Crosstalk between CD8+ T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in intestine homeostasis and immunity.

The intestine represents the most complex cellular network in the whole body. It is constantly faced with multiple types of immunostimulatory agents encompassing from food antigen, gut microbiome, metabolic waste products, and dead cell debris. Within the intestine, most T cells are found in three primary compartments: the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, the lamina propria, and the epithelium. The well-orchestrated epithelial-immune-microbial interaction is critically important for the precise immune response. The main role of intestinal mesenchymal stromal cells is to support a structural framework within the gut wall. However, recent evidence from stromal cell studies indicates that they also possess significant immunomodulatory functions, such as maintaining intestinal tolerance via the expression of PDL1/2 and MHC-II molecules, and promoting the development of CD103+ dendritic cells, and IgA+ plasma cells, thereby enhancing intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of CD8+ T cells and stromal cells alongside the intestinal tract and discuss the reciprocal interactions between T subsets and mesenchymal stromal cell populations. We will focus on how the tissue residency, migration, and function of CD8+ T cells could be potentially regulated by mesenchymal stromal cell populations and explore the molecular mediators, such as TGF-ß, IL-33, and MHC-II molecules that might influence these processes. Finally, we discuss the potential pathophysiological impact of such interaction in intestine hemostasis as well as diseases of inflammation, infection, and malignancies.

LNCHC directly binds and regulates YBX1 stability to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease progression.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) represents the foremost cause of chronic liver disease, yet its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our group previously discovered a novel long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in rats, termed lncHC and its human counterpart, LNCHC. This study aimed to explore the role of LNCHC in the progression of MASLD. METHODS: RNA-binding proteins bound to LNCHC were searched by mass spectrometry. The target genes of LNCHC and Y-Box binding protein 1 (YBX1) were identified by RNA-seq. MASLD animal models were utilised to examine the roles of LNCHC, YBX1 and patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) in MASLD progression. RESULTS: Here, we identified LNCHC as a native restrainer during MASLD development. Notably, LNCHC directly binds YBX1 and prevents protein ubiquitination. Up-regulation of YBX1 then stabilises PNPLA3 mRNA to alleviate lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Furthermore, both cell and animal studies demonstrate that LNCHC, YBX1 and PNPLA3 function to improve hepatocyte lipid accumulation and exacerbate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis development. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our findings unveil a novel LNCHC functionality in regulating YBX1 and PNPLA3 mRNA stability during MASLD development, providing new avenues in MASLD treatment.

Experience of multi-disciplinary treatment of multiple cerebellar diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A case report.

RATIONALE: Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare, highly malignant form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma categorized under the diffuse large B-cell type. It accounts for merely 1% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases and comprises approximately 3% of all brain tumors. The involvement of the cerebellum is observed in only 9% of these cases. Recently, we came across an unusual instance: a young man presenting with multiple lesions located specifically within the cerebellum. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 26-year-old male was admitted to the hospital due to severe headaches. He has a medical history of sporadic headaches, accompanied by dizziness, nausea, and vomiting persisting for a month. Over the last 10 days, his headaches have intensified, coupled with decreased vision and protrusion of the eyeballs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal signals in both cerebellar hemispheres. DIAGNOSES, INTERVENTIONS, AND OUTCOMES: Diagnostic procedures included cerebellar biopsy, posterior fossa decompression, and lateral ventricle drainage. Histopathological examination identified diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with high proliferative activity. To minimize neurotoxicity, chemotherapy involved intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) injections combined with the CHOP program. The patient has shown good tolerance to the treatment so far. LESSONS: While the definitive optimal treatment approach remains elusive, current chemotherapy centered on high-dose MTX stands as the standard induction therapy. Integrating surgery with radiotherapy and chemotherapy significantly extends patient survival.

A flexible electrode Array for genetic transfection of different layers of the retina by electroporation.

Electroporation (in which the permeability of a cell membrane is increased transiently by exposure to an appropriate electric field) has exhibited great potential of becoming an alternative to adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based retina gene delivery. Electroporation eliminates the safety concerns of employing exogenous viruses and exceeds the limit of AAV cargo size. Unfortunately, several concerns (e.g., relatively high electroporation voltage, poor surgical operability and a lack of spatial selectivity of retina tissue) have prevented electroporation from being approved for clinical application (or even clinical trials). In this study, a flexible micro-electrode array for retina electroporation (FERE) was developed for retina electroporation. A suitably shaped flexible substrate and well-placed micro-electrodes were designed to adapt to the retina curvature and generate an evenly distributed electric field on the retina with a significantly reduced electroporation voltage of 5 V. The FERE provided (for the first time) a capability of controlled gene delivery to the different structural layers of retina tissue by precise control of the distribution of the electrical field. After ensuring the surgical operability of the FERE on rabbit eyeballs, the FERE was verified to be capable of transfecting different layers of retina tissue with satisfactory efficiency and minimum damage. Our method bridges the technical gap between laboratory validation and clinical use of retina electroporation.

Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Endothelial Cells Repair Choroidal Ischemia.

Choroidal atrophy is a common fundus pathological change closely related to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and pathological myopia. Studies suggest that choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) that form the choriocapillaris vessels are the first cells lost in choroidal atrophy. It is found that endothelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-ECs) through the MESP1+ mesodermal progenitor stage express CECs-specific markers and can integrate into choriocapillaris. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) studies show that hPSC-ECs upregulate angiogenesis and immune-modulatory and neural protective genes after interacting with ex vivo ischemic choroid. In a rat model of choroidal ischemia (CI), transplantation of hPSC-ECs into the suprachoroidal space increases choroid thickness and vasculature density. Close-up examination shows that engrafted hPSC-ECs integrate with all layers of rat choroidal vessels and last 90 days. Remarkably, EC transplantation improves the visual function of CI rats. The work demonstrates that hPSC-ECs can be used to repair choroidal ischemia in the animal model, which may lead to a new therapy to alleviate choroidal atrophy implicated in dry AMD, pathological myopia, and other ocular diseases.

Scalable Multipartite Entanglement Created by Spin Exchange in an Optical Lattice.

Ultracold atoms in optical lattices form a competitive candidate for quantum computation owing to the excellent coherence properties, the highly parallel operations over spins, and the ultralow entropy achieved in qubit arrays. For this, a massive number of parallel entangled atom pairs have been realized in superlattices. However, the more formidable challenge is to scale up and detect multipartite entanglement, the basic resource for quantum computation, due to the lack of manipulations over local atomic spins in retroreflected bichromatic superlattices. In this Letter, we realize the functional building blocks in quantum-gate-based architecture by developing a cross-angle spin-dependent optical superlattice for implementing layers of quantum gates over moderately separated atoms incorporated with a quantum gas microscope for single-atom manipulation and detection. Bell states with a fidelity of 95.6(5)% and a lifetime of 2.20±0.13 s are prepared in parallel, and then connected to multipartite entangled states of one-dimensional ten-atom chains and two-dimensional plaquettes of 2×4 atoms. The multipartite entanglement is further verified with full bipartite nonseparability criteria. This offers a new platform toward scalable quantum computation and simulation.

Low-noise and high-power second harmonic generation of 532 nm laser for trapping ultracold atoms.

Optical lattices for coherently manipulating ultracold atoms demand high-power, low-noise, narrow-line-width, and continuous-wave lasers. Here, we report the implementation of a 30 W 532 nm low-noise laser by second harmonic generation from a 1064 nm fiber laser, which is capable to generate optical lattices for a quantum gas microscope of Rb87 atoms. The overall conversion efficiency is 59% at an input power of 51 W with a lithium triborate crystal coupled to a ring cavity. The relative intensity noise of the output laser is suppressed to -120 dBc/Hz in the range of 10 Hz-100 kHz with a high dynamic range of over 50 dB, which is suitable for long-term trapping and coherent manipulation of the quantum gases.

Case Report: Ocular Manifestations and Treatments of Ciliary Body Involvement by Lymphoma.

PURPOSE: To describe the ocular clinical features, histopathological findings, and treatment outcomes of lymphomas involving the ciliary body. METHODS: We demonstrate three cases of ciliary body involvement by lymphoma from 2013 to 2019 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH). All patients underwent examinations including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp microscopy, indirect ophthalmoscope, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and diagnostic vitrectomy. In addition, cytopathology, immunohistochemistry, gene rearrangement, cytometric immunophenotypic, or in-situ hybridization were used for determining the pathological type of lymphoma. RESULTS: The patients were a 25-year-old man, a 52-year-old woman, and a 54-year-old man. Two patients had unilateral involvement, and one patient had bilateral involvement. All patients presented with anterior uveitis and elevated intraocular pressure. Ciliary body masses or infiltration were found in 3 patients. Two patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and one patient had natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. All patients received 0.4 mg methotrexate intravitreal injections, and the ciliary body lesions regressed completely. CONCLUSION: Lymphomatous involvement of the ciliary body usually presents as an atypical anterior chamber reaction. Vitreous biopsy should be considered in these patients for diagnosis. Methotrexate intravitreal injection combine with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, might extend the survival time and preserve visual acuity for patients with ciliary body involvement by lymphoma.

