FBXO22 promotes osteosarcoma progression via regulation of FOXO1 for ubiquitination and degradation.

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that F-box protein 22 (FBXO22) participates in tumour development and progression in various types of human malignancies. However, the functions and detailed molecular mechanisms of FBXO22 in osteosarcoma tumorigenesis and progression remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of FBXO22 on the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells using cell counting kit-8 and Matrigel Transwell approaches. Moreover, we explored the molecular mechanisms by which FBXO22 mediated oncogenesis and progression in osteosarcoma via Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination. We found that FBXO22 depletion inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, whereas FBXO22 overexpression increased the proliferation and motility of osteosarcoma cells. Mechanistically, FBXO22 promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of FoxO1 in osteosarcoma cells. FBXO22 depletion reduced cell proliferation and motility via regulation of FoxO1. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into FBXO22-induced osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. The inhibition of FBXO22 could be a promising strategy for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Global research development of chondrosarcoma from 2003 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis.

Background: Chondrosarcomas are common primary malignant bone tumors; however, comprehensive bibliometric analysis in this field has not yet been conducted. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the research hotspots and trends in the field of chondrosarcoma through bibliometric analysis to help researchers understand the current status and direction of research in the field. Methods: Articles and reviews related to chondrosarcoma published between 2003 and 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science. Countries, institutions, authors, journals, references, and keywords in this field were visualized and analyzed using CtieSpace and VOSviewer software. Results: Between 2003 and 2022, 4,149 relevant articles were found. The number of articles published on chondrosarcoma has increased significantly annually, mainly from 569 institutions in China and the United States, and 81 in other countries. In total, 904 authors participated in the publication of studies related to chondrosarcomas. Over the past 20 years, articles on chondrosarcoma have been published in 958 academic journals, with Skeletal Radiology having the highest number of publications. Furthermore, keywords such as "gene expression," "radiotherapy," "experience," and "apoptosis" have been popular in recent years. Conclusion: Over the past 20 years, the global trend in chondrosarcoma research has primarily been clinical research, with basic research as a supplement. In the future, communication and exchange between countries and institutions should be strengthened. Further, the future main research hotspots in the field of chondrosarcoma include mutated genes and signaling pathways, precision surgical treatment, proton therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and other aspects.

Heteroaryl Group Containing Trisubstituted Alkenes: Synthesis and Anti-tumor Activity.

Pancreatobililary cancers are fatal solid tumors that pose a significant threat to human life. It is imperative to investigate novel small molecule active compounds for controlling these cancers. Heterocyclic compounds (e.g. gemcitabine) and multi-substituted alkenes (e.g. resveratrol) are commonly applied in tumor treatment. Researchers have proposed that the synthesis of new trisubstituted alkenes containing heteroaromatic rings by combining these two scaffolds may be a fresh strategy to develop new active molecules. In this study, we utilized alkenyl bromide and heteroaryl boronic acid as substrates, employing Suzuki coupling to generate a series of triarylethylenes featuring nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur atoms. Through in vitro experiments, the results indicated that some compounds exhibited remarkable anti-tumor efficacy (e.g. IC50[3be, GBC-SD] = 0.13 µM and IC50[3be, PANC-1] = 0.27 µM). The results further demonstrated that the antitumor efficacy of these compounds was dependent on the heteroatom, π-system, skeleton-bonding site, and substituent type.

Boron-Doped Dinickel Phosphide to Enhance Polysulfide Conversion and Suppress Shuttling in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are promising for next-generation high-energy energy storage systems. However, the slow reaction kinetics render mobile polysulfides hardly controlled, yielding shuttling effects and eventually damaging Li metal anodes. To improve the cyclability of Li-S batteries, high-efficiency catalysts are desired to accelerate polysulfide conversion and suppress the shuttling effect. Herein, we studied a doping system with Ni2P and Ni2B as the end members and found a B-doped Ni2P catalyst that demonstrates high activity for Li-S batteries. As anionic dopants, B demonstrates an interesting reverse electron transfer to P and tunes the electronic structure of Ni2P dramatically. The resultant B-doped Ni2P exhibits short Ni-B bonds and strong Ni-S interaction, and the electron donation of B to P further enhances the adsorption of polysulfide on catalysts. The S-S bonds of polysulfides were activated appropriately, therefore decreasing a low energy barrier for conversion reactions.

