Comparing clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after ischaemic stroke: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors users versus non-users. A propensity score matching National Cohort Study.

AIM: This nationwide cohort study evaluated the impact of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after ischaemic stroke (IS), aiming to compare clinical outcomes between SGLT2i-treated patients and those not receiving SGLT2i. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Utilizing Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 707 patients with T2DM treated with SGLT2i and 27 514 patients not treated with SGLT2i after an IS, respectively, from 1 May 2016 to 31 December 2019. Propensity score matching was applied to balance baseline characteristics. The follow-up period extended from the index date (3 months after the index acute IS) until the independent occurrence of the study outcomes, 6 months after discontinuation of the index drug, or the end of the study period (31 December 2020), whichever came first. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, compared with the non-SGLT2i group (n = 2813), the SGLT2i group (n = 707) exhibited significantly lower recurrent IS rates (3.605% per year vs. 5.897% per year; hazard ratio: 0.55; 95% confidence interval: 0.34-0.88; p = 0.0131) and a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (5.396% per year vs. 7.489% per year; hazard ratio: 0.58; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.85; p = 0.0058). No significant differences were observed in the rates of acute myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, heart failure hospitalization, or lower limb amputation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate significantly lower risks of recurrent IS and all-cause mortality among patients with T2DM receiving SGLT2i treatment. Further studies are required to validate these results and investigate the underlying mechanisms behind the observed effects.

Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Comparison of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors vs. Non-Users.

To compare clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) vs. non-use of SGLT2i. A national cohort study based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database enrolled 944 patients with T2D who had experienced AMI and were treated with SGLT2i and 8,941 patients who did not receive SGLT2i, respectively, from May 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. We used propensity score matching to balance covariates across study groups. The follow-up period was from the index date to the independent occurrence of the study outcomes, discontinuation of the index drug, or the end of the study period (December 31, 2020), whichever occurred first. The SGLT2i group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of cardiovascular death (0.865% per year vs. 2.048% per year; hazard ratio (HR): 0.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24-0.76; P = 0.0042), heart failure hospitalization (1.987% per year vs. 3.395% per year; HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.39-0.89; P = 0.0126), and all-cause mortality (3.406% per year vs. 4.981% per year, HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50-0.95; P = 0.0225) compared with the non-SGLT2i group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence of AMI, ischemic stroke, coronary revascularization, major adverse cardiovascular events, composite renal outcomes, or lower limb amputation. These findings suggest that the use of SGLT2i may have favorable effects on clinical outcomes in patients with T2D after AMI.

SGLT2 inhibitors vs. GLP-1 receptor agonists and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes with/without atrial fibrillation.

CONTEXT: The coexistence of diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with substantial risks of adverse cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: The relevant outcomes associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with/without concomitant AF remained unknown. METHODS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, there were 344,392 and 31,351 patients with T2D without AF, and 11,462 and 816 T2D patients with AF treated with SGLT2i and GLP-1RA from May 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. Patients were followed from the drug-index date until the occurrence of study events, discontinuation of the index drug, or the end of the study period (December 31, 2020), whichever occurred first. We used propensity score stabilized weight to balance covariates across two medication groups. RESULTS: The incidence rate of all study outcomes in patients with concomitant AF was much higher than in those without concomitant AF. For the AF cohort, SGLT2i vs. GLP-1RA was associated with a lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure (2.32 vs. 4.74 events per 100 person-years; hazard ratio (HR):0.48 [95% confidential interval (CI):0.36-0.66]), with no benefit seen for the non-AF cohort (P for homogeneity < 0.01). SGLT2i vs. GLP-1RA was associated with a lower risk of composite kidney outcomes both in the AF (0.38 vs. 0.79 events per 100 person-years; HR:0.47; [95%CI:0.23-0.96]) and non-AF cohorts (0.09 vs. 0.18 events per 100 person-years; HR:0.53; [95%CI:0.43-0.64]). There were no significant differences in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in those who received SGLT2i compared to GLP-1RA for the AF or non-AF cohorts. CONCLUSION: Considering the high risk of developing HF and/or high prevalence of concomitant HF in patients with diabetes, whether SGLT2i should be the preferred treatment to GLP-1RA for such a high-risk population requires further investigation.

