RESUMEN
We propose an autostereoscopic display system that ensures full resolution for multiple users by directional backlight and eye tracking technology. The steerable beam formed by directional backlight can be regarded as the result of sparsely sampling the light field in space. Therefore, we intuitively propose an optimization algorithm based on the characterization for the state of the steerable beams, which is computed in matrix form using the plenoptic function. This optimization algorithm aims to optimize the exit pupil quality and ultimately enhancing the viewing experience of stereoscopic display. Numerical simulations are conducted and the improvement in exit pupil quality achieved by the optimization scheme is verified. Furthermore, a prototype of the stereoscopic display that employs dual-lenticular lens sheets for the directional backlight has been constructed using the optimized optical parameters. It provides 9 independent exit pupils at the optimal viewing distance of 400 mm, with an exit pupil resolution of 1/30. The field of view is ±16.7°, the viewing distance range is 380 mm to 440 mm. At the optimal viewing distance 400 mm, the average crosstalk of the system is 3%, and the dynamic brightness uniformity across the entire viewing plane reaches 85%. The brightness uniformity of the display at each exit pupil is higher than 88%.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a significant proportion of non-cancerous cells within the intricate tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Understanding the communication between macrophages and tumor cells, as well as investigating potential signaling pathways, holds promise for enhancing therapeutic responses in HCC. METHODS: single-cell RNA-sequencing data and bulk RNA-sequencing data were derived from open source databases Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Through this analysis, we elucidated the interactions between MICA+ tumor cells and MMP9+ macrophages, primarily mediated via the PROS1-AXL axis in advanced HCC. Subsequently, we employed a range of experimental techniques including lentivirus infection, recombinant protein stimulation, and AXL inhibition experiments to validate these interactions and unravel the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: we presented a single-cell atlas of advanced HCC, highlighting the expression patterns of MICA and MMP9 in tumor cells and macrophages, respectively. Activation of the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) signaling pathway was observed in MICA+ tumor cells and MMP9+ macrophages. We identified the existence of an interaction between MICA+ tumor cells and MMP9+ macrophages mediated via the PROS1-AXL axis. Additionally, we found MMP9+ macrophages had a positive correlation with M2-like macrophages. Subsequently, experiments validated that DNA damage not only induced MICA expression in tumor cells via IRF1, but also upregulated PROS1 levels in HCC cells, stimulating macrophages to secrete MMP9. Consequently, MMP9 led to the proteolysis of MICA. CONCLUSION: MICA+ HCC cells secreted PROS1, which upregulated MