Green walnut husk extracts Proliferation and Migration in Gastric Cancer.

Background: In the past few decades, natural products have become an increasingly important source of potential anti-cancer agents. The green walnut husk(GWH) extracts have been reported to inhibit multiple tumor cells and might be a promising chemopreventive agent in human neoplasia. However, it is not clear whether GWH extracts inhibit gastric cancer. Methods: Proliferation, invasion, and migration of gastric cancer cells were assessed by the CCK-8, wound-healing, and Transwell assay. The apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry(FCM). The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 proteins were examined by Western blot. Moreover, the growth of gastric cancer cells was assessed using orthotopic xenograft models, and related proteins expressions were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Finally, the Gene expression profile of gastric cancer treated with GWH extracts was evaluated by using High-throughput RNA sequencing(RNA-seq). Results: GWH extracts effectively inhibited gastric cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, GWH extracts inhibited the survival of gastric cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner, inhibited the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, regulated the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins, and induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. In vitro, GWH extracts inhibited the growth of mouse xenografted tumors. A total of differentially expressed genes, of which 41 genes were up-regulated, and 610 genes were down-regulated, were identified by RNA-seq. GO, and KEGG analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes might be related to the mechanism of the anti-gastric cancer effect of GWH extracts. Conclusion: GWH extracts played an anti-gastric cancer effect by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting invasion. Secondly, the differential expression of many genes, multiple signal pathways, and metabolic pathways in gastric cancer play an essential role in the anti-gastric cancer effect of GWH extracts. The results suggested that GWH extracts are expected to be a low toxic drug for the treatment of gastric cancer in the future.

A novel near-infrared-emitting aza-boron-dipyrromethene-based remarkable fluorescent probe for Hg2+ in living cells.

A new near-infrared (NIR)-emitting aza-boron-dipyrromethene dye with two electron-donating amino groups at 1- and 7-positions has been prepared via several steps of reactions. This probe showed a NIR absorption at 748 nm with an obvious shoulder peak at 634 nm in CH3CN/H2O. Interestingly, a NIR fluorescence emission at 843 nm was observed with a large Stokes shift of 95 nm. This novel NIR-emitting aza-boron-dipyrromethene dye was further investigated as a Hg2+-sensing fluorescent probe, which selectively bound to Hg2+, showing a blue-shifted and sharp absorption band at 695 nm with the disappearance of the shoulder peak at 634 nm. Correspondingly, the color change could be easily seen from blue to green. Interestingly, the emission exhibited an absolutely "turn-on" peak at 725 nm with a significant blue shift by 118 nm (from 843 to 725 nm), due to the efficient inhibition of the intramolecular-charge-transfer process arising from two amino groups. This probe was finally introduced to Hela cells, showing a "OFF-ON" NIR emission upon exposure to Hg2+. The overall results confirmed that this novel NIR-emitting aza-boron-dipyrromethene fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift could serve as a colorimetric and fluorescent "turn-on" sensor for Hg2+ in both solutions and living cells.

Changing trends of clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery for gastric cancer in Northeast China.

BACKGROUND: Through analyzing the data from a single institution in Northeast China, this study revealed the possible clinicopathologic characteristics that influence the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC). AIM: To evaluate the changing trends of clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery in patients with GC in Northeast China, which is a high-prevalence area of GC. METHODS: The study analyzed the difference in clinicopathologic features and survival duration after surgery of 5887 patients who were histologically diagnosed with GC at the Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital. The study mainly analyzed the data in three periods, 2000 to 2004 (Phase 1), 2005 to 2009 (Phase 2), and 2010 to 2014 (Phase 3). RESULTS: Over time, the postoperative survival rate significantly increased from 2000 to 2014. In the past 15 years, compared with Phases 1 and 2, the tumor size was smaller in Phase 3 (P < 0.001), but the proportion of high-medium differentiated tumors increased (P < 0.001). The proportion of early GC gradually increased from 3.9% to 14.4% (P < 0.001). A surprising improvement was observed in the mean number of retrieved lymph nodes, ranging from 11.4 to 27.5 (P < 0.001). The overall 5-year survival rate increased from 24% in Phase 1 to 43.8% in Phase 3. Through multivariate analysis, it was found that age, tumor size, histologic type, tumor-node-metastasis stage, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, surgical approach, local infiltration, radical extent, number of retrieved lymph nodes, and age group were independent risk factors that influenced the prognosis of patients with GC. CONCLUSION: The clinical features of GC in Northeast China changed during the observation period. The increasing detection of early GC and more standardized surgical treatment effectively prolonged lifetimes.

