Vortex-Assisted Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Heavy Metals in Water and Food Samples Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Impregnated Carboxymethyl-ß-Cyclodextrin.

The excessive accumulation of heavy metals has adverse effects on the human body. Here, magnetic iron oxide-impregnated carboxymethyl-ß-cyclodextrin was synthesized. The synthesized material was employed as a magnetic solid-phase extracting adsorbent for specific heavy metals like lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and cobalt (Co). Characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The analytical merits, like detection limits (Pb: 1.38 ng/mL, Ni: 0.5 ng/mL, Co: 0.14 ng/mL, and Cu: 0.55 ng/mL) and quantification limits (Pb: 4.14 ng/mL, Ni: 1.62 ng/mL, Co: 1.85 ng/mL, and Cu: 1.82 ng/mL) were calculated. Similarly, the preconcentration and enhancement factors (15) and relative standard deviation (Pb: 3.5, Ni: 0.92, Co: 2.7, and Cu: 1.5) were also calculated. The interfering study shows that the method is highly selective. For validation, it was applied to certified reference materials such as the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology ornamental Basma tobacco leaves and trace metal double addition 63.4 environmental water with good percent recovery values (92%-99%). Real water and food samples were also used with satisfactory (90%-99%) recovery results.

Design, synthesis, and activity evaluation of water-soluble propofol derivatives as anesthetic drugs.

In this work, two series of water-soluble derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the structure of propofol as the lead compound. Furthermore, the anesthetic activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated in vivo against mice, and the in vitro propofol release rate from five target compounds was determined. The findings of this study have shown that series II compounds which possess the structure feature of propofol + Î³-hydroxybutyric acid + α-aminoacetate or γ-aminobutyrate have higher therapeutic index than that of series I compounds which possess the structure feature of propofol + α-aminoacetate or ß-aminopropionate. In addition, the rate of propofol released from series II compounds was significantly better than that of series I compounds. Among series II compounds, compound II-20 had a therapeutic index of 5.6 (propofol = 2.7), a duration time of 571 s (propofol = 57 s), and no significant toxicity was observed in vivo, which made it valuable for further development.

Manganaelectro-Catalyzed Cyclization of o-Aminoarylketones with Ammonia: An Approach to 1,2-Dihydroquinazolines.

A manganaelectro-catalyzed cyclization reaction of 2-aminoarylketones with simple alcohols and ammonia under mild conditions is reported for the first time. The cooperative catalysis effectively enhances the oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes, thus enabling the synthesis of substituted 1,2-dihydroquinazolines in good to excellent yields. In addition, the utilities of this method are highlighted in the construction of biologically active molecules that would otherwise be difficult to access through a traditional method.

Radiomics-based Support Vector Machine Distinguishes Molecular Events Driving Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: An increasing number of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are detected as lung nodules. The radiological features related to LUAD progression remain further investigation. Exploration is required to bridge the gap between radiomics features and molecular characteristics of lung nodules. METHODS: Consensus clustering was applied to the radiomics features of 1,212 patients to establish stable clustering. Clusters were illustrated using clinicopathological and next-generation sequencing (NGS). A classifier was constructed to further investigate the molecular characteristic in patients with paired CT and RNA-seq data. RESULTS: Patients were clustered into 4 clusters. Cluster 1 was associated with a low consolidation-to-tumor ratio (CTR), pre-invasion, grade I disease and good prognosis. Clusters 2 and 3 showed increasing malignancy with higher CTR, higher pathological grade and poor prognosis. Cluster 2 possessed more spread through air spaces (STAS) and cluster 3 showed higher proportion of pleural invasion. Cluster 4 had similar clinicopathological features with cluster 1 except higher proportion of grade II disease. RNA-seq indicated that cluster 1 represented nodules with indolent growth and good differentiation, whereas cluster 4 showed progression in cell development but still had low proliferative activity. Nodules with high proliferation were classified into clusters 2 and 3. Additionally, the radiomics classifier distinguished cluster 2 as nodules harboring an activated immune environment, while cluster 3 represented nodules with a suppressive immune environment. Furthermore, gene signatures associated with the prognosis of early-stage LUAD were validated in external datasets. CONCLUSION: Radiomics features can manifest molecular events driving progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Our study provides a molecular insight into radiomics features and assists in the diagnosis and treatment of early stage LUAD.

Wireless antenna sensor with CuO@Cu-vertical graphene and cysteine-PDMS composite for ethanol gas detection.

