Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by super-hydrophilic MoS2 sponge co-catalytic Fenton: Enhancing Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle and mass transfer.

To promote the cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+ in co-catalytic Fenton and enhance mass transfer in an external circulation sequencing batch packed bed reactor (ECSPBR), super-hydrophilicity MoS2 sponge (TMS) modified by tungstosilicic acid (TA) was prepared for efficiently degrading sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotics in aqueous solution. The influence of hydrophilicity of co-catalyst on co-catalytic Fenton and the advantages of ECSPBR were systematically studied through comparative research methods. The results showed that the super hydrophilicity increased the contact between Fe2+ and Fe3+ with TMS, then accelerated Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle. The max Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of TMS co-catalytic Fenton (TMS/Fe2+/H2O2) was 1.7 times that of hydrophobic MoS2 sponge (CMS) co-catalytic Fenton. SMX degradation efficiency could reach over 90% under suitable conditions. The structure of TMS remained unchanged during the process, and the max dissolved concentration of Mo was lower than 0.06 mg/L. Additionally, the catalytic activity of TMS could be restored by a simple re-impregnation. The external circulation of the reactor was conducive to improving the mass transfer and the utilization rate of Fe2+ and H2O2 during the process. This study offered new insights to prepare a recyclable and hydrophilic co-catalyst and develop an efficient co-catalytic Fenton reactor for organic wastewater treatment.

Carbon-doped defect MoS2 co-catalytic Fe3+/peroxymonosulfate process for efficient sulfadiazine degradation: Accelerating Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle and 1O2 dominated oxidation.

In order to accelerate Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle and boost singlet oxygen (1O2) generation in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) Fenton-like system, a co-catalyst of defect MoS2 was prepared by C doping and C2-MoS2/Fe3+/PMS system was structured. The removal efficiency of sulfadiazine (SDZ) antibiotics was nearly 100 % in 10 min in the system under the appropriate conditions ([co-catalysts] = 0.2 g/L, [PMS] = 0.1 mM, [Fe3+] = 0.4 mM, pH 3.5), and the reaction rate constant was 4.6 times that of Fe3+/PMS system. C doping MoS2 could induce phase transition, yield more sulfur defects, and expedite electron transfer. Besides, exposed Mo4+ sites on C2-MoS2 could significantly enhance the regeneration and stability of Fe2+ and further promote the activation of PMS. ·OH, SO4·-, and 1O2 were responsible for SDZ degradation in the system. Notably, 1O2 generation was efficiently promoted by sulfur defects and CO sites on C2-MoS2, and 1O2 played the main role in SDZ degradation. Therefore, this co-catalytic system exhibited great anti-interference and stability, and organic contaminants could be efficiently and stably degraded in a 14-day long-term experiment. This work provides a new approach for improving the co-catalytic performance of MoS2 for Fe3+ mediated Fenton-like technology, and offers a promising antibiotic pollutant removal strategy.

Individual Faces Were Not Discarded During Extracting Mean Emotion Representations.

Individuals can perceive the mean emotion or mean identity of a group of faces. It has been considered that individual representations are discarded when extracting a mean representation; for example, the "element-independent assumption" asserts that the extraction of a mean representation does not depend on recognizing or remembering individual items. The "element-dependent assumption" proposes that the extraction of a mean representation is closely connected to the processing of individual items. The processing mechanism of mean representations and individual representations remains unclear. The present study used a classic member-identification paradigm and manipulated the exposure time and set size to investigate the effect of attentional resources allocated to individual faces on the processing of both the mean emotion representation and individual representations in a set and the relationship between the two types of representations. The results showed that while the precision of individual representations was affected by attentional resources, the precision of the mean emotion representation did not change with it. Our results indicate that two different pathways may exist for extracting a mean emotion representation and individual representations and that the extraction of a mean emotion representation may have higher priority. Moreover, we found that individual faces in a group could be processed to a certain extent even under extremely short exposure time and that the precision of individual representations was relatively poor but individual representations were not discarded.

Multisensory Information Facilitates the Categorization of Untrained Stimuli.

Although it has been demonstrated that multisensory information can facilitate object recognition and object memory, it remains unclear whether such facilitation effect exists in category learning. To address this issue, comparable car images and sounds were first selected by a discrimination task in Experiment 1. Then, those selected images and sounds were utilized in a prototype category learning task in Experiments 2 and 3, in which participants were trained with auditory, visual, and audiovisual stimuli, and were tested with trained or untrained stimuli within the same categories presented alone or accompanied with a congruent or incongruent stimulus in the other modality. In Experiment 2, when low-distortion stimuli (more similar to the prototypes) were trained, there was higher accuracy for audiovisual trials than visual trials, but no significant difference between audiovisual and auditory trials. During testing, accuracy was significantly higher for congruent trials than unisensory or incongruent trials, and the congruency effect was larger for untrained high-distortion stimuli than trained low-distortion stimuli. In Experiment 3, when high-distortion stimuli (less similar to the prototypes) were trained, there was higher accuracy for audiovisual trials than visual or auditory trials, and the congruency effect was larger for trained high-distortion stimuli than untrained low-distortion stimuli during testing. These findings demonstrated that higher degree of stimuli distortion resulted in more robust multisensory effect, and the categorization of not only trained but also untrained stimuli in one modality could be influenced by an accompanying stimulus in the other modality.