Prognostic significance of Borrmann type combined with vessel invasion status in advanced gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Borrmann classification (types I-IV) for the detection of advanced gastric cancer has been accepted worldwide, and lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion (LBVI) status is related to the poor prognosis after gastric cancer. AIM: To evaluate the significance of Borrmann type combined with LBVI status in predicting the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively studied the clinicopathological characteristics and long-term survival data of 2604 patients who were diagnosed with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma at Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital from January 2009 to December 2013. Categorical variables were evaluated by the Pearson's χ 2 test, the Kaplan-Meier method was used to identify differences in cumulative survival rates, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2604 patients were included in this study. The presence of LVBI [LBVI (+)] and Borrmann type (P = 0.001), tumor location (P < 0.001), tumor size (P < 0.001), histological type (P < 0.001), tumor invasion depth (P < 0.001), number of metastatic lymph nodes (P < 0.001), and surgical method (P < 0.001) were significantly correlated with survival. When analyzing the combination of the Borrmann classification and LBVI status, we found that patients with Borrmann type III disease and LBVI (+) had a similar 5-year survival rate to those with Borrmann IV + LBVI (-) (16.4% vs 13.1%, P = 0.065) and those with Borrmann IV + LBVI (+) (16.4% vs 11.2%, P = 0.112). Subgroup analysis showed that the above results were true for any pT stage and any tumor location. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Borrmann classification (P = 0.023), vascular infiltration (P < 0.001), tumor size (P = 0.012), pT stage (P < 0.001), pN stage (P < 0.001), and extent of radical surgery (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors for survival. CONCLUSION: Since patients with Borrmann III disease and LBVI (+) have the same poor prognosis as those with Borrmann IV disease, more attention should be paid to patients with Borrmann III disease and LBVI (+) during diagnosis and treatment, regardless of the pT stage and tumor location, to obtain better survival results.

Humanistic care and psychological counseling on psychological disorders in medical students after COVID-19 outbreak: A protocol of systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of humanistic care and psychological counseling (HCPC) on psychological disorders (PD) in medical students after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. METHODS: We will search randomized controlled trials or case-controlled studies of HCPC on PD in medical students after COVID-19 outbreak in the following electronic databases: PUBMED/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, AMED, WANGFANG, and CNKI. The time is restricted from the construction of each database to the present. All process of study selection, data collection, and study quality evaluation will be carried out by two independent authors. Any different opinions will be solved by a third author through discussion. We will employ RevMan 5.3 software to conduct statistical analysis. RESULTS: This study will provide a better understanding of HCPC on PD in medical students after COVID-19 outbreak. CONCLUSIONS: This study may offer strong evidence for clinical practice to treat PD in medical students after COVID-19 outbreak. STUDY REGISTRATION: CRD42020193199.

[Transplantation of Autologous Peritoneum Using Ileal Seromuscular Flaps for Orthotopic Neobladder Reconstruction].

Objective To develop an ideal surgical procedure for neobladder reconstruction in experimental porcine models. Methods Six experimental female pigs weighting 28-33 kg underwent transplantation of autologous peritoneum for bladder reconstruction under general anesthesia.The flaps were used to reconstruct the orthotopic neobladder by suturing with the edges of the triangle and neck of the remnant bladder.The ureteral catheters were removed on the 5 th postoperative day and the balloon catheter was removed on the 7 th postoperative day.Voiding behaviour was monitored.The animals were euthanized at week 12 for routine pathology,immunohistochemistry,and electron microscopy. Results All the pigs survived after the surgery,and no postoperative complication such as peritonitis,intestinal obstruction,or urinary fistula was observed.All the peritoneum-ileum composite free valves survived after transplantation.Voiding behaviour was normal after catheter removal,and the urine was clear.At autopsy,reconstructed bladders were healthy.Pathological examination showed the neobladder had been covered by continuous urothelium while the peritoneum disappeared and showed no ileal mucosa regrowth and residual.Scanning electron microscope showed the transitional cells of neobladder were complete and orderly,and the urothelium around suture border was continuous and showed no malposition. Conclusions Reconstruction of bladder by autologous peritoneum and ileal seromuscular flaps is an ideal approach in the experimental pigs as it can prevent regrowth of ileal epithelial cells and avoid the complications of conventional enterocystoplasty.Its clinical application deserves further investigations.

