Maresin 1 alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture. / Maresin 1å‡è½»ç›²è‚ ç»“æ‰Žç©¿å­”å°é¼ æ¨¡åž‹ä¸­çš„ç¥žç»ç‚Žç—‡å’Œè®¤çŸ¥å‡é€€ï¼ˆè‹±æ–‡ï¼‰.

OBJECTIVES: Inflammation in the central nervous system plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. This study aims to explore the effects of maresin 1 (MaR1), an anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediator, on sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. METHODS: Mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups: A sham group (sham operation+vehicle), a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) group (CLP operation+vehicle), a MaR1-LD group (CLP operation+1 ng MaR1), and a MaR1-HD group (CLP operation+10 ng MaR1). MaR1 or vehicle was intraperitoneally administered starting 1 h before CLP operation, then every other day for 7 days. Survival rates were monitored, and serum inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6] were measured 24 h after operation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cognitive function was assessed 7 days after operation using the Morris water maze (MWM) test and novel object recognition (NOR) task. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-4, IL-10, and arginase 1 (Arg1) in cortical and hippocampal tissues was determined by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of iNOS, Arg1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and phosphorylated STAT6 (p-STAT6) in hippocampal tissue. Microglia activation was visualized via immunofluorescence. Mice were also treated with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 to confirm the involvement of this pathway in MaR1's effects. RESULTS: CLP increased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6, and reduced body weight and survival rates (all P<0.05). Both 1 ng and 10 ng doses of MaR1 significantly reduced serum TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels, improved body weight, and increased survival rates (all P<0.05). No significant difference in efficacy was observed between the 2 doses (all P>0.05). MWM test and NOR task indicated that CLP impaired spatial learning, which MaR1 mitigated. However, GW9662 partially reversed MaR1's protective effects. Real-time RT-PCR results demonstrated that, compared to the sham group, mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and iNOS significantly increased in hippocampal tissues following CLP (all P<0.05), while IL-4, IL-10, and Arg1 showed a slight decrease, though the differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Compared to the CLP group, both 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 decreased TNF-α, IL-1ß, and iNOS mRNA expression in hippocampal tissues and increased IL-4, IL-10, and Arg1 mRNA expression (all P<0.05). Immunofluorescence results indicated a significant increase in Iba1-positive microglia in the hippocampus after CLP compared to the sham group (P<0.05). Administration of 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 reduced the percentage area of Iba1-positive cells in the hippocampus compared to the CLP group (both P<0.05). Western blotting results showed that, compared to the CLP group, both 1 ng and 10 ng MaR1 down-regulated the iNOS expression, while up-regulated the expression of Arg1, PPARγ, and p-STAT6 (all P<0.05). However, the inclusion of GW9662 counteracted the MaR1-induced upregulation of Arg1 and PPARγ compared to the MaR1-LD group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MaR1 inhibits the classical activation of hippocampal microglia, promotes alternative activation, reduces sepsis-induced neuroinflammation, and improves cognitive decline.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P470 Isolated from Fermented Chinese Chives Has the Potential to Improve In Vitro the Intestinal Microbiota and Biological Activity in Feces of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Patients.

Traditional fermented foods are known to offer cardiovascular health benefits. However, the potential of fermented Chinese chives (FCC) in reducing coronary heart disease (CHD) remains unclear. This study employed anaerobic fermentation to investigate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) P470 from FCC. The results indicated that L. plantarum P470 enhanced hydroxyl radical scavenging and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages in the fecal fermentation supernatant of CHD patients. These effects were attributed to the modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Specifically, L. plantarum P470 increased the abundance of Bacteroides and Lactobacillus while decreasing Escherichia-Shigella, Enterobacter, Veillonella, Eggerthella, and Helicobacter in CHD patient fecal samples. Furthermore, L. plantarum P470 regulated the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid metabolism. These findings suggest that L. plantarum P470 from FCC can improve the fecal physiological status in patients with CHD by modulating intestinal microbiota, promoting SCFA production, and regulating lipid metabolism.

Influence of LVAD Cannula Outflow Graft Flow Rate and Location on Fluid-Particle Interactions and Thrombi Distribution: A Primary Numerical Study.