4.1 W continuous-wave and broadly wavelength tunable Tm-doped laser in 2.1-2.4 µm spectral region based on vibronic and electronic transitions.

Efficient diode-pumped continuous-wave (CW) and wavelength tunable Tm:YAP lasers based on the vibronic and electronic transitions are investigated. A total maximum output power of 4.1 W is achieved with multi-wavelength output around 2162 nm and 2274 nm, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 29.8% for a 3 at. % Tm:YAP crystal. A maximum output power of 2.48 W with a slope efficiency of 25.4% is obtained at 2146 nm for a 4 at. % Tm:YAP crystal. Using a birefringent filter (BF), the emission wavelengths of the Tm:YAP laser are tuned over spectral ranges of 59 nm from 2115 nm to 2174 nm and 127 nm from 2267 nm to 2394 nm, respectively, which is the first demonstration of wavelength tunable Tm:YAP laser based on the electronic transition 3H4→3H5 and vibronic transition 3F4→3H6, to the best of our knowledge. The results show great potentials of the Tm:YAP crystal for realizing efficient lasers in the spectral range of 2.1-2.4 µm.

Quantum randomness introduced through squeezing operations and random number generation.

Quantum random numbers play a crucial role in diverse applications, including cryptography, simulation, and artificial intelligence. In contrast to predictable algorithm-based pseudo-random numbers, quantum physics provides new avenues for generating theoretically true random numbers by exploiting the inherent uncertainty contained in quantum phenomena. Here, we propose and demonstrate a quantum random number generator (QRNG) using a prepared broadband squeezed state of light, where the randomness of the generated numbers entirely originates from the quantum noise introduced by squeezing operation rather than vacuum noise. The relationship between entropy rate and squeezing level is analyzed. Furthermore, we employ a source-independent quantum random number protocol to enhance the security of the random number generator.

Risk factors for the recurrence of left atrioventricular valvular regurgitation after surgical repair of partial and transitional atrioventricular septal defect.

Background: Left atrioventricular valvular regurgitation (LAVVR) recurrence after partial and transitional atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair is the main risk factor associated with reoperation or mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the recurrence of LAVVR after surgical repair of transitional and partial AVSD at a single institution. Methods: A hundred and fifty-seven patients who underwent anatomical repair for partial and transitional AVSD from January 2013 to December 2021 were included in our institutional database. Demographic characteristics, operative information, comorbidities, complications, and outcomes were retrieved from electronic medical records. Echocardiographic evaluations included cardiac dimensions, the degree of LAVVR, and the anatomy of the atrioventricular valve. Results: After a median follow-up period of 5.8 years, 40 patients had recurrent moderate or even more severe LAVVR. Compared with patients without recurrent LAVVR, those experiencing LAVVR recurrence were more likely to have larger preoperative left atrial (LA) size and larger left ventricular (LV) size after standardization, larger left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) cleft width, higher proportions of preoperative moderate or even more severe LAVVR, and immediately postoperative mild to moderate or even more severe LAVVR. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that age at first repair, height, LA size after standardization, LV size after standardization, the severity of preoperative LAVVR, immediately postoperative LAVVR, and the LAVV cleft width more than 1cm were risk factors for recurrent LAVVR (P<0.05 for all). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that mild to moderate or even more severe LAVVR postoperatively [hazard ratio (HR) 9.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.78-24.01; P<0.001], the width of LAVV cleft more than 1 cm (HR: 3.90, 95% CI: 1.80-8.48; P<0.001) and age at first repair (HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.31-0.66; P<0.001) were independently associated with the recurrence of LAVVR. Conclusions: The width of LAVV cleft, mild to moderate or even more severe LAVVR immediately after surgery, and age at initial surgery are risk factors for recurrent LAVVR. The presence of recurrent LAVVR necessitates proactive surveillance to facilitate timely reintervention.