Toll family members bind multiple Spätzle proteins and activate antimicrobial peptide gene expression in Drosophila.

The Toll signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster regulates several immune-related functions, including the expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. The canonical Toll receptor (Toll-1) is activated by the cytokine Spätzle (Spz-1), but Drosophila encodes eight other Toll genes and five other Spz genes whose interactions with one another and associated functions are less well-understood. Here, we conducted in vitro assays in the Drosophila S2 cell line with the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) homology domains of each Toll family member to determine whether they can activate a known target of Toll-1, the promoter of the antifungal peptide gene drosomycin. All TIR family members activated the drosomycin promoter, with Toll-1 and Toll-7 TIRs producing the highest activation. We found that the Toll-1 and Toll-7 ectodomains bind Spz-1, -2, and -5, and also vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virions, and that Spz-1, -2, -5, and VSV all activated the promoters of drosomycin and several other AMP genes in S2 cells expressing full-length Toll-1 or Toll-7. In vivo experiments indicated that Toll-1 and Toll-7 mutants could be systemically infected with two bacterial species (Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, and VSV with different survival times in adult females and males compared with WT fly survival. Our results suggest that all Toll family members can activate several AMP genes. Our results further indicate that Toll-1 and Toll-7 bind multiple Spz proteins and also VSV, but they differentially affect adult survival after systemic infection, potentially because of sex-specific differences in Toll-1 and Toll-7 expression.

A near-infrared BODIPY-based fluorescent probe for ratiometric and discriminative detection of Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in living cells.

A near-infrared distyryl boron dipyrromethene-based sensor bearing one bis(1,2,3-triazole)amino receptor has been synthesized. This probe selectively and quickly binds to Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in CH3CN/H2O (5:1 v/v) and exhibits remarkably blue-shifted absorption and fluorescence bands due to the inhibition of the intramolecular charge transfer process. The fluorescence changes of this probe upon binding to Hg2+ or Cu2+ ion are totally different, undergoing a ratiometric fluorescence enhancement (for Hg2+) or a fluorescence quenching (for Cu2+) mechanism. The corresponding vivid color changes can be easily seen by the naked eye. This probe was further introduced into Hela cells for living cell imaging and found to discriminate Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions through two near-infrared fluorescence emission channels. These overall results indicate that this Click-derived near-infrared BODIPY-based probe is potentially useful for ratiometric and discriminative detection of Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in solutions and living cells.

Systematic tracking of altered modules identifies the key biomarkers involved in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Key genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were investigated through systematically tracking the dysregulated modules from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Microarray data of normal subjects and CLL patients recruited from ArrayExpress database were applied to extract differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Additionally, we re-weighted the PPI network of normal and CLL conditions by means of Pearsons correlation coefficient (PCC). Furthermore, clique-merging method was applied to extract the modules and then the altered modules were screened out. The intersection genes were selected from miss and add genes in the altered modules. The common genes were screened from the intersection genes and DEGs in CLL. A total of 734 DEGs were screened by statistical analysis. In this investigation, there were 1,805 and 703 modules in normal as well as disease PPI network. In addition, 875 altered modules were obtained which included 145 miss genes, 353 add genes and 85 intersection genes. Finally, in-depth analysis revealed 9 mutual genes between the intersection genes and DEGs in CLL. Our analysis revealed several key genes associated with CLL by systematically tracking the dysregulated modules, which might be candidate targets for diagnosis and management of CLL.

Evaluation of a multi-slice spiral computed tomography perfusion for the prediction of the recurrence of gastric cancer.