Mortality after major bleeding in Asian atrial fibrillation patients receiving different direct oral anticoagulants: a nationwide, propensity score study.

In this research, we assessed mortality after major bleeding events in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients taking four direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Drawing data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database between 2016 and 2019, we focused on AF patients on DOACs who had major bleeding episodes. Using propensity score stabilized weighting, we established four comparable pseudo-DOAC groups. Among 2770 patients (460 dabigatran, 1322 rivaroxaban, 548 apixaban, 440 edoxaban), 85.3% were prescribed low-dose regimens. The 7-day mortality rate was 9.0%, surging to 16.0% by the 30th day. Compared with dabigatran, there was a distinct divergence in 7-day mortality of factor Xa inhibitors (p = 0.012), with hazard ratios of 1.83 (95% CI 1.11-3.00, p = 0.017) for rivaroxaban, 2.13 (95% CI 1.23-3.66, p = 0.007) for apixaban, and 2.41 (95% CI 1.39-4.19, p = 0.002) for edoxaban. This pattern remained consistent when analyzing the subgroup that received lower dosages of DOACs. In conclusion, factor Xa inhibitors were associated with a significantly higher risk of 7-day mortality following major bleeding events than dabigatran among AF patients.

Clinical outcomes in elderly atrial fibrillation patients at increased bleeding risk treated with very low dose vs. regular-dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants: a nationwide cohort study.

AIMS: The Edoxaban Low-Dose for Elder Care Atrial Fibrillation Patients (ELDERCARE-AF) trial showed that edoxaban at a very low dosage (VLD) of 15 mg/day was more effective than a placebo at preventing stroke/systemic embolism without significantly increasing the risk of serious bleeding. We aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety for VLD non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) [edoxaban 15 mg o.d., dabigatran 110 or 150 o.d., apixaban 2.5 mg o.d., or rivaroxaban 10 mg (without the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease) or <10 mg o.d.] vs. regular-dosage (RD) NOACs (edoxaban 60/30 mg o.d. or other labeling-dosage NOACs) among a real-world cohort of elderly atrial fibrillation (AF) population similar to the ELDERCARE-AF cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), we identified a total of 7294 and 4151 consecutive AF patients aged 80 years or older with a CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age 75 years or older, diabetes mellitus, previous stroke/transient ischemic attack (2 points) score ≥2 who met the enrollment criteria (generally similar to ELDERCARE-AF) taking VLD and RD NOACs from 1 June 2012 to 31 December 2019, respectively. Propensity-score stabilized weighting (PSSW) was used to balance covariates across study groups. Patients were followed up from the first date of prescription for NOACs until the first occurrence of any study outcome, death, or until the end date of the study period (31 December 2020). After PSSW, VLD NOAC was associated with a comparable risk of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding but a higher risk of major adverse limb events (MALEs) requiring lower limb revascularization or amputation [hazard ratio (HR): 1.54, 95% confidential interval (CI): 1.09-2.18; P = 0.014), venous thrombosis (HR: 3.75, 95% CI: 1.56-8.97; P = 0.003), and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.15-1.29; P <0.001) compared with RD NOACs. VLD NOACs showed worse outcomes in most net clinical outcome (NCO) benefits. The main result was consistent based on on-treatment analysis or accounting for death as a competing risk. In general, the advantage of NCOs for the RD NOACs over VLD NOACs persisted in most high-risk subgroups, consistent with the main analysis (P for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Use of VLD NOACs was associated with a greater risk of arterial and venous thrombosis, death as well as the composite outcomes, when compared with that of RD NOAC in high-risk elderly AF patients at increased bleeding risk. Thromboprophylaxis with RD NOAC is still preferable over VLD NOAC for the majority of elderly AF patients at increased bleeding risk.