V-Doped CoSe2 Nanowire Catalysts in a 3D-Structured Electrode for Durable Li-S Pouch Cells.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have high theoretical energy density and are regarded as a promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems. However, their practical applications are hindered by the slow kinetics of sulfur conversion and polysulfide shuttling. In particular, large-scale pouch cells show much poor cyclability. Here, we develop a high-efficiency catalyst of V-doped CoSe2 by studying the binary CoSe2-VSe2 system and confirming its effectiveness in accelerating polysulfide conversion. The coin cell tests reveal an initial capacity of 1414 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and 1049 mAh g-1 at 1 C and demonstrate 1000 times cyclability with a decaying rate of 0.05% per cycle. Furthermore, the assembly and construction of pouch cells were optimized with monolithic three-dimensional (3D) electrodes and a multistacking strategy. Specifically, a 3D metallic scaffold (3MS) was developed to host V-doped CoSe2 nanowires and sulfur. In addition, Janus microspheres of C@TiO2 were synthesized to capture polar polysulfides with their polar part of TiO2 and adsorb nonpolar sulfur with their nonpolar part of carbon. By integrating with 3MS, C@TiO2 microspheres can block all ion channels of 3MS and only allow Li ions in and out. These integral designs and monolithic structures enable multistacking pouch cells with high cyclability. A high-loading pouch cell was demonstrated with a total capacity of 700 mAh. The cell can be cycled for 70 times with a capacity retention of 65.7%. In brief, this work provides an integral strategy of catalyst design and overall 3D assembly for practical Li-S batteries in a large pouch cell format.

Bulked segregant RNA-seq reveals complex resistance expression profile to powdery mildew in wild emmer wheat W762.

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most destructive fungal diseases threatening global wheat production. Exploring powdery mildew resistance (Pm) gene(s) and dissecting the molecular mechanism of the host resistance are critical to effectively and reasonably control this disease. Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durumDesf.) is an important gene donor for wheat improvement against powdery mildew. In this study, a resistant durum wheat accession W762 was used to investigate its potential resistance component(s) and profile its expression pattern in responding to Bgt invasion using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) and further qRT-PCR verification. Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in W762 did not meet monogenic inheritance and complex genetic model might exist within the population of W762 × Langdon (susceptible durum wheat). After BSR-Seq, 6,196 consistently different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called between resistant and susceptible parents and bulks, and among them, 763 SNPs were assigned to the chromosome arm 7B. Subsequently, 3,653 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between resistant and susceptible parents and bulks were annotated and analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO), Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment. The potential regulated genes were selected and analyzed their temporal expression patterns following Bgt inoculation. As a result, nine disease-related genes showed distinctive expression profile after Bgt invasion and might serve as potential targets to regulate the resistance against powdery mildew in W762. Our study could lay a foundation for analysis of the molecular mechanism and also provide potential targets for the improvement of durable resistance against powdery mildew.

Effects of polypropylene films and leached dissolved organic matters on bacterial community structure in mangrove sediments.

Over the past decades, the accumulation of plastics in mangrove ecosystems has emerged as a significant environmental concern, primarily due to anthropogenic activities. Polypropylene (PP) films, one of the plastic types with the highest detection rate, tend to undergo intricate aging processes in mangrove ecosystems, leading to the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that may further influence the local bacterial communities. Yet, the specific effects of new and weathered (aged) plastic films and the associated leached DOM on bacterial consortia in mangrove sediments remain poorly understood. In this study, an incubation experiment was conducted to elucidate the immediate effects and mechanisms of the new and relatively short-term (45 or 90 days) aged PP films, as well as their leached DOM (PDOM), on characteristics of DOM and the bacterial community structure in mangrove sediments under different tidal conditions. Surface morphology and functional group analyses showed that both new and aged PP films exhibited comparable degradation profiles under different tidal conditions over the incubation period. As compared to the new PP film treatments, the introduction of the short-term aged PP films significantly affected the content of humic-like compounds in sediments, and such effects were partially ascribed to the release of PDOM during the incubation. Although the addition of PP films and PDOM showed minor effects on the overall diversity and composition of bacterial communities in the sediments, the abundance of some dominant phyla exhibited a growth or reduction tendency, possibly changing their ecological functions. This study was an effective attempt to investigate the relationship among plastic surface characteristics, sedimentary physicochemical properties, and bacterial communities in mangrove sediments. It revealed the ecological ramifications of new and short-term plastic pollution and its leachates in mangrove seedtimes, enhancing our understating of their potential impacts on the health of mangrove ecosystems.

Mapping global mangrove canopy height by integrating Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 photon-counting LiDAR data with multi-source images.