BACKGROUND: Ethanol gas sensors are widely used in driving safety, security, and clinical respiratory monitoring applications. However, most ethanol sensors are large and exhibit poor stability owing to their integrated controller and high-temperature operation. Moreover, the development of wireless controller-free room-temperature ethanol sensors with long-term reliability is challenging. RESULTS: In this study, a wireless room-temperature ethanol gas antenna sensor was developed by combining a Cu radiation electrode with vertical graphene (VG) embedded with CuO@Cu nanoparticles and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dielectric substrate filled with cysteine (Cys). In the patch-antenna sensor, changes in the ethanol gas concentration resulted in frequency shift differences in the generation and transmission processes of the synchronized sensing signal. The VG-Cu/Cys-PDMS ethanol gas sensor had a detection range of 50-2100 ppm and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.112 ppm, with a response/recovery time of only 20/21 s for 1200 ppm ethanol, thus demonstrating superior long-term stability and satisfactory humidity tolerance. Therefore, the synergistic sensitization mechanism between the VG sensing/radiation layer and Cys-PDMS substrate was investigated. SIGNIFICANCE: This approach effectively addresses the issues of low-temperature operation, miniaturization, and long-term reliability. The proposed patch-antenna gas sensor is suitable for large-scale production owing to its use of industrial chemical vapor deposition technology and could be used to develop Internet-of-Things gas sensor nodes owing to its wireless propagation of electromagnetic waves with sensing information.

YAP1 Inhibition Induces Phenotype Switching of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Tumor Suppressive in Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) rarely responds to immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are critical components of the immunologically "cold" tumor microenvironment and are considered a promising target to enhance the immunotherapy response. In this study, we aimed to reveal the mechanisms regulating CAF plasticity to identify potential strategies to switch CAFs from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumor phenotypes and enhance ICB efficacy in PCa. Integration of four PCa single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets defined pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumor CAFs, and RNA-seq, flow cytometry, and a PCa organoid model demonstrated the functions of two CAF subtypes. Extracellular matrix-associated CAFs (ECM-CAF) promoted collagen deposition and cancer cell progression, and lymphocyte-associated CAFs (Lym-CAF) exhibited an anti-tumor phenotype and induced the infiltration and activation of CD8+ T cells. YAP1 activity regulated the ECM-CAF phenotype, and YAP1 silencing promoted switching to Lym-CAFs. NF-κB p65 was the core transcription factor in the Lym-CAF subset, and YAP1 inhibited nuclear translocation of p65. Selective depletion of YAP1 in ECM-CAFs in vivo promoted CD8+ T-cell infiltration and activation and enhanced the therapeutic effects of anti- PD-1 treatment in PCa. Overall, this study revealed a mechanism regulating CAF identity in PCa and highlighted a therapeutic strategy for altering the CAF subtype to suppress tumor growth and increase sensitivity to ICB.

Genetically Engineered Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles for Enhanced Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Targeting and Ferroptosis Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Conventional androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) targets the androgen receptor (AR) inhibiting prostate cancer (PCa) progression; however, it can eventually lead to recurrence as castration-resistant PCa (CRPC), which has high mortality rates and lacks effective treatment modalities. The study confirms the presence of high glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, a key regulator of ferroptosis (i.e., iron-dependent program cell death) in CRPC cells. Therefore, inducing ferroptosis in CRPC cells might be an effective therapeutic modality for CRPC. However, nonspecific uptake of ferroptosis inducers can result in undesirable cytotoxicity in major organs. Thus, to precisely induce ferroptosis in CRPC cells, a genetic engineering strategy is proposed to embed a prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting antibody fragment (gy1) in the macrophage membrane, which is then coated onto mesoporous polydopamine (MPDA) nanoparticles to produce a biomimetic nanoplatform. The results indicate that the membrane-coated nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit high specificity and affinity toward CRPC cells. On further encapsulation with the ferroptosis inducers RSL3 and iron ions, MPDA/Fe/RSL3@M-gy1 demonstrates superior synergistic effects in highly targeted ferroptosis therapy eliciting significant therapeutic efficacy against CRPC tumor growth and bone metastasis without increased cytotoxicity. In conclusion, a new therapeutic strategy is reported for the PSMA-specific, CRPC-targeting platform for ferroptosis induction with increased efficacy and safety.