Adverse cardiovascular, limb, and renal outcomes in patients with diabetes after peripheral artery disease revascularization treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.

AIMS: The effectiveness and limb safety of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) for patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) who have received peripheral artery disease (PAD) revascularization are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study, we identified a total of 2,455 and 8,695 patients with T2D who had undergone PAD revascularization and received first prescriptions for SGLT2i and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i), respectively, between May 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. We used 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) to balance covariates between the two study groups. Patients were followed up from the drug index date until the occurrence of specified outcomes, death, discontinuation of the index drug, or the end of the study period, whichever occurred first. After PSM, we observed that compared with DPP4i, SGLT2i were associated with comparable risks of ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and heart failure hospitalization but were associated with a lower risk of cardiac death (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40-0.90]; p = 0.0126). Regarding major limb outcomes, SGLT2i were associated with comparable risks of repeated revascularization and lower limb amputation compared with DPP4i. SGLT2i were associated with a lower risk of composite renal outcomes (HR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.27-0.59; p < 0.0001) compared with DPP4i. CONCLUSION: In a real-world study of patients with T2D who had undergone PAD revascularization, SGLT2i were associated with lower risks of cardiac death and composite renal outcomes but not associated with increased risks of adverse limb events compared with DPP4i.

Cardiovascular, renal, and lower limb outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes after percutaneous coronary intervention and treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors vs. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors.

AIMS: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are at higher risk of adverse cardiovascular and renal events than non-diabetic patients. However, limited evidence is available regarding the cardiovascular, renal, and limb outcomes of patients with T2D after PCI and who were treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). We compare the specified outcomes in patients with T2D after PCI who were treated with SGLT2i vs. dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i). METHODS AND RESULTS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study, we identified 4248 and 37 037 consecutive patients with T2D who underwent PCI with SGLT2i and DPP4i, respectively, for 1 May 2016-31 December 2019. We used propensity score matching (PSM) to balance the covariates between study groups. After PSM, SGLT2i, and DPP4i were associated with comparable risks of ischaemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and lower limb amputation. However, SGLT2i was associated with significantly lower risks of heart failure hospitalization [HFH; 1.35% per year vs. 2.28% per year; hazard ratio (HR): 0.60; P = 0.0001], coronary revascularization (2.33% per year vs. 3.36% per year; HR: 0.69; P = 0.0003), composite renal outcomes (0.10% per year vs. 1.05% per year; HR: 0.17; P < 0.0001), and all-cause mortality (2.27% per year vs. 3.80% per year, HR: 0.60; P < 0.0001) than were DPP4i. CONCLUSION: Our data indicated that SGLT2i, compared with DPP4i, were associated with lower risks of HFH, coronary revascularization, composite renal outcomes, and all-cause mortality for patients with T2D after PCI. Further randomized or prospective studies can investigate the effects of SGLT2i in patients with T2D after PCI.

Effect of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout in Taiwan: An interrupted time series analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of febuxostat on adverse events and mortality in gout. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled patients with newly diagnosed gout and prescribed urate-lowering therapy between 2006 and 2017 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. These patients were divided into 2 groups: with and without comorbidities (n = 294 847 and 194 539). An interrupted time series analysis with adjustments for demographics, comorbidities, and comedication by propensity score-based stabilized weights was used to compare the trend of adverse events and mortality before vs after febuxostat was introduced in 2012. RESULTS: The proportion of febuxostat use gradually increased from 0% in 2012 to 30% in those with comorbidities and 10% in those without comorbidities in 2017. Allopurinol use decreased from 30% in 2012 to 10% in 2017. The slope of the 1-year incidence rate of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) (per 10 000 patients) significantly reduced after 2012 in those with and without comorbidities (-0.375 per quarter, P = .015 and -.253 per quarter, P = .049). The slope of the 3-year incidence rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (per 1000 patients), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (per 1000 patients), and all-cause mortality (per 100 patients) significantly increased after 2012 in those with comorbidities (+0.207 per quarter, P = .013; +.389 per quarter, P = .002; +.103 per quarter, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Febuxostat may reduce SJS and TEN in all gout patients but increase AMI, PCI, and all-cause mortality in gout patients with comorbidities.