Large-scale and precise measurement of mangrove canopy height is crucial for understanding and evaluating wetland ecosystems' condition, health, and productivity. This study generates a global mangrove canopy height map with a 30 m resolution by integrating Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) photon-counting light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data with multi-source imagery. Initially, high-quality mangrove canopy height samples were extracted using meticulous processing and filtering of ICESat-2 data. Subsequently, mangrove canopy height models were established using the random forest (RF) algorithm, incorporating ICESat-2 canopy height samples, Sentinel-2 data, TanDEM-X DEM data and WorldClim data. Furthermore, a global 30 m mangrove canopy height map was generated utilizing the Google Earth Engine platform. Finally, the global map's accuracy was evaluated by comparing it with reference canopy heights derived from both space-borne and airborne LiDAR data. Results indicate that the global 30 m resolution mangrove height map was found to be consistent with canopy heights obtained from space-borne (r = 0.88, Bisa = -0.07 m, RMSE = 3.66 m, RMSE% = 29.86 %) and airborne LiDAR (r = 0.52, Bisa = -1.08 m, RMSE = 3.39 m, RMSE% = 39.05 %). Additionally, our findings reveal that mangroves worldwide exhibit an average height of 12.65 m, with the tallest mangrove reaching a height of 44.94 m. These results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using ICESat-2 data integrated with multi-source imagery to generate a global mangrove canopy height map. This dataset offers reliable information that can significantly support government and organizational efforts to protect and conserve mangrove ecosystems.

Trajectory of intrinsic capacity among community-dwelling older adults in China: The China health and retirement longitudinal study.

BACKGROUNDS: Intrinsic capacity (IC), the sum of individual mental and physical capabilities, as well as living environment and behavior, jointly determine the functional ability of older adults, shifting the focus from disease to function. At the population level, IC in older adults is associated with adverse health outcomes, such as disability, falls, and death. At the individual level, IC changes dynamically. However, studies on the longitudinal IC trajectory and the factors influencing IC deterioration are limited. We aimed to analyze the IC trajectory and explore the risk factors for IC deterioration in Chinese older adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the baseline (2011-2012) and 4-year follow-up (2015) CHARLS surveys, including 1906 people aged 60 years and older. IC comprises six dimensions: locomotion, vitality, hearing, vision, cognition, and psychology. IC trajectory was categorized into three groups: improved, maintained, and deteriorated. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze factors influencing the trajectory of IC deterioration. RESULTS: After 4 years, 32.1 % had deteriorated, 38.5 % remained stable, and 29.4 % had improved. Age, low level of education, widowed were independently associated with IC deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic IC monitoring supports the development of individualized intervention policies to delay or prevent IC deterioration.

High-Speed Quantum Radio-Frequency-Over-Light Communication.

Quantum dense coding (QDC) means to transmit two classical bits by only transferring one quantum bit, which has enabled high-capacity information transmission and strengthened system security. Continuous-variable QDC offers a promising solution to increase communication rates while achieving seamless integration with classical communication systems. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a high-speed quantum radio-frequency-over-light (RFOL) communication scheme based on QDC with an entangled state, and achieve a practical rate of 20 Mbps through digital modulation and RFOL communication. This scheme bridges the gap between quantum technology and real-world communication systems, which bring QDC closer to practical applications and offer prospects for further enhancement of metropolitan communication networks.

Arthroscopic fixation techniques for tibial eminence fractures in pediatric patients: a review.

The introduction of new internal fixation devices and arthroscopic techniques has led to significant changes in the surgical treatment of tibial eminence fractures (TEFs) in children. In recent years, arthroscopic surgery has arisen as the gold standard for the treatment of TEFs. This popularity of arthroscopic techniques has reduced surgical complications and improved patient prognosis. In this paper, we investigate the current situation of the use of arthroscopic fixation techniques for pediatric TEFs. We searched the PubMed database using the terms "arthroscopic treatment and tibial eminence," "arthroscopic treatment and tibial spine," "tibial eminence avulsion", "tibial spine fracture", with no limit on the year of publication. From these articles, we reviewed the use of various arthroscopic TEFs fixation techniques reported in the current literature. Overall, we found that the choice of fixation method seems to have no effect on clinical outcomes or imaging results. However, if an easy, strong fixation that is less prone to epiphyseal damage is desired, as a junior practitioner, the anchor technique should be mastered first, whereas for senior practitioners, a variety of fixation techniques for TEFs should be mastered, including anchors, sutures, and screws, so that personalized fixation can be achieved with the least amount of trauma, operative time, and complications. Higher quality studies are needed in the future to provide Useful evidence to determine the optimal fixation technique in terms of clinical outcomes, function, and complications.