A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) supports hemodynamics in heart failure patients. To deepen the understanding of hemodynamic changes and the movement of thrombi in the aorta, we examined three distinct LVAD blood flow rates across two implantation sites using the theory of computational fluid dynamics. Our findings revealed the complex dynamics of blood flow during cardiac systole under various scenarios. We also analyzed thrombi residence time and flow probabilities into aortic branches. Simulation results indicate that thrombi distribution in the aorta is significantly influenced by the location of the LVAD outflow graft and the flow rate. When the LVAD outflow graft is implanted into the ascending aorta, higher flow rates may reduce the risk of cerebral thrombosis. However, lower flow rates may reduce the risk of cerebral thrombosis while it is implanted into the descending aorta. The study may offer valuable insights into the LVAD implantation about the risk of cerebrovascular embolism.

An In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Bifidobacterium longum L556 on Microbiota Composition and Metabolic Properties in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum) is a beneficial anaerobic bacteria that may improve cardiovascular disease (CVD). We studied B. longum L556, isolated from healthy human feces, in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients through anaerobic fermentation in vitro. Results showed that B. longum L556 increased Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Alistipes, while reducing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, Eggerthella, Veillonella, Holdemanella, and Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003 in the gut microbiota of CHD patients. B. longum L556 also enhanced anti-inflammatory effects by modulating gut microbiota and metabolites like SCFAs. Additionally, it regulated lipid and amino acid metabolism in fermentation metabolites from the CHD group. These findings suggest that B. longum L556 has potential for improving CHD by modulating the intestinal microbiota, promoting SCFA production, and regulating lipid metabolism and inflammation.

Jailed high-pressure balloon technique is superior to jailed wire technique in protecting side branch of coronary bifurcation lesions.

Objectives. This study investigated the influence of higher pressure protection with a small diameter balloon of side branch (SB) on bifurcation lesions. Background. Of the different coronary stent implantation techniques, the modified jailed balloon technique has become a viable option for bifurcation lesions. However, there was no detailed study on the relationship between the balloon inflation pressure of the main vessel (MV) and SB. Methods. In this study, we collected information of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for bifurcated lesions between March 2019 and December 2022. They were divided into two groups according to the operation way: active jailed balloon technique (A-JBT) group and jailed wire technique (JWT) group. Results. A total of 216 patients were enrolled. The A-JBT group had a larger SB stenosis diameter (1.53 ± 0.69 vs. 0.95 ± 0.52, p < .001), the lower degree of stenosis (44.34 ± 18.30 vs. 63.69 ± 17.34, p < .001) compared to the JWT group. However, the JWT group had a higher incidence of SB occlusion (18.0% vs. 1.9%, p < .001) compared to the A-JBT group. Nevertheless, the success rate for both groups was 100%. Conclusions. This novel high inflation pressure and small diameter balloon approach we propose has significant advantages. There is a lower rate of SB occlusion and SB dissection, which is more cost-effective and provides better clinical outcomes for the patient. This method should be considered in the future for treating bifurcation lesions.

In Vitro Lactic Acid Bacteria Anti-Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Effect and Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota in Fecal Cultures from HBV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), being ranked as the top fifth most prevalent cancer globally, poses a significant health challenge, with a considerable mortality rate. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection stands as the primary factor contributing to HCC, presenting substantial challenges in its treatment. This study aimed to identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with anti-HBV properties and evaluate their impact on the intestinal flora in HBV-associated HCC. Initially, two LAB strains, Levilactobacillus brevis SR52-2 (L. brevis SR52-2) and LeviLactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaicus Q80 (L. delbrueckii Q80), exhibiting anti-HBV effects, were screened in vitro from a pool of 498 LAB strains through cell experiments, with extracellular expression levels of 0.58 ± 0.05 and 0.65 ± 0.03, respectively. These strains exhibited the capability of inhibiting the expression of HBeAg and HBsAg. Subsequent in vitro fermentation, conducted under simulated anaerobic conditions mimicking the colon environment, revealed a decrease in pH levels in both the health control (HC) and HCC groups influenced by LAB, with a more pronounced effect observed in the HC group. Additionally, the density of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the HCC group. Analysis of 16S rRNA highlighted differences in the gut microbiota (GM) community structure in cultures treated with L. brevis SR52-2 and L. delbrueckii Q80. Fecal microflora in normal samples exhibited greater diversity compared to HBV-HCC samples. The HCC group treated with LAB showed a significant increase in the abundance of the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, while Proteobacteria significantly decreased compared to the untreated HCC group after 48 h. In conclusion, the findings indicate that LAB, specifically L. brevis SR52-2 and L. delbrueckii Q80, possessing antiviral properties, contribute to an improvement in gastrointestinal health.