In Vivo Chemical Screening in Zebrafish Embryos Identified FDA-Approved Drugs That Induce Differentiation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by the abnormal proliferation and differentiation arrest of myeloid progenitor cells. The clinical treatment of AML remains challenging. Promoting AML cell differentiation is a valid strategy, but effective differentiation drugs are lacking for most types of AML. In this study, we generated Tg(drl:hoxa9) zebrafish, in which hoxa9 overexpression was driven in hematopoietic cells and myeloid differentiation arrest was exhibited. Using Tg(drl:hoxa9) embryos, we performed chemical screening and identified four FDA-approved drugs, ethacrynic acid, khellin, oxcarbazepine, and alendronate, that efficiently restored myeloid differentiation. The four drugs also induced AML cell differentiation, with ethacrynic acid being the most effective. By an RNA-seq analysis, we found that during differentiation, ethacrynic acid activated the IL-17 and MAPK signaling pathways, which are known to promote granulopoiesis. Furthermore, we found that ethacrynic acid enhanced all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation, and both types of signaling converged on the IL-17/MAPK pathways. Inhibiting the IL-17/MAPK pathways impaired ethacrynic acid and ATRA-induced differentiation. In addition, we showed that ethacrynic acid is less toxic to embryogenesis and less disruptive to normal hematopoiesis than ATRA. Thus, the combination of ethacrynic acid and ATRA may have broader clinical applications. In conclusion, through zebrafish-aided screening, our study identified four drugs that can be repurposed to induce AML differentiation, thus providing new agents for AML therapy.

Electrochemical Cyclization of o-Aminyl Azobenzenes: Roles of Aldehydes in N-N Bond Cleavage.

Direct functionalization of azobenzenes provides an approach to obtaining valuable molecules in synthetic chemistry. However, an efficient method for the cleavage of the N═N bond of azobenzenes, which is a key process for this transformation, is still lacking. We herein disclose an electrochemical reduction-induced cyclization of azobenzenes with aldehydes via N═N bond cleavage. This electrochemical cyclization of azobenzenes proceeds well in the absence of any transition metals or external chemical oxidants, leading to the formation of N-protected benzimidazoles in moderate to good yields.

Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Enabled Cyclization/Sulfonylation Cascade of N-Heterocycles with Thianthrenium Salts.

We report a visible-light-promoted cyclization/sulfonylation cascade of N-heterocycles with thianthrenium salts using DABSO as the SO2 surrogate. This method features excellent functional group tolerance, wide substrate scope, and late-stage elaboration of bioactive relevant molecules. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the photoactive electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes between thianthrenium salts and DABCO are capable of the generation of aryl radicals, which induce the following SO2 insertion by attacking DABSO, thus triggering the key radical cyclization step.

Tuning Regioselectivity in the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkynyl Sulfonium Salts with Binucleophilic N-Aryl Amidines.

A tunable reaction manifold of alkynyl sulfonium salts with binucleophilic N-aryl amidines in the absence of any transition metal catalyst is first reported. This methodology involves sequential addition/cyclization that is perfectly tuned by stepwise addition of K2CO3, affording a plethora of valuable 1,2,4- and 1,2,5-trisubstituted imidazoles in good yields with high regioselectivity. Importantly, trapping and isolation of the reactive intermediate unveiled the reaction mechanism of ß-attack on the triple bond in this [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.

Fabrication of bulk superhydrophobic wood by grafting porous poly(divinylbenzene) to wood structure using isocyanatoethyl methacrylate.

Superhydrophobic treatment of wood can effectively reduce the interaction between wood and moisture, avoiding deformation, cracking, mould, and other defects caused by water absorption, which can extend the service life of wood and broaden the application field. Currently, the poor abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic wood is a crucial problem limiting its widespread application, and the preparation of superhydrophobic wood with robustness, abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance remains a huge challenge. In this work, robust bulk superhydrophobic wood with excellent abrasion resistance and chemical durability was fabricated by synthesizing porous poly(divinylbenzene) in wood cell cavities using graft copolymerization and solvothermal methods. The contact angles and rolling angles on the superhydrophobic wood surface were approximately 156° and 3°, respectively. Superhydrophobicity was carried through the entire structure of the wood. Even after severe damage by abrasion and sawing, as well as tests with organic solvents and harsh environments, the superhydrophobic properties of wood remained stable. Meanwhile, the superhydrophobic wood exhibited great self-cleaning and antifouling properties. In addition, the water uptake and dimensional stability of the wood were significantly improved. This work developed a simple, efficient, and durable strategy for the fabrication of superhydrophobic wood with robustness, abrasion resistance, and chemical resistance, which was expected to be applied to the wood industry to achieve the high-value applications of wood products and extend their service life.

Electrochemical needle sensor based on a B, N co-doped graphene microelectrode array for the on-site detection of salicylic acid in fruits and vegetables.