A high-power and low-noise 532-nm continuous-wave laser for quantum gas microscopy.

Low-noise, high-power 532-nm lasers are of great interest in many scientific research studies, such as gravitational wave detection and ultracold atom experiments. In particular, in the experiments of quantum gas microscopy, a large power of laser is necessary during the imaging process, while low noise is important for preventing the atoms from being heated up. In this work, we report on the generation of such a 532-nm continuous-wave laser by coherently combining two laser beams produced by single-pass second-harmonic generation. The power of the combined laser is up to 17 W. With the help of intensity stabilization, we are able to suppress the relative intensity noise to below -120 dBc/Hz. The generated laser satisfies the experimental requirements for integrating optical superlattices with a quantum gas microscope.

High-powered optical superlattice with robust phase stability for quantum gas microscopy.

Optical superlattice has a wide range of applications in the study of ultracold atom physics. Especially, it can be used to trap and manipulate thousands of atom pairs in parallel which constitutes a promising system for quantum simulation and quantum computation. In the present work, we report on a high-power optical superlattice formed by a 532-nm and 1064-nm dual-wavelength interferometer with a short lattice spacing of 630 nm. The short-term fluctuation (in 10 seconds) of the relative phase between the short lattice and the long lattice is measured to be 0.003π, which satisfies the needs for performing two-qubit gates among neighboring lattice sites. We further implement this superlattice in a 87Rb experiment with a quantum gas microscope of single-site resolution, where the high-power 532-nm laser is necessary for pinning atoms in the short lattice during imaging, providing a unique platform for engineering quantum states.

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of intraocular lymphoma: a single-center experience in China.

AIM: To investigate the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatments, and outcomes of intraocular lymphoma. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 16 patients (28 eyes) with intraocular lymphoma were recruited in the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from 2004 to 2019. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. Vitreous specimens of 13 patients were sent for cytopathology examination and other adjunctive diagnostic procedures. Three patients were diagnosed with intraocular lymphoma according to analysis of the histopathological results of systemic lymphoma by one clinician. Twenty-three eyes were treated with intravitreal administration of methotrexate, 4 eyes could not receive ocular treatment due to life-threatening lymphoma, and 1 eye did not require ocular treatment because the fundus lesions regressed after systematic chemotherapy. RESULTS: In 28 eyes, 25 eyes were diagnosed with vitreoretinal lymphoma, and 3 eyes were diagnosed with ciliary body lymphoma, all of which were non-Hodgkin diffuse large B cell lymphomas. The final visual acuity improved in 15 eyes (54%), remained unchanged in 5 eyes (18%), and decreased in 8 eyes (29%). Anterior segment inflammation disappeared or reduced in 8 and 5 eyes, respectively; and 15 eyes had no anterior segment reaction. Twenty eyes had mild vitreous opacity, 1 eye had mild vitritis, and 7 eyes had pars plana vitrectomy combined with silicone oil tamponade. Fundus lesions disappeared in 9 eyes and were relieved in 5 eyes; 4 eyes showed no changes, and the remaining 10 eyes' fundus were normal. CONCLUSION: The clinical manifestations of intraocular lymphoma are diverse, and the misdiagnosis rate is high. Cytopathological analysis of vitreous is one of the gold standards for the diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry, gene rearrangement and flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis can improve the diagnostic rate. Ocular chemotherapy or radiotherapy regimens may preserve visual acuity, and a multidisciplinary team can provide individualized treatment for the patients.

Programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4), a novel therapy target for metabolic diseases besides cancer.

Programmed cell death factor 4 (PDCD4) is originally described as a tumor suppressor gene that exerts antineoplastic effects by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Several investigations have probed the aberrant expression of PDCD4 with the progression of metabolic diseases, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. It has been ascertained that PDCD4 causes glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, chronic inflammatory response, and gut flora disorders to regulate the progression of metabolic diseases. This review aims to summarize the latest researches to uncover the structure, expression regulation, and biological functions of PDCD4 and to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the development of tumors and metabolic diseases. This review has emphasized the understanding of the PDCD4 role and to provide new ideas for the research, diagnosis, and treatment of tumors and metabolic diseases.

Vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in vitreous humor of patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy after intravitreal injection of conbercept as an adjunctive therapy for vitrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a progressive stage of diabetic retinopathy featured by the formation of neovascular and proliferative membrane. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts as a pivot factor in the development of neovascularization. This study was to investigate the changes of intravitreal VEGF concentrations of severe PDR after intravitreal injection of conbercept (IVC) and its potential advantages to the following vitrectomy. METHODS: This was a prospective, interventional, randomized controlled study. Sixty eyes (60 patients) with severe PDR and 20 eyes from 20 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment complicated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy were enrolled in this study. PDR eyes were randomly assigned to three groups by sortation randomization method with 20 eyes in each based on the interval of preoperative IVC (group A: 7 days, group B: 14 days, group C: non-IVC). Another 20 eyes without diabetes were enrolled as the non-diabetic control group (group D), receiving PPV directly. Vitreous specimens of all 80 patients were collected and evaluated afterwards. The intravitreal VEGF concentration of the four groups, and the total surgical time and the intraoperative bleeding rate of the PDR groups were recorded. RESULTS: The mean intravitreal VEGF concentrations of groups A-D were 66.6 ±â€Š43.3, 93.1 ±â€Š52.3, 161.4 ±â€Š106.1 and 1.8 ±â€Š1.2 pg/mL, respectively. It increased significantly in PDR patients (groups A, B and C) (P = 0.002, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). PDR patients with preoperative IVC (groups A and B) presented significantly lower VEGF concentrations (P < 0.001 and 0.001), intraoperative bleeding rates (P = 0.004) and total surgical time (P < 0.001, P = 0.003) compared with group C. No statistical differences were presented between groups A and B on the three parameters. CONCLUSION: Seven days and 14 days of preoperative IVC are equally efficient and safe for the vitrectomy of severe PDR patients through decreasing vitreous VEGF concentrations, intraoperative bleeding rate and total surgical times.

Varicella-zoster virus as a causative agent of acute retinal necrosis in younger patients.

BACKGROUND: Herpes virus is considered to be the pathogen of acute retinal necrosis (ARN) infection. Previous studies have found that patients with ARN caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are often older, and patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) induced ARN are considerably younger. However, in our clinical work, we find that VZV is also a pathogen in younger ARN patients. We, therefore, aimed to analyze the common etiology of younger ARN patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made of 20 eyes (18 patients) diagnosed as having ARN in the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2014 to 2016. All patients were reviewed for demographic data, clinical course, clinical manifestations, time from onset to initial physician visit, duration of follow-up, visual acuity at both presentation and final visit, and treatment strategies. A paired t test was used to compare visual acuity between the presenting vision and those of final follow-up. Vitreous or aqueous specimens from 18 eyes of 18 patients were analyzed with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR)/quantitative PCR (qPCR) and xTAG-liquid chip technology (xTAG-LCT) to determine the causative virus of ARN. RESULTS: Final best visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly from 1.36 ±â€Š0.95 (median 20/400) to 0.95 ±â€Š0.82 (median 20/100) (t = 2.714, P = 0.015) after systemic and intravitreal antiviral treatment combined with or without pars plana vitrectomy. PCR and xTAG-LCT results showed four of the five samples in the younger group (32.2 ±â€Š5.2 years) and 12 of the 13 samples in the senior group (53.6 ±â€Š4.9 years) were positive for VZV, and two of the five samples in the younger group were positive for HSV-1. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that VZV is also a common causative virus for ARN in younger patients. Considering this finding, a systemic antiviral treatment protocol should be immediately changed to intravenous ganciclovir when the patient does not respond to acyclovir before determining the causative virus, especially in younger patients.

Coordinated stress management and dislocation control in GaN growth on Si (111) substrates by using a carbon nanotube mask.

A novel method is proposed to realize coordinated stress management and dislocation control in GaN growth on Si (111) substrates. This method is facilely implemented by using a unique carbon nanotube (CNT) mask with a nanoscale diameter and a high fill factor. It is found that most dislocations are directly blocked by high-density nanovoids formed around CNTs within 150 nm from the GaN/AlN interface. In this way, without dislocation inclination, the threading dislocation density (TDD) of the GaN epilayer is dramatically reduced. Thus the compressive stress relaxation due to dislocation inclination during GaN growth is significantly decreased and more compressive stress can be preserved. In addition, the high-density nanovoids also contribute to decreasing the thermal tensile stress during cooling down. As a result, coordinated stress management and dislocation control are realized and a 3.5 µm-thick crack-free GaN epilayer with a homogeneously low TDD of 2.51 × 108 cm-2 is obtained. With the facile fabrication of the CNT mask and a simple epitaxy procedure, the quality of the GaN epilayer grown on Si substrates is greatly improved, which extends the application of the nanomaterial in the GaN epitaxy on the Si substrate and demonstrates great application potential for high-performance electronic devices.

Proteomic analysis of the compatible interaction of wheat and powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici).

Proteome characteristics of wheat leaves with the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) infection were investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. We identified 46 unique proteins which were differentially expressed at 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation. The functional classification of these proteins showed that most of them were involved in photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, defense responses, and signal transduction. Upregulated proteins included primary metabolism pathways and defense responses, while proteins related to photosynthesis and signal transduction were mostly downregulated. As expected, more antioxidative proteins were activated at the later infection stage than the earlier stage, suggesting that the antioxidative system of host plays a role in maintaining the compatible interaction between wheat and powdery mildew. A high accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in infected leaves indicated the regulation of the TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway in parallel to the activation of host defenses. The downregulation of MAPK5 could be facilitated for the compatible interaction of wheat plants and Bgt. qRT-PCR analysis supported the data of protein expression profiles. Our results reveal the relevance of primary plant metabolism and defense responses during compatible interaction, and provide new insights into the biology of susceptible wheat in response to Bgt infection.

[Research progress in primary intraocular lymphoma].

Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is a rare and fatal ocular malignancy. The diagnosis and treatment of PIOL is usually challenging as it often masquerades as uveitis. PIOL demonstrates characteristic features on fundus autofluorescence (FAF), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These methods although not as a basis for diagnosis of PIOL, but can be used as the evaluation of PIOL progress and prognosis. Eye tissue biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of PIOL. The methods to obtain ocular fluid include anterior chamber paracentesis, fine needle aspiration biopsies of the vitreous and diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy. Cytology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, cytokine analysis and molecular pathology are often used in combination to improve the diagnosis rate of PIOL. While current management of PIOL mainly involves local intraocular chemotherapy, combination therapy protocol yields effective control and prevention of PIOL relapse. This article reviewed recent research progress to improve the clinical understanding of PIOL.

[The anomalies of choroidal and retinal blood flow in retinitis pigmentosa patients].

OBJECTIVE: To study changes of blood flow of ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA) and posterior ciliary artery (PCA) in patients with primary retinitis pigmentosa. METHODS: Color Doppler flow imaging (CDIF) was used in 184 cases (184 eyes) of RP patient. The peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), time-averaged maximum velocity (TAMV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistance index (RI) were measured in OA, CRA and PCA separately. Data was analyzed statistically by One-Sample T Test to compare changes of these parameters between RP and normal group. RESULTS: Concerning RP group, in OA, the PSV,EDV, TAMV[ (33.05 ± 8.62) , (7.74 ± 3.04) , (14.16 ± 4.43) cm/s] vs normal group[ (31.47 ± 9.63) , (7.11 ± 2.34) , (12.44 ± 3.64) cm/s] were increased, the differences were statistically significant (t = -2.481, 2.820, 5.253, P < 0.05). But the PI in OA of RP(1.87 ± 0.73) vs normal group (2.02 ± 0.71) was deceased, the difference was statistically significant (t = -2.794;P < 0.05). Concerning RP group, in CRA, the PSV, EDV, TAMV, PI and RI [(5.30 ± 1.36), (2.11 ± 0.49), (3.01 ± 0.680) cm/s], [ (1.05 ± 0.28) , (0.60 ± 0.18) ] vs normal group [(10.82 ± 2.97) , (3.28 ± 1.11), (5.50 ± 2.06) cm/s], [ (1.48 ± 0.49), (0.71 ± 0.08) ] were decreased, the differences were statistically significant (t = -55.186, -32.015, -49.634, -20.430, -8.704, P < 0.05). Concerning RP group, in PCA, the PSV, EDV, TAMV, PI and RI [(7.60 ± 1.95), (2.59 ± 0.58), (4.07 ± 1.00) cm/s], [ (1.23 ± 0.28), (0.65 ± 0.80) ] vs normal group [(11.61 ± 3.41), (3.34 ± 1.25), (5.83 ± 1.91) cm/s], [ (1.49 ± 0.43), (0.70 ± 0.09)] were decreased, the differences were statistically significant (t = -28.097, -17.541, -23.842, 12.445, -8.720, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic abnormal changes of OA, RCA and PCA in RP patients possibly suggest the role of blood supply in occurrence or development of RP. Maintaining normal ocular blood flow may be able to offer a new way for prevention and treatment for RP.