Interplay of sleep patterns and oxidative balance score on total cardiovascular disease risk: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018.

Background: Unhealthy lifestyle and diet may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but limited evidence exists regarding the association between sleep patterns, oxidative stress-related exposures to diet and lifestyle, and CVD risk. Methods: We analysed data from 10 212 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2005-2018). Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data on sleep duration, sleepiness, and trouble sleeping, classified into three categories: healthy, intermediate, and poor sleep patterns. Healthy sleep was defined as sleeping seven to nine hours per night with no self-reported sleepiness or trouble sleeping, while intermediate and poor sleep patterns indicated one and two to three sleep problems, respectively. The oxidative balance score (OBS) was calculated based on twenty oxidative stress-related exposures to dietary and lifestyle factors, with a higher score indicating greater antioxidant exposure. Survey-based multivariable-adjusted regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of sleep patterns or OBS alone and combined with the total and specific CVD risk. Results: Participants with poor sleep patterns had a higher likelihood of developing CVD (odds ratio (OR) = 1.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26-2.45, P < 0.05), while an inverse association was found between OBS and CVD risk (quartile (Q) 4 vs Q1: OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.47-0.94, P = 0.02, P for trend <0.05). There was an interaction between sleep patterns and OBS (P for interaction = 0.03). Participants with unhealthy (intermediate and poor) sleep patterns and pro-oxidant OBS (Q1 and Q2) were significantly associated with increased risk of total CVD (OR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.42-3.74, P < 0.05), as well as angina and congestive heart failure, but not coronary heart disease (CHD). Stratified analysis showed that among individuals without hyperlipidaemia, participants with both unhealthy sleep patterns and pro-oxidant OBS exhibited a higher risk of CHD compared to those with healthy sleep patterns and antioxidative OBS. Conclusions: Unhealthy sleep patterns and reduced oxidative balance are positively associated with an increased risk of overall and specific CVD. Interventions that target healthy sleep habits and antioxidant-rich diets and lifestyles may be important for reducing the risk of CVD.

Supplementation with high-GABA-producing Lactobacillus plantarum L5 ameliorates essential tremor triggered by decreased gut bacteria-derived GABA.

BACKGROUND: The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) hypothesis posits a role of GABA deficiency in the central nervous system in the pathogenesis and progression of essential tremor (ET). However, the specific causative factor for GABA deficiency is not clear. The gut microbiota in mammals has recently been considered as a significant source of GABA. Furthermore, the GABA-based signals originating from the intestine can be transmitted to the brain through the "enteric nervous system-vagus nerve-brain" axis. However, the plausible contribution of gut microbiota to ET seems inspiring but remains obscure. METHODS: Fecal samples from patients with ET and healthy controls were examined by metagenomic sequencing to compare the composition of gut microbiota and the expression of genes involved in GABA biosynthesis. The impact of gut microbiota on ET was explored through transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with ET into the murine ET model. Lactic acid bacteria producing high amounts of GABA were identified through whole-genome sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, mice were treated with the high-GABA-producing strain Lactobacillus plantarum L5. Tremor severity, behavioral tests, pro-inflammatory cytokines, GABA concentration, and gut microbiota composition were examined in these mice. RESULTS: The gut microbiota of patients with ET demonstrated an impaired GABA-producing capacity and a reduced fecal GABA concentration. Transplantation of the gut microbiota from patients with ET induced an extension of tremor duration and impaired mobility in the murine model of ET. L5 exhibited an augmented GABA-producing capacity, with the De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe culture broth containing 262 mg/l of GABA. In addition, administration of L5 significantly decreased the tremor severity and enhanced the movement capability and grasping ability of ET mice. In vivo mechanistic experiments indicated that L5 reshaped the gut microbial composition, supplemented the mucosa-associated microbiota with GABA-producing capacity, increased the GABA concentrations in the cerebellum, and diminished inflammation in the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight that deficiency of GABA-producing gut microbes plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of ET and that L5 is a promising candidate for treating ET.