Comparison of the Outcome of Intentional Replantation in Teeth with or without Periodontal Involvement: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: Intentional replantation (IR) is considered as a viable treatment option to preserve the teeth with apical periodontitis. This study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes of IR in teeth with or without periodontal involvement, and to investigate the influence of related factors. METHODS: A total of 157 teeth with a documented history of IR between September 2012 and November 2022 and a follow-up duration of more than 1 year were included. The samples included 100 teeth with simple apical periodontitis and 57 teeth with combined periodontal-endodontic lesions (CPEL). Clinical and radiographic criteria were used to evaluate treatment outcomes including functional retention and extraction. Chi-square analyses and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare bivariate associations between outcomes and clinical or demographic variables. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate the cumulative survival rate of the intentionally replanted teeth. RESULTS: The overall cumulative survival rates were 93.0% at 1 year, 76.7% at 5 years, and 56.2% at 10 years. Among the 100 teeth with simple apical periodontitis, the survival rates were 93.0%, 86.7%, and 78.8% at the same time points. In contrast, 57 teeth with CPEL exhibited survival rates of 93.0%, 65.0%, and 36.9%, respectively. The primary postoperative complications that led to extraction were periodontal involvement (51.9%), tooth fracture (18.5%), external root resorption (18.5%), and persistent apical periodontitis (11.1%). The outcomes of teeth with CPEL were significantly affected by the presence of a sinus tract and crown restoration. In contrast, no significant prognostic factors were identified for teeth without periodontal involvement. CONCLUSION: The long-term prognosis of teeth with CPEL is significantly worse than those with simple apical periodontitis. The main reason of extraction was periodontal involvement. Regular periodontal maintenance and appropriate crown restoration may help to improve the prognosis for teeth with CPEL.

Preparation of dyed polymer microspheres by a physical-chemical dual-binding method and their application in lateral flow immunoassay.

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has shown great competitiveness in point-of-care testing due to its flexibility and simplicity. Dyed polymer microspheres are one of the most widely used marker particles for signal presentation as they are very convenient for visual interpretation, which is one of the most attractive features of LFIA. The color intensity, as the most critical factor, is directly related to the visual effect. In this work, a physical-chemical dual-binding strategy was proposed for the preparation of functionalized dyed microspheres. Bifunctional seed microspheres were synthesized by introducing 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) into the soap-free emulsion polymerization process, and the effective immobilization of dyes inside and on the surface of the polymer microspheres was achieved by covalent bonding and swelling methods. The microspheres were characterized by SEM, FT-IR spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the microspheres containing VBC were spherical with an average particle size of 300 nm. When the microspheres were prepared by adding 10 wt% VBC relative to the total monomer, the immobilization amount of 1-[[4-[(dimethylphenyl)azo]dimethyl phenyl]azo]-2-naphthol (Red-27) was increased to 180 mg g-1, which was 1.8 times that of the microspheres without VBC. The resulting nanomaterials were successfully used to establish a lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of COVID-19 virus N protein. The linear response concentration range was 2.64-87.84 COI, and the detection limit was 14.95 COI.

Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal band in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody associated disease.