Development of Interstitial Lung Disease Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Oral Anticoagulants in Taiwan.

Importance: There are emerging concerns from case reports and pharmacovigilance analyses of a possible risk of interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with the use of factor Xa (FXa) inhibitors. Objective: To evaluate the risk of incident ILD associated with the use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Design, Setting, and Participants: This nationwide retrospective cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with NVAF without preexisting lung disease who received OACs from June 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, were included. Propensity score stabilized weighting (PSSW) was used to balance covariates across the medication groups (FXa inhibitors, dabigatran, and warfarin, with warfarin as the reference). Patients were followed up from the drug index date until the onset of ILD, death, or end of the study (December 31, 2019), whichever occurred first. Data were analyzed from September 11, 2021, to August 3, 2022. Exposures: Patients with NVAF were treated with FXa inhibitors, dabigatran, or warfarin. Main Outcomes and Measures: New-onset idiopathic ILD. Results: Among the 106 044 patients (mean [SD] age, 73.4 [11.9] years; 59 995 men [56.6%]) included in the study, 64 555 (60.9%) received FXa inhibitors (apixban [n = 15 386], edoxaban [n = 12 413], and rivaroxaban [n = 36 756]), 22 501 (21.2%) received dabigatran, and 18 988 (17.9%) received warfarin at baseline. The FXa inhibitors were associated with a higher risk of incident ILD (0.29 vs 0.17 per 100 patient-years; hazard ratio, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.22-1.94]; P < .001), whereas dabigatran was associated with a nonsignificant difference in risk of incident ILD compared with warfarin (reference) after PSSW. The higher risk of incident ILD for FXa inhibitors vs warfarin was consistent with several high-risk subgroups. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this study suggest that FXa inhibitors were associated with lung injury among patients with NVAF who were treated with OACs. Physicians should be vigilant in monitoring for any potential adverse lung outcomes associated with the use of these drugs.

Stroke Risk in Patients with Gout: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate stroke risk in Taiwanese patients with gout. METHODS: We enrolled patients from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, with gout diagnosed from 2000 to 2008, and followed them up until December 2018. This cohort was propensity score-matched according to birth year, sex, the date of diagnosis of gout, comorbidities, and co-medications with individuals without gout (controls) (n = 310,820 in each group). Stroke was defined as the primary diagnosis at discharge after the index date. To evaluate ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risks, we calculated their incidence, hazard ratio (HR), and two-year moving average incidence rate. RESULTS: The incidence (95% CI) and HR of ischemic stroke were lower in the gout group than in the control group in the first 3 years (incidence: 4.74 [4.60-4.88] vs. 5.17 [5.03-5.32] per 1000 person-years; HR: 0.92 [0.88-0.96]), then became significantly higher than in the control group after 3 years (incidence: 4.10 [4.04-4.16] vs. 3.81 [3.75-3.87] per 1000 person-years; HR: 1.08 [1.05-1.10]). Similarly, the incidence (95% CI) and HR of hemorrhagic stroke was lower in the gout group than in the control group in the first 3 years (incidence: 1.51 [1.43-1.59] vs. 1.70 [1.62-1.79] per 1000 person-years; HR: 0.88 [0.82-0.92]), then became significantly higher than in controls after 3 years (incidence: 1.43 [1.39-1.46] vs. 1.26 [1.22-1.29] per 1000 person-years; HR: 1.14 [1.10-1.18]). CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, patients with gout had higher risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke after 3 years.

The risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although a few meta-analyses were conducted to compare the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), and other anti-hyperglycemic agents using indirect or direct comparison, the above analyses showed conflicting results with each other. We aimed to evaluate the risk of new-onset AF associated with the use of SGLT2i, GLP-1RA, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i) among a large longitudinal cohort of diabetic patients. METHODS: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study based on the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, a total of 344,893, 44,370, and 393,100 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes without preexisting AF receiving GLP-1RA, SGLT2i, and DPP4i, respectively, were enrolled from May 1, 2016, to December 31, 2019. We used 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) to balance covariates across paired study groups. Patients were followed from the drug index date until the occurrence of AF, death, discontinuation of the index drug, or the end of the study period (December 31, 2020), whichever occurred first. RESULTS: After PSM, there were 245,442, 43,682, and 39,190 paired cohorts of SGLT2i-DPP4i, SGLT2i-GLP-1RA, and GLP-1RA-DPP4i, respectively. SGLT2i treatment was associated with lower risk of new-onset AF in participants with type 2 diabetes compared with either DPP4i [hazard ratio (HR):0.90; 95% confidential interval (CI) 0.84-0.96; P = 0.0028] or GLP-1RA [HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.63-0.88; P = 0.0007] treatment after PSM. There was no difference in the risk of incident AF between GLP-1RA and DPP4i users [HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.86-1.19; P = 0.8980]. The above findings persisted among several important subgroups. Dapagliflozin was specifically associated with a lower risk of new-onset AF compared with DPP4i (P interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with DPP4i, SGLT2i but not GLP-1RA was associated with a lower risk of incident AF in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Comparing the natural progression and clinical features of keratoconus between pediatric and adult patients.

To present the natural course of keratoconus (KC) and compare pediatric and adult patients. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting Hospital-based. Patient Population In total, 152 patients (288 eyes) diagnosed with KC at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, were included. Previously managed patients and those with missing optical data were excluded. Observation Procedures Patients were divided into pediatric (≤ 18 years) and adult (> 18 years) groups. Demographics, clinical data, and optical variables were collected, including corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refractive error, and keratometric readings (K). Main Outcome Measure Optical variables at the final follow-up before aggressive treatment. Results In total, 20 pediatric (37 eyes) and 132 adults (251 eyes) patients were eligible for this study. The mean follow-up time was 2.98 years. Male predominance was observed in both groups. Both groups had similar clinical characteristics and optical variables at the initial diagnosis. Pediatric patients progressed significantly more rapidly in refractive errors, including spheres and cylinders, spherical equivalence, steep K, and flat K during the follow-up. However, significant change between the two study groups was only seen in sphere refractive error spherical equivalence. Conclusion Pediatric patients had more rapidly progressive KC than adult patients, so early detection and frequent follow-up for prompt interventions are necessary for these patients.

Chinese Version of the Vision-Related Quality of Life (NEI-VFQ-25) among Patients with Various Ocular Disorders: A Pilot Study.

Background and Objectives: Subjective visual function is currently becoming an increasing appreciation in assessing the health-related quality of life. This study aimed to assess the vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) among patients with refractive errors, keratoconus, senile cataract, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) using the Chinese version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ-25). Materials and Methods: The questionnaire of NEI-VFQ-25 was filled out in a clinical setting or by telephone/mail. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine which factors are associated with the NEI-VFQ-25. Results: From June 2018 to January 2019, 28 patients with refractive error, 20 patients with keratoconus, 61 with senile cataracts, and 17 with AMD completed the questionnaire NEI-VFQ-25. There were significant differences in the NEI-VFQ-25 subscale of general vision (p = 0.0017), ocular pain (p = 0.0156), near activities (p = 0.0002), vision-specific social functioning (p = 0.007), vision-specific mental health (p = 0.0083), vision-specific dependency (p = 0.0049), color vision (p < 0.0001), peripheral vision (p = 0.0065), and total score (p < 0.0001) among four disease groups, respectively. The multiple linear regression revealed that the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and disease group were important factors of the total NEI-VFQ-25. After adjusting for BCVA, patients with AMD had a worse total NEI-VFQ-25 score than patients with refractive error, keratoconus, or senile cataracts. Conclusions: Among the patients with four ocular disorders and a broad vision spectrum from normal, partial sight, low vision to legal blindness, the BCVA of their better eye was the most important factor in the VRQOL.