M-type pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) tetramerization alleviates the progression of right ventricle failure by regulating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics.

BACKGROUND: Right ventricle failure (RVF) is a progressive heart disease that has yet to be fully understood at the molecular level. Elevated M-type pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) tetramerization alleviates heart failure, but detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We observed changes in PKM2 tetramerization levels during the progression of right heart failure and in vitro cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and explored the causal relationship between altered PKM2 tetramerization and the imbalance of redox homeostasis in cardiomyocytes, as well as its underlying mechanisms. Ultimately, our goal was to propose rational intervention strategies for the treatment of RVF. METHOD: We established RVF in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by intraperitoneal injection of monocrotaline (MCT). The pulmonary artery pressure and right heart function of rats were assessed using transthoracic echocardiography combined with right heart catheterization. TEPP-46 was used both in vivo and in vitro to promote PKM2 tetramerization. RESULTS: We observed that oxidative stress and mitochondrial disorganization were associated with increased apoptosis in the right ventricular tissue of RVF rats. Quantitative proteomics revealed that PKM2 was upregulated during RVF and negatively correlated with the cardiac function. Facilitating PKM2 tetramerization promoted mitochondrial network formation and alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis during cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Moreover, enhancing PKM2 tetramer formation improved cardiac mitochondrial morphology, mitigated oxidative stress and alleviated heart failure. CONCLUSION: Disruption of PKM2 tetramerization contributed to RVF by inducing mitochondrial fragmentation, accumulating ROS, and finally promoted the progression of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Facilitating PKM2 tetramerization holds potential as a promising therapeutic approach for RVF.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 124 Modulates Sleep Deprivation-Associated Markers of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Mice in Conjunction with the Regulation of Gut Microbiota.

Intestinal diseases caused by sleep deprivation (SD) are severe public health threats worldwide. However, whether or not probiotics attenuate the intestinal damage associated with SD remains unclear. In this study, we used antibiotic pretreatment and fecal microbiota transplantation to investigate the protective role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) 124 against SD-related intestinal barrier damage in C57BL/6 mice. Compared with those of a normal sleeping mouse, we observed that intestinal antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels were decreased, while pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in sleep deprivation mice with an increasing duration of sleep deprivation. This resulted in decreased tight junction protein expression and increased intestinal barrier permeability. In contrast, intragastric administration with L. plantarum 124 reversed SD-associated intestinal oxidative stress, inflammation, colonic barrier damage, and the dysbiosis of the microbiota in the colon. In addition, L. plantarum 124 restored gut microbiota homeostasis via restoring abundance, including that of Dubosiella, Faecalibaculum, Bacillus, Lachnoclostridium, and Bifidobacterium. Further studies showed that gut microbiota mediated SD-associated intestinal damage and the treatment L. plantarum 124 in SD-associated colonic barrier damage. L. plantarum 124 is a potential candidate for alleviating SD-associated intestinal barrier damage. Overall, L. plantarum 124 consumption attenuates intestinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and intestinal barrier damage in SD-associated mice via the modulation of gut microbes.

Gut microbiota: Candidates for a novel strategy for ameliorating sleep disorders.

The aim of this review was to evaluate the feasibility of treating sleep disorders using novel gut microbiota intervention strategies. Multiple factors can cause sleep disorders, including an imbalance in the gut microbiota. Studies of the microbiome-gut-brain axis have revealed bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and gut microbes, providing a more comprehensive understanding of mood and behavioral regulatory patterns. Changes in the gut microbiota and its metabolites can stimulate the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, which regulate the release of neurotransmitters and alter the activity of the central nervous system, ultimately leading to sleep disorders. Here, we review the main factors affecting sleep, discuss possible pathways and molecular mechanisms of the interaction between sleep and the gut microbiota, and compare common gut microbiota intervention strategies aimed at improving sleep physiology.