AIM: The study aimed to elucidate the value of multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) perfusion for the early prediction of gastric cancer (GC) recurrence. METHODS: MSCT perfusion scans were performed to obtain values pertaining to blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability surface (PS). Logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the risk factors of postoperative recurrence in GC. RESULTS: The maximum diameter of GC has a positive relationship with PS. The maximum enhancement of GC was positively correlated with BF, blood volume and PS. PS, BF, vascular thrombus and Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging were found to be significant risk factors in relation to the recurrence of GC (p = 0.006, p = 0.002, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: MSCT perfusion is strongly correlated with postoperative recurrence of GC, and PS and BF values, vascular thrombus and Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging were discovered as being prominent factors influencing the recurrence of GC.

Transcription Factor Forkhead Regulates Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in defense against microbial infections in insects. Expression of AMPs is regulated mainly by NF-κB factors Dorsal, Dif and Relish. Our previous study showed that both NF-κB and GATA-1 factors are required for activation of moricin promoter in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and a 140-bp region in the moricin promoter contains binding sites for additional transcription factors. In this study, we identified three forkhead (Fkh)-binding sites in the 140-bp region of the moricin promoter and several Fkh-binding sites in the lysozyme promoter, and demonstrated that Fkh-binding sites are required for activation of both moricin and lysozyme promoters by Fkh factors. In addition, we found that Fkh mRNA was undetectable in Drosophila S2 cells, and M. sexta Fkh (MsFkh) interacted with Relish-Rel-homology domain (RHD) but not with Dorsal-RHD. Dual luciferase assays with moricin mutant promoters showed that co-expression of MsFkh with Relish-RHD did not have an additive effect on the activity of moricin promoter, suggesting that MsFkh and Relish regulate moricin activation independently. Our results suggest that insect AMPs can be activated by Fkh factors under non-infectious conditions, which may be important for protection of insects from microbial infection during molting and metamorphosis.

The value of contrast-enhanced computed tomography in predicting gastric cancer recurrence and metastasis.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to illustrate the clinical value of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in predicting gastric cancer (GC) recurrence and metastasis. METHODS: From March 2012 to March 2014, 131 GC patients who underwent initial treatment at the Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University were enrolled in this study, and 64-slice spiral CT was used for CECT. CECT parameters were recorded, including CT values in the arterial and venous phases, as well as the enhancement patterns in the arterial phase. All GC patients were followed for one year. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the clinical values of the CECT parameters in predicting GC recurrence and metastasis. RESULTS: Significantly higher CT values in the arterial and venous phases were found in patients with higher tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging, lymph node metastasis (LNM), advanced Borrmann type and postoperative chemotherapy. TNM stage I-II patients showed less significant enhancement and significant heterogeneous enhancement than TNM stage III-IV patients. Compared with patients without recurrence and metastasis, patients with recurrence and metastasis demonstrated higher CT values in the arterial and venous phases, as well as a higher proportion of significant enhancement and significant heterogeneous enhancements. For the CT value in the arterial phase, the area under the ROC curve was 0.858, with 70.3% sensitivity and 95.7% specificity, and in the venous phase, it was 0.801, with 73.0% sensitivity and 83.0% specificity. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that CECT has a high accuracy rate for predicting postoperative GC recurrence and metastasis.

SilkPathDB: a comprehensive resource for the study of silkworm pathogens.

Silkworm pathogens have been heavily impeding the development of sericultural industry and play important roles in lepidopteran ecology, and some of which are used as biological insecticides. Rapid advances in studies on the omics of silkworm pathogens have produced a large amount of data, which need to be brought together centrally in a coherent and systematic manner. This will facilitate the reuse of these data for further analysis. We have collected genomic data for 86 silkworm pathogens from 4 taxa (fungi, microsporidia, bacteria and viruses) and from 4 lepidopteran hosts, and developed the open-access Silkworm Pathogen Database (SilkPathDB) to make this information readily available. The implementation of SilkPathDB involves integrating Drupal and GBrowse as a graphic interface for a Chado relational database which houses all of the datasets involved. The genomes have been assembled and annotated for comparative purposes and allow the search and analysis of homologous sequences, transposable elements, protein subcellular locations, including secreted proteins, and gene ontology. We believe that the SilkPathDB will aid researchers in the identification of silkworm parasites, understanding the mechanisms of silkworm infections, and the developmental ecology of silkworm parasites (gene expression) and their hosts. Database URL: http://silkpathdb.swu.edu.cn.