Objective: To analyze the immune parameters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and oligoclonal band (OCB) type in patients with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated diseases (MOGAD). Methods: Patients who were seropositive for MOG-IgG and diagnosed with MOGAD according to the diagnosis criteria in the Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from December 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively included in this study. Complete clinical data, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected from all the participants. Paired serum and CSF MOG-IgG and autoimmune encephalitis antibody were assayed by Cell Based Assay (CBA) based on transfected target antigens. Paired serum and CSF albumin and IgG were detected by turbidimetric scattering method, and OCB was detected by standard operation procedure as described. Results: A total of 86 patients (44 males and 42 females) with MOGAD were included in this study, with a median age of 30 years (range: 5-82 years). Among all the patients, 73 patients showed OCB type I, 12 patients showed OCB type II, and one patient showed OCB type III. The overall positive rate of CSF-OCB in MOGAD patients was 15.1 %. The 24-h intrathecal synthesis rate of CSF in the OCB-positive group (n = 13) was higher than that in the OCB-negative group [n = 73, 0.62 (0.26) vs 5.11 (13.67), P = 0.003]. Subgroup analysis revealed that the positive rates of CSF-OCB in the single MOG group (n = 61) and the group combined with other antibodies (n = 25) were 14.8 % and 16.0 %, respectively. The incidence of meningoencephalitis (13/61 vs 13/25, P = 0.011) was significantly different between the two groups. The proportion of patients with high (≥1:32) or low (≤1:10) CSF MOG-IgG also showed significant difference in the group combined with other antibodies (P = 0.032). Optic neuritis was more common in the relapse course group (n = 49) than the monophasic course group (n = 37, P < 0.001) No significant diferences of CSF immune parameters were found in the MOG-IgGserum+/CSF- group and the MOG-IgGserum+/CSF + group, and the titer of MOG-IgG in the serum or CSF did not influence CSF immune parameters in different subgroups. Conclusion: The overall positive rate of CSF-OCB in MOGAD patients was 15.1 %. The 24-h intrathecal synthesis rate of cerebrospinal fluid in the OCB-positive group was higher than that in the OCB-negative group. This study illustrated OCB characterization in MOGAD patients, and will shed light on the standardization of OCB test in the study of immune diseases.

1,3-diene-based AIEgens: Stereoselective synthesis and applications.

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the synthesis and application of 1,3-dienes. This specific structural motif has garnered significant attention from researchers in materials science and biology due to its unique aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties and extensive conjugation systems. The luminescent characteristics of these compounds are notably influenced by the geometry of the two double bonds. Therefore, it is essential to consolidate stereoselective synthetic strategies for 1,3-dienes. This comprehensive review seeks to elucidate the diverse techniques employed to attain stereo-control in the synthesis of 1,3-diene-based AIE luminogens (AIEgens). Particular emphasis is placed on comprehending the determinants of stereoselectivity and exploring the array of substrates amenable to these methods. Furthermore, the review underscores the AIE properties exhibited by these compounds and their extensive utility in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), stimuli-responsive materials, sensors, bioimaging, and photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Anisotropic Magnetic Polymeric Particles with a Controllable Structure via Seeded Emulsion Polymerization.

Magnetic polymer composites have been widely utilized in potential applications in material science, such as reduction of dyes, immunodiagnostics, biomedicals, and magnetically controllable photonic crystals owing to large surface areas, fast separation, and recyclable performance. In this work, anisotropic magnetic particles were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization, with morphologies of "Fe3O4-shell", "hemisphere-like", "raspberry-like", "multiple lobes-like", and "sandwich-like". Poly(styrene/divinylbenzene/mono-2-(methacryloxy)ethyl succinate)@ Fe3O4 (P(St/DVB/MMES)@Fe3O4) were the seed microspheres, and P(St/DVB/MMES)@Fe3O4@polymer particles are achieved by seeded emulsion polymerizations. The morphology of the particles depends on polymerization conditions (monomer ratios and surfactant), particle properties, and so on. Then, the minimum surface free energy change principles were used to predict the equilibrium morphologies of the magnetic polymer composites. Through theory, the model gives the correct tendency and good agreement with the equilibrium morphology which was in tandem with TEM results. Lastly, after in situ surface deposition of Ag nanoparticles, magnetic composite particles with sandwich-like morphology were applied for the catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reacting with NaBH4. The apparent rate coefficient is 0.0069 s-1, and it can keep mainly about 80% efficiency in catalysis after five cycles.

Pancreatic cancer environment: from patient-derived models to single-cell omics.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant cancer characterized by poor prognosis, high heterogeneity, and intricate heterocellular systems. Selecting an appropriate experimental model for studying its progression and treatment is crucial. Patient-derived models provide a more accurate representation of tumor heterogeneity and complexity compared to cell line-derived models. This review initially presents relevant patient-derived models, including patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), patient-derived organoids (PDOs), and patient-derived explants (PDEs), which are essential for studying cell communication and pancreatic cancer progression. We have emphasized the utilization of these models in comprehending intricate intercellular communication, drug responsiveness, mechanisms underlying tumor growth, expediting drug discovery, and enabling personalized medical approaches. Additionally, we have comprehensively summarized single-cell analyses of these models to enhance comprehension of intercellular communication among tumor cells, drug response mechanisms, and individual patient sensitivities.