Metabolism of resistant starch RS3 administered in combination with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 84-3 by human gut microbiota in simulated fermentation experiments in vitro and in a rat model.

This study aimed to investigate the metabolic and population responses of gut microbiota to resistant starch (RS3) in the presence of exogenous Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain 84-3 (Lp84-3) in vitro and in vivo. Lp84-3 promoted acetate, propionate, and butyrate production from RS3 by gut microbiota and increased Lactobacillus and Blautia contents in vitro. Furthermore, in the presence of Lp84-3, starch granules presented a "dot-by-hole" fermentation pattern. Administration of Lp84-3 with RS3 increased the level of SCFA-producing Faecalibaculum, Parabacteroides, Alistipes, and Anaeroplasma in the faeces of rates, with Lactobacillus and Akkermansia representing the key genera that significantly promoted SCFAs, especially propionate and butyrate. Lp84-3 with RS3 promoted genes related to tryptophan synthase (EC 4.2.1.20) and beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) in faecal bacteria. Our findings highlight the ability of Lp84-3 to enhance RS3 degradation, possibly by promoting SCFA-producing bacteria, and indicate that Lp84-3 could be a potential probiotic with a beneficial effect on gut microbiota.

Bifidobacterium longum 070103 Fermented Milk Improve Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Mice.

BACKGROUND: Fermented milk is beneficial for metabolic disorders, while the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study explored the benefits and underlying mechanisms of Bifidobacterium longum 070103 fermented milk (BLFM) in thirteen-week high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) fed mice using omics techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS: BLFM with activated glucokinase (GK) was screened by a double-enzyme coupling method. After supplementing BLFM with 10 mL/kg BW per day, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and leptin were significantly reduced compared with the HFHS group. Among them, the final body weight (BW), epididymal fat, perirenal fat, and brown fat in BLFM group had better change trends than Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG fermented milk (LGGFM) group. The amplicon and metabolomic data analysis identified Bifibacterium as a key gut microbiota at regulating glycolipid metabolism. BLFM reverses HFHS-induced reduction in bifidobacteria abundance. Further studies showed that BLFM significantly reduces the content of 3-indoxyl sulofphate associated with intestinal barrier damage. In addition, mice treated with BLFM improved BW, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. CONCLUSION: BLFM consumption attenuates obesity and related symptoms in HFHS-fed mice probably via the modulation of gut microbes and metabolites.

Dexmedetomidine exerts an anti-inflammatory effect via α2 adrenoceptors to alleviate cognitive dysfunction in 5xFAD mice.

Background: Inflammation promotes the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we explored the effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammation and cognitive function in a mouse model of AD. Methods: 5xFAD mice were intragastrically administered saline, dexmedetomidine, or dexmedetomidine and yohimbine for 14 days. The effects of dexmedetomidine on the acquisition and retention of memory in the Morris water-maze test and Y maze were evaluated. The deposition of amyloid beta protein (Abeta) and cytokine levels in the hippocampus were assessed. The expression of Bace1 protein and NFκB-p65 protein was assessed by Western blotting. Results: Compared with WT mice, 5xFAD mice exhibited cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze test and Y maze test. Cognitive decline was alleviated by dexmedetomidine and this was reversed by the α2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. Compared with saline treatment, dexmedetomidine led to a reduction in the Abeta deposition area (p < 0.05) and in the mean gray value (p < 0.01) in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Compared with saline treatment, dexmedetomidine inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampal DG of 5xFAD mice and reduced the area of GFAP (p < 0.01) and IBA1 (p < 0.01). The level of IL-1ß in the hippocampus decreased significantly after dexmedetomidine treatment compared with saline treatment in 5xFAD mice (p < 0.01). Yohimbine neutralized the effects of dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine inhibited the expression of BACE1 and NF-κB p65 (p < 0.01), and these changes were reversed by yohimbine treatment. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine alleviates cognitive decline, inhibits neuroinflammation, and prevents the deposition of Abeta in 5xFAD mice. The effect is mediated by the α2 adrenoceptor-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway. Dexmedetomidine may be effective for the treatment of AD and a better choice for the sedation of AD.