Effect of Blue Light-Filtering Intraocular Lenses on Insomnia After Cataract Surgery: A Nationwide Cohort Study With 10-Year Follow-up.

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence of clinically diagnosed insomnia after cataract surgery in pseudophakic eyes with blue light-filtering intraocular lenses (BF-IOLs) and non-BF-IOLs. DESIGN: Nationwide cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. METHODS: We enrolled 171,415 patients who underwent cataract surgery in both eyes between 2008 and 2013 and followed them till 2018. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the baseline characteristics between the 2 IOL groups. The Cox model and cause-specific hazard model were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR). RESULTS: Overall, 19,604 (11.4%) and 151,811 (88.6%) patients had BF-IOL and non-BF-IOL implants, respectively. The BF-IOL group tended to be younger and had fewer chronic diseases. Within a mean follow-up period of 6.2 years, the incidence rates of insomnia (per 100 person-years) in the BF-IOL and non-BF-IOL groups were 2.97 and 3.21, respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of insomnia between the 2 IOL groups after treating all-cause mortality as a competing risk (SHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-1.01) and after PSM (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.92-1.01), respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in the insomnia rate between the 2 IOL groups for various age groups, 2 sex groups, and men with and without benign prostatic hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: In Taiwan, the use of a BF-IOL for up to 10 years had no apparent disadvantage over non-BF-IOLs with respect to insomnia.

Effect of Blue Light-Filtering Intraocular Lenses on Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Nationwide Cohort Study With 10-Year Follow-up.

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence rate of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after cataract surgery and compare the relative incidence of AMD in pseudophakes with blue light-filtering intraocular lenses (BF-IOLs) and non-BF-IOLs. DESIGN: A nationwide cohort study conducted using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. METHODS: We enrolled 186,591 patients who underwent cataract surgery in both eyes between 2008 and 2013 and monitored them from the index date (the date of first cataract surgery) until AMD, death, loss to follow-up, or December 31, 2017, whichever occurred first. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the baseline characteristics between the BF-IOL and non-BF-IOL groups. RESULTS: BF-IOLs were implanted in 21,126 patients (11.3%) and non-BF-IOLs were implanted in 165,465 patients (88.7%). Patients in the BF-IOL group tended to be younger, with fewer men, different cataract surgery years, higher income, more nonmanual workers, more patients from urban and suburban areas, and fewer chronic diseases compared with the non-BF-IOL group. With a mean follow-up period of 6.1 years (range, 1-10 years) after cataract surgery, 12,533 and 1655 patients developed non-exudative AMD and exudative AMD, respectively. The incidence rate of non-exudative AMD and exudative AMD (per 1000 person-years) was 9.95 and 1.22 for the BF-IOL group and 11.13 and 1.44 for the non-BF-IOL group, respectively. After PSM, no statistical difference in the incidence rate of nonexudative AMD (hazards ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.88-1.03) and exudative AMD (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.77-1.18) was observed between the BF-IOL and non-BF-IOL groups. CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, the incidence rate of AMD after cataract surgery was 11.59 per 1000 person-years. The use of a BF-IOL for up to 10 years had no apparent advantage over a non-BF-IOL in the incidence of AMD.

Rate of condom use among sexually active adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional study in Taiwan from 2012 to 2016.