In this study, a microelectrode array sensor based on boron and nitrogen co-doped vertical graphene (BNVG) was assembled to quantify salicylic acid (SA) in living plants. The influence of B and N contents on the electrochemical reaction kinetics and SA response signal was investigated. A microneedle sensor with three optimized BNVG microelectrodes (3.57 at.% B and 3.27 at.% N) was used to quantitatively analyze SA in the 0.5-100 µM concentration range and pH 4.0-9.0, with limits of detection of 0.14-0.18 µM. Additionally, a quantitative electrochemical model database based on the BNVG microelectrode sensor was constructed to monitor the growth of cucumbers and cauliflowers, which confirmed that the SA level and plant growth rate were positively correlated. Moreover, the SA levels in various vegetables and fruits purchased from the market were measured to demonstrate the practical application prospects for on-site inspection and evaluation.

Light-Initiated Imprinted Membrane-Based Biomimetic SERS Sensor toward Selective Detection of Trace MC-LR.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a severe threat to human and animal health; thus, monitoring it in the environment is essential, especially in water quality protections. Herein, in this work, we synthesize PVDF/CNT/Ag molecular imprinted membranes (PCA-MIMs) via an innovative combination of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection, membrane separation, and molecular-imprinted technique toward the analysis of MC-LR in water. In particular, a light-initiated imprint is employed to protect the chemical structure of the MC-LR molecules. Furthermore, in order to ensure the detection sensitivity, the SERS substrates are combined with the membrane via the assistance of magnetism. The effect of synthesis conditions on the SERS sensitivity was investigated in detail. It is demonstrated from the characteristic results that the PCA-MIMs present high sensitivity to the MC-LR molecules with excellent selectivity against the interfere molecules. Results clearly show that the as-prepared PCA-MIMs hold great potential applications to detect trace MC-LR for the protection of water quality.

Wireless Gold/Boron-Nitrogen-Codoped Graphene-Based Antenna Immunosensor for the Rapid Detection of Neuron-Specific Enolase.

Tumor-marker immunosensors for rapid on-site detection have not yet been developed because of immunoreaction bottlenecks, such as shortening the reaction time and facilitating incubation. In this study, a gold-boron-nitrogen-codoped graphene (Au-BNG)-based immunosensor antenna was constructed for the rapid detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). A Au-BNG radiation electrode with dual functions of antibody protein fixation and signal transmission was developed for the first time. A radiation sample cell was constructed by embedding a radiation electrode into the groove of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) dielectric substrate. The constructed sense antenna achieves accurate detection of NSE with a range from 50 fg mL-1 to 40,000 pg mL-1 and a limit of detection of 10.99 fg mL-1, demonstrating excellent selectivity, stability, and reliability. The tumor-marker detection meter can provide NSE detection results as rapidly as within 2 min by using the new strategy of the microwave self-incubation of tumor markers. This antenna immunosensor is suitable for rapid detection in outpatient clinics and can be developed into household tumor-marker detectors, which would be significant in the early detection, long-term monitoring, and efficacy evaluation of tumors.

Macrophage-Derived Nanosponges Adsorb Cytokines and Modulate Macrophage Polarization for Renal Cell Carcinoma Immunotherapy.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a hot tumor infiltrated by large numbers of CD8+ T cells and is highly sensitive to immunotherapy. However, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), mainly M2 macrophages, tend to undermine the efficacy of immunotherapy and promote the progression of RCC. Here, macrophage-derived nanosponges are fabricated by M2 macrophage membrane-coated poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）（PLGA）, which could chemotaxis to the CXC and CC chemokine subfamily-enriched RCC microenvironment via corresponding membrane chemokine receptors. Subsequently, the nanosponges act like cytokine decoys to adsorb and neutralize broad-spectrum immunosuppressive cytokines such as colony stimulating factor-1(CSF-1), transforming growth factor-ß（TGF-ß）, and Lnterleukin-10（IL-10）, thereby reversing the polarization of M2-TAMs toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, and enhancing the anti-tumor effect of CD8+ T cells. To further enhance the polarization reprogramming efficiency of TAMs, DSPE-PEG-M2pep is conjugated on the surface of macrophage-derived nanosponges for specific recognition of M2-TAMs, and the toll like receptors 7/8（TLR7/8） agonist, R848, is encapsulated in these nanosponges to induce M1 polarization, which result in significant efficacy against RCC. In addition, these nanosponges exhibit undetectable biotoxicity, making them suitable for clinical applications. In summary, a promising and facile strategy is provided for immunomodulatory therapies, which are expected to be used in the treatment of tumors, autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases.