LncRNA-MEG3 attenuates hyperglycemia-induced damage by enhancing mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A in the primary hippocampal neurons.

The diabetic cognitive impairments are associated with high-glucose (HG)-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in the brain. Our previous studies demonstrated that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-MEG3 alleviates diabetic cognitive impairments. However, the underlying mechanism has still remained elusive. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether the mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A and its phosphorylation are involved in lncRNA-MEG3-mediated neuroprotective effects of mitochondrial functions in HG-treated primary hippocampal neurons and diabetic rats. The primary hippocampal neurons were exposed to 75 mM glucose for 72 h to establish a HG model in vitro. Firstly, the RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays clearly indicated that lncRNA-MEG3-associated mitochondrial proteins were Annexin A2, HSP90A, and Plectin. Although HG promoted the mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A and Annexin A2, lncRNA-MEG3 over-expression only enhanced the mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A, rather than Annexin A2, in the primary hippocampal neurons treated with or without HG. Meanwhile, Plectin mediated the mitochondrial localization of lncRNA-MEG3 and HSP90A. Furthermore, HSP90A threonine phosphorylation participated in regulating mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A, and lncRNA-MEG3 also enhanced mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A through suppressing HSP90A threonine phosphorylation. Finally, the anti-apoptotic role of mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A was found to be associated with inhibiting death receptor 5 (DR5) in HG-treated primary hippocampal neurons and diabetic rats. Taken together, lncRNA-MEG3 could improve mitochondrial functions in HG-exposed primary hippocampal neurons, and the underlying mechanisms were involved in enhanced mitochondrial translocation of HSP90A via suppressing HSP90A threonine phosphorylation, which may reveal a potential therapeutic target for diabetic cognitive impairments.

Comparative analysis of the efficacies of probiotic supplementation and glucose-lowering drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and glucose-lowering drugs (thiazolidinedione [TZD], glucagon-like pep-tide-1 receptor agonists [GLP-1 RA], dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors [SGLT-2i]) in patients with type 2 diabetes from randomized con-trolled trials (RCTs). The PubMed, Web of science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched on the treatment effects of probiotics and glucose-lowering drugs on glycemia, lipids, and blood pressure metabolism published between Jan 2015 and April 2021. We performed meta-analyses using the random-effects model. We included 25 RCTs (2,843 participants). Overall, GLP-1RA, SGLT-2i, and TZD significantly reduce fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), whereas GLP-1 RA increased the risk of hypoglycaemia. Multispecies probiotics decrease FBS, total cholesterol (TC), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP). Moreover, subgroup analyses indicated that participants aged >55 years, BMI ≥30 kg/m2, longer duration of intervention, and subjects from Eastern countries, showed significantly higher reduction in FBS and HbA1c, TC, TG and SBP. This meta-analysis revealed that including multiple probiotic rather than glucose-lowering drugs might be more beneficial regarding T2D prevention who suffering from simultaneously hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension.

Analysis of the long non-coding RNA and mRNA expression profiles associated with lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity in the spinal cord of a rat model.

Neurotoxicity is thought to be one of the causes of lidocaine-associated neurological complications; however, the mechanisms underlying lidocaine-related neurotoxicity are still unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel mediators of neurotoxicity, and their role in lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity needs to be explored. Here, we established a rat model of lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity via the repetitive intrathecal administration of 10% lidocaine. Thereafter, microarray and bioinformatics analyses were performed to evaluate the changes in lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in the lumbar spinal cord of the treated rats. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was also employed for verification. The lidocaine-treated rats (group L) showed elevated paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) as well as histopathological injuries in the lumbar spinal cord compared with the control saline-treated rats (group N). Further, relative to group N, microarray analysis showed 179 and 675 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and DEmRNAs in the lumbar spinal cord of rats in the group L, respectively. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses of the DEmRNAs showed that the most significantly enriched functions and pathways were those associated with cell cycle and immuno-inflammatory processes. Furthermore, coding-noncoding co-expression analysis showed multiple lncRNAs that were co-expressed with factors that regulate inflammation. Additionally, by constructing a preliminary competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analysis, we established a regulatory network of the lncRNAs and mRNAs that are potentially involved in lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of lidocaine-induced neurotoxicity; this has significance with respect to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.