A global reference model of Curie-point depths based on EMAG2.

In this paper, we use a robust inversion algorithm, which we have tested in many regional studies, to obtain the first global model of Curie-point depth (GCDM) from magnetic anomaly inversion based on fractal magnetization. Statistically, the oceanic Curie depth mean is smaller than the continental one, but continental Curie depths are almost bimodal, showing shallow Curie points in some old cratons. Oceanic Curie depths show modifications by hydrothermal circulations in young oceanic lithosphere and thermal perturbations in old oceanic lithosphere. Oceanic Curie depths also show strong dependence on the spreading rate along active spreading centers. Curie depths and heat flow are correlated, following optimal theoretical curves of average thermal conductivities K = ~2.0 W(m°C)-1 for the ocean and K = ~2.5 W(m°C)-1 for the continent. The calculated heat flow from Curie depths and large-interval gridding of measured heat flow all indicate that the global heat flow average is about 70.0 mW/m2, leading to a global heat loss ranging from ~34.6 to 36.6 TW.

Modulating Three-Dimensional Microenvironment with Hyaluronan of Different Molecular Weights Alters Breast Cancer Cell Invasion Behavior.

Hyaluronan (HA), a polymer with various molecular weights (MW) found in tumor microenvironments, is associated with malignant progression of breast cancer. Reducing the amount of high-MW HA in the microenvironment by hyaluronidase is a promising approach for breast cancer treatment. However, whether the generation of HA fragments negatively affects breast cancer cells remains to be determined. Furthermore, HA forms three-dimensional (3D) networks by cross-linking with other extracellular molecules to function. Therefore, a model mimicking the cross-linked HA network is required to determine the effect of HA fragments on breast cancer cells. To clarify the differential roles of low (HA35) versus high (HA117) MW HA on cancer cell phenotype, a 3D culture system was set up by covalently cross-linking HA with alginate and investigating the behavior of 4T-1 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells alongside a two-dimensional (2D) control. The results show the invasion and migration abilities of 4T-1 and SKBR3 cells are significantly enhanced by the presence of HA35 but inhibited by HA117 in both 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. The differential effects of HA35 and HA117 on cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype were further confirmed in terms of differential regulation of E-cadherin and vimentin as important EMT markers at both the cellular and mRNA levels. Additional experiments show the CD44-Twist signaling pathway might be involved in the differential effects of HA35 and HA117. These results have important implications with respect to understanding the role of HA in breast cancer development and for the design of therapeutic approaches based on the eradication of HA with hyaluronidase.

Adenosine Analog NITD008 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Zika Virus.

The ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have raised global concerns due to its unexpected clinical manifestations. Antiviral development is of high priority in response to the ZIKV emergency. In this study, we report that an adenosine analog NITD008 has potent in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against ZIKV. The compound can effectively inhibit the historical and contemporary ZIKV strains in cultures as well as significantly reduce viremia and prevent mortality in A129 mice. Our results have demonstrated that NITD008 is potent inhibitor of ZIKV and can be used as reference inhibitor for future ZIKV antiviral drug screen and discovery.

Enhancer activity of Helitron in sericin-1 gene promoter from Bombyx mori.

Sericin is a kind of water-soluble protein expressed specifically in the middle silk gland of Bombyx mori. When the sericin-1 gene promoter was cloned and a transgenic vector was constructed to express a foreign protein, a specific Helitron, Bmhel-8, was identified in the sericin-1 gene promoter sequence in some genotypes of Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina. Given that the Bmhel-8 Helitron transposon was present only in some genotypes, it could be the source of allelic variation in the sericin-1 promoter. The length of the sericin-1 promoter sequence is approximately 1063 or 643 bp. The larger size of the sequence or allele is ascribed to the presence of Bmhel-8. Silkworm genotypes can be homozygous for either the shorter or larger promoter sequence or heterozygous, containing both alleles. Bmhel-8 in the sericin-1 promoter exhibits enhancer activity, as demonstrated by a dual-luciferase reporter system in BmE cell lines. Furthermore, Bmhel-8 displays enhancer activity in a sericin-1 promoter-driven gene expression system but does not regulate the tissue-specific expression of sericin-1.