CtDNA based molecular residual disease outcompetes carcinoembryonic antigen in predicting postoperative recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been routinely used as a postoperative monitoring biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Emergingly, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)-molecular residual disease (MRD) detection is a well-established prognostic marker, with better positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). However, the actual clinical efficiency of CEA in MRD context remain unknown. Hence, we conducted this study for direct comparison of CEA and MRD. Methods: Two cohorts were analyzed in this study. To investigate the prognostic and predictive value of CEA, we retrospective enrolled NSCLC patient stage IA2-IIIA (8th tumor-node-metastasis staging system) with longitudinal CEA between 2018 and 2019. We also performed a paired comparison of CEA and MRD in our previous published cohort. Survival data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparisons were performed using the log-rank test. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were calculated using the R package "epiR". McNemar's test was used to analyze the paired data. Statistical differences were set at a P value <0.05. Results: In the retrospective cohort, the sensitivity of longitudinal CEA was only 0.49 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37-0.60]. Even for patients with progressively elevated CEA levels, 32% of them still remained disease-free, with PPV of 0.68 (0.49-0.83) and NPV of 0.81 (0.77-0.85). Furthermore, we then compared CEA and MRD values in a previously described MRD cohort. As expected, CEA levels could not stratify the risk of recurrence in detectable versus undetectable MRD populations. Conclusions: MRD is superior to CEA in postoperative monitoring. there is insufficient evidence to support its use as postoperative monitoring tumor marker.

Photocatalytic Production of Ethanolamines and Ethylenediamines from Bio-Polyols over a Cu/TiO2 Catalyst.

Valorization of biomass-derived polyols into high-value-added ethanolamines and ethylenediamines is highly attractive. Herein, we report a one-step photocatalytic protocol to convert bio-polyols into a 60 % yield of ethanolamines and ethylenediamines over a multifunctional Cu/TiO2 catalyst. This catalyst enables a tandem process of photocatalytic polyol C-C bond cleavage and reductive amination in one pot at room temperature, and also allows the selective conversion of various bio-polyols and amines. Mechanistic studies revealed that photogenerated holes in TiO2 promote the retro-aldol C-C bond cleavage or oxidative dehydrogenation of polyols, and photogenerated electrons accumulate on small-sized Cu clusters, which facilitate the reductive amination via hydrogen transfer and prevent the H2 generation. This strategy provides new opportunities for the development of non-noble metal photocatalysts and methods of biomass conversion under mild conditions.

Self-assembly flexible SERS imprinted membrane based on Ag nanocubes for selective detection of microcystin-LR.

Silver nanocubes monolayer-modified polydimethylsiloxane (Ag NC/PDMS) flexible SERS substrates have been prepared by a three-phase interface self-assembly procedure. The combination of this method with membrane technology brings nanoparticles in close proximity, densely, and regularly arranged in monolayers over a large area, leading to excellent SERS properties. Considering the complexity of practical detection, molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) were anchored on the surface of SERS substrate and applied to selective detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). It is worth mentioning that the SERS imprinted membranes (AP-MIMs) were still clearly detected at a concentration of 0.1 µg·L-1 of MC-LR in drinking water, and the detection limit was as low as 0.0067 µg·L-1. The substrate exhibited excellent uniformity with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.1%. In the presence of interference molecules, AP-MIMs exhibited excellent selectivity for MC-LR. Furthermore, in the spiking and recovery tests of practical lake water samples, the method showed excellent recoveries ranging from 96.47 to 105.31%. It has been demonstrated that the prepared AP-MIMs can be applied to sensitive and specific detection of trace amounts of MC-LR in drinking water.

Lack of incremental value of three-dimensional measurement in assessing invasiveness for lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of consolidation-to-tumour ratio (CTR) and the radiomic models in two- and three-dimensional modalities for assessing radiological invasiveness in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma from Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Shenzhen People's Hospital. Manual delineation of pulmonary nodules along the boundary was performed on cross-sectional images to extract radiomic features. Clinicopathological characteristics and radiomic signatures were identified in both cohorts. CTR and radiomic score for every patient were calculated. The performance of CTR and radiomic models were tested and validated in the respective cohorts. RESULTS: A total of 818 patients from Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital were included in the primary cohort, while 474 patients from Shenzhen People's Hospital constituted an independent validation cohort. Both CTR and radiomic score were identified as independent factors for predicting pathological invasiveness. CTR in two- and three-dimensional modalities exhibited comparable results with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves and were demonstrated in the validation cohort (area under the curve: 0.807 vs 0.826, P = 0.059) Furthermore, both CTR in two- and three-dimensional modalities was able to stratify patients with significant relapse-free survival (P < 0.000 vs P < 0.000) and overall survival (P = 0.003 vs P = 0.001). The radiomic models in two- and three-dimensional modalities demonstrated favourable discrimination and calibration in independent cohorts (P = 0.189). CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional measurement provides no additional clinical benefit compared to two-dimensional.