissue microarrays by immunohistochemical analysis. Expression of bcl-2 was associated with the luminal subtype (P=.003), and CDH-1 hypermethylation was present preferentially in HER2 tumors (P=.038). The basal subtype was characterized by the expression of beta-catenin (P=.003). The hypermethylation of CDH-1 and the expression of bcl-2, cyclin D1, and beta-catenin proteins differ among breast cancer subtypes.

[Surgical site infection in general surgery: 5-year analysis and assessment of the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) index]. / Infección de sitio quirúrgico en un servicio de cirugía general. Análisis de cinco años y valoración del índice National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS).

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to describe the rate of surgical site infections (SSI), classified according to the NNIS index and its components, as well as to evaluate this scale and assess the importance of several factors that influence the development of an SSI. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All episodes of SSI were prospectively registered over a 5-year period. All patients (infected or not) were given an NNIS index and an NNIS category. Postoperative hospital stay and bacteria cultured from the surgical site were also analyzed. Chi2 test, Student's t-test and multiple logistic regression were used. RESULTS: There were 6,218 patients and 513 SSI (8.25%). The infection rate was 2.27% for clean surgery, 9.17% for clean-contaminated surgery, 11.40% for contaminated surgery, and 19.14% for dirty surgery; 4% for ASA I, 8.23% for ASA II, 13.54% for ASA III, 19.55% for ASA IV, and 33.33% for ASA V; 6.97% for length of procedure = 75th percentile, and 23.01% for > 75th percentile; 3.95% for NNIS 0, 8.17% for NNIS 1, 22.08% for NNIS 2, and 37.23% for NNIS 3. Among the components of the NNIS index, the length of the surgical procedure had the greatest influence on the rate of SSI (OR = 3.43 versus OR = 2.60 for the grade of contamination and OR = 2.20 for ASA index). The infection rates according to the type of intervention were: 30.9% in hepatobiliopancreatic surgery, 24.3% in small bowel surgery, 16.1% in colorectal surgery, 15.4% in gastroduodenal surgery; 8.5% in other soft tissue interventions, 7.7% in exploratory laparotomies, 6.4% in appendicectomies for appendicitis, 5.0% in cholecystectomy, 5.0% in other interventions of the digestive tract, 3.3% in breast surgery, 1.5% in herniorrhaphies, and 0.7% in endocrine surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The NNIS index is a valid instrument for classifying surgical patients according to the risk of developing an SSI. Of the three components, the length of the intervention has the greatest influence on increasing the risk of infection. The NNIS categories also distinguish different levels of risk of infection.

[Association between microsatellite instability and clinico-pathological characteristics in sporadic colon cancer]. / Asociación entre la inestabilidad de microsatélites y las características clínicas y anatomopatológicas en pacientes con cáncer de colon esporádico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Currently, colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer death world-wide. It progresses according to three molecular pathways, named suppressor, mutador and methylator. Microsatellite instability is a hallmark of the lack of reparation, of DNA mismatches and it characterizes a subset of colon tumors (unstable tumors, MSI). MSI-H patients (high degree of microsatellite instability) seem to share clinico-pathological differences with MSS (microsatellite stable) and MSI-L (low degree of microsatellite instability) patients. In this study, associations between high degree of microsatellite instability and pathological (location, mucinous content, differentiation grade, stages T3N0, stages II and III) and clinical features (response to chemotherapy, disease-free survival and overall survival) were evaluated. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 117 patients with sporadic colon cancer were classified into two populations (MSS/MSI-L and MSI-H) by using PCR and electrophoresis of seven microsatellites, according to the National Cancer Institute recommendations. RESULTS: MSI-H tumors tended to be located in the right colon (p = 0.022) and were of mucinous histologic type (p = 0.04). No differences in disease-free survival and overall survival between group of stage II and III patients with MSS/ MSI-L and corresponding ones with MSI-H colon cancer were found (p = 0.54, p = 0.37, respectively). Conversely, MSI-H patients with stage II colon cancer had a favourable prognosis (p = 0.027). Nevertheless, response to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin was similar in MSS/ MSI-L and MSI-H groups (p = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: MSI-H patients are characterized by certain pathological features; those MSI-H patients with a stage II seem to have a better prognosis than MSS/ MSI-L patients.