An alginate-based platform for cancer stem cell research.

UNLABELLED: As the primary determinants of the clinical behaviors of human cancers, the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) represents an ideal target for novel anti-cancer therapies (Kievit et al., 2014). Notably, CSCs are difficult to propagate in vitro, which severely restricts the study of CSC biology and the development of therapeutic agents. Emerging evidence indicates that CSCs rely on a niche that controls their differentiation and proliferation, as is the case with normal stem cells (NSCs). Replicating the in vivo CSC microenvironment in vitro using three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds can provide means to effectively generate CSCs, thus enabling the discovery of CSC biology. This paper presents our study on a novel alginate-based platform for mimicking the CSC niche to promote CSC proliferation and enrichment. In this study, we used a versatile mouse 4T1 breast cancer model to independently evaluate the matrix parameters of a CSC niche - including the material's mechanical properties, cytokine immobilization, and the composition of the extracellular matrix's (ECM's) molecular impact - on CSC proliferation and enrichment. On this basis, the optimal stiffness and concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA), as well as epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor immobilization, were identified to establish the platform for mimicking the 4T1 breast CSCs (4T1 CSCs) niche. The 4T1 CSCs obtained from the platform show increased expression of the genes involved in breast CSC and NSC, as compared to general 2D or 3D culture, and 4T1 CSCs were also demonstrated to have the ability to quickly form a subcutaneous tumor in homologous Balb/c mice in vivo. In addition, the platform can be adjusted according to different parameters for CSC screening. Our results indicate that our platform offers a simple and efficient means to isolate and enrich CSCs in vitro, which can help researchers better understand CSC biology and thus develop more effective therapeutic agents to treat cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: As the primary determinants of the clinical behaviors of human cancers, the discovery of cancer stem cells (CSCs) represents an ideal target for novel anti-cancer therapies. However, CSCs are difficult to propagate in vitro, which severely restricts the study of CSC biology and the development of therapeutic agents. Emerging evidence indicates that CSCs rely on a niche that controls their differentiation and proliferation, as is the case with normal stem cells (NSCs). Replicating the in vivo CSC microenvironment in vitro using three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds can provide means to effectively generate CSCs, thus enabling the discovery of CSC biology. In our study, a novel alginate-based platform were developed for mimicking the CSC niche to promote CSC proliferation and enrichment.

Tacrolimus reversibly reduces insulin secretion, induces insulin resistance, and causes islet cell damage in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diabetogenic effects of the immunosuppressive agent tacrolimus, the reversibility of these effects upon treatment discontinuation, and the underlying mechanisms in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 healthy male rats were randomly divided into three groups for intragastric administration of tacrolimus either at 4 mg/kg/d or 2 mg/kg/d or an equal volume of normal saline (control). The treatment was administered for 5 months, followed by a 5-month period of no intervention. Fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels were used to calculate the homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function (HOMA-ß) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI). RESULTS: Tacrolimus treatment significantly increased blood glucose concentrations (p < 0.05) and lowered HOMA-ß and ISI (p < 0.01) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Five months after tacrolimus treatment, significant islet cell injury was observed. However, 5 months after tacrolimus discontinuation, blood glucose concentrations significantly declined, HOMA-β and ISI levels significantly increased, and islet cell morphology noticeably improved. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, tacrolimus treatment of healthy rats increased blood glucose concentrations in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Development of tacrolimus-induced diabetes and reversibility after tacrolimus discontinuation may involve factors of and interactions between the insulin secretion pathway, local and/or systemic insulin resistance, and islet cell damage.

[Details of enteral nutrition for gastric carcinoma patients].

Enteral nutrition can provide adequate nutrients and enhance immunity. Because it is inexpensive, no significant side effects, and convenient, enteral nutrition has been used widely. However, enteral nutrition has its limitation, therefore some details should be noticed during the management. In this paper, we discuss the details about enteral nutrition based on the data of our gastric carcinoma patients.