Propofol Rescued Astrocytes from LPS-induced Inflammatory Response via Blocking LncRNA-MEG3/NF-κB Axis.

OBJECTIVE: Evidences demonstrate that propofol attenuates neuro-inflammation following brain ischemia. Moreover, LncRNA-MEG3 has been identified as an independent prognostic marker for ischemic stroke patients, and found to correlate to cerebral ischemia in animal models. Therefore, the current study explored the role of propofol in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in cultured astrocytes, along with the molecular mechanism involved in LncRNAMEG3/ NF-κB axis. METHODS: The primary cultured astrocytes isolated from rats were used to establish an inflammatory model, which were treated with LPS. Propofol was administrated to the primary cultured astrocytes during LPS treatment. The effects of propofol on pro-inflammatory cytokines and the LncRNAMEG3/ NF-κB pathway were detected by ELISA, qRT-PCR and Western Blot assay, respectively. Then, dual-luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to determine the interaction between LncRNA-MEG3 and NF-κB. RESULTS: Our study found propofol to significantly reduce LncRNA-MEG3 expression, which was elevated in LPS-stimulated astrocytes. Moreover, both propofol and LncRNA-MEG3 knockdown remarkably alleviated LPS-induced cytotoxicity by suppressing expressions and release of proinflammatory cytokines. Loss of LncRNA-MEG3 notably suppressed the NF-κB activity and its phosphorylated activation. Additionally, it was also observed that LncRNA-MEG3 could bind nuclear p65/p50, and promote the binding of NF-κB to IL-6 and TNF-α promoters in the nucleus, subsequently stimulating the production of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated astrocytes. Furthermore, a specific inhibitor of NF-κB, PDTC, rescued astrocytes from LPS exposure without affecting the LncRNA-MEG3 expression. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that LncRNA-MEG3 acts as a positive regulator of NF-κB, mediating the neuroprotection of propofol in LPS-triggered astrocytes injury.

Effect of Electroencephalography Spectral Edge Frequency (SEF) and Patient State Index (PSI)-Guided Propofol-Remifentanil Anesthesia on Delirium After Laparoscopic Surgery: The eMODIPOD Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The effect of SedLine electroencephalography (EEG)-guided anesthetic care on postoperative delirium (POD) has not been studied. METHODS: This single-center randomized EEG Monitoring tO Decrease the Incidence of Post-Operative Delirium (eMODIPOD) trial involved 1560 patients aged 50 years or above undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Propofol-remifentanil anesthesia was guided either by SedLine (EEG-guided care, n=779) or not (usual care, n=781). The goal of EEG-guided care was to maintain spectral edge frequency between 10 and 15 and patient state index (PSI) between 25 and 50. The primary outcome was the incidence of POD on postoperative days 1 to 5. The secondary outcomes included emergence delirium, composite moderate-to-severe complications, length of hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, 30-day hospital readmission and all-cause mortality, and intraoperative awareness. RESULTS: Of the 1560 randomized patients, 1545 were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The median propofol administered for anesthesia maintenance was 900 mg and 1000 mg in the EEG-guided and usual care groups, respectively (P=0.21). POD occurred in 1.0% (8/771) and 1.2% (9/774) of patients in the EEG-guided and usual care groups, respectively (risk ratio: 0.89; 95% confidence interval: 0.35-2.30). There were no between-group differences in all secondary outcome measures. Emergence delirium occurred in 11.8% (91/771) and 13.2% (102/774) of the EEG-guided care and usual care groups, respectively (risk ratio: 0.90; 95% confidence interval: 0.69-1.17; P=0.41). Three patients from each group reported intraoperative awareness. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with usual care, SedLine spectral edge frequency-guided and patient state index-guided propofol-remifentanil anesthetic care neither alters anesthetic delivery nor decreases the unexpected low incidence of POD in relatively young Chinese patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.