OBJECTIVE: Adolescents' sexual behaviours are associated with sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. This study aimed to estimate the sexual intercourse and condom use rates at first and last sex among Taiwanese adolescents in grades 7-12. DESIGN: A secondary data analysis of the Taiwan Global School-Based Student Health Survey's 2012-2016 data. The survey was anonymous, cross-sectional and nationwide. SETTING: Taiwan high school students (grades 7-12). PARTICIPANTS: The sample comprised 27 525 students from junior high schools (grades 7-9), and senior high schools, comprehensive schools, vocational high schools and night schools (grades 10-12). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The rate of ever having had sexual intercourse; the rates and factors of condom use at first and last sex. RESULTS: The sexual intercourse rate in each school type (in ascending order) was junior high school (1.62%), senior high school (4.14%), comprehensive school (9.08%), vocational high school (14.03%) and night school (41.09%). Condom use rate decreased from 57.07% (95% CI=54.31% to 59.83%) at first sex to 25.72% (95% CI=23.34% to 28.10%) at last sex (p<0.0001). The condom use rate (in ascending order) was junior high school (first sex: 37.67%, last sex: 19.76%), night school (55.83%, 22.62%), vocational high school (61.13%, 25.78%), comprehensive school (62.83%, 28.61%) and senior high school (68.38%, 34.96%). Older age at sexual debut was associated with condom use at first and last sex, and having one sexual partner was associated with condom use at last sex, as revealed by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights an urgent need to instil a proper understanding of protected sex while adolescents are still in their formative years. Despite the low sexual intercourse rate (4.95%), there is lower condom use at last sex than at first sex, which indicates that many sexually active adolescents are not practising protected sex, especially among junior high school students.

Clinical Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients With a History of Cancer Treated With Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

Background and Purpose: Data on clinical outcomes for nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOACs) and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer are limited, and patients with active cancer were excluded from randomized trials. We investigated the effectiveness and safety for NOACs versus warfarin among patients with atrial fibrillation with cancer. Methods: In this nationwide retrospective cohort study from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified a total of 6274 and 1681 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation with cancer taking NOACs and warfarin from June 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, respectively. Propensity score stabilized weighting was used to balance covariates across study groups. Results: There were 1031, 1758, 411, and 3074 patients treated with apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, respectively. After propensity score stabilized weighting, NOAC was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.50­0.80]; P=0.0001), major adverse limb events (hazard ratio, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.24­0.70]; P=0.0010), venous thrombosis (hazard ratio, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.23­0.61]; P<0.0001), and major bleeding (hazard ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56­0.94]; P=0.0171) compared with warfarin. The outcomes were consistent with either direct thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran) or factor Xa inhibitor (apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban) use, among patients with stroke history, and among patients with different type of cancer and local, regional, or metastatic stage of cancer (P interaction >0.05). When compared with warfarin, NOAC was associated with lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular event, and venous thrombosis in patients aged <75 but not in those aged ≥75 years (P interaction <0.05). Conclusions: Thromboprophylaxis with NOACs rather than warfarin should be considered for the majority of the atrial fibrillation population with cancer.

Knowledge of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among the general public, parents, and primary school teachers.

ABSTRACT: We compared the knowledge of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among the general public, parents of children with ADHD, and primary school teachers and identified factors associated with ADHD knowledge in each group, separately.Secondary data analysis was made on the pre-lecture data from those (122 from the general public, 64 parents of children with ADHD, and 515 primary school teachers) attending education lectures by the Department of Public Health, New Taipei City Government, Taiwan, 2014.ADHD onset age was least known in these 3 groups. Knowledge of ADHD was significantly better among teachers (test score, 75.3%) than among parents (65.5%) and the general public (59.2%). Among the general public, the test score significantly decreased with age and was worst in those who did not know their friends or relatives with ADHD. Among parents, service workers, and retired/unemployed knew significantly less about ADHD than housewife did. Among teachers, men knew significantly less than women; those who taught children with ADHD knew significantly more than those who did not.Primary school teachers knew more about ADHD than parents and the general public. Factors associated with ADHD knowledge varied among the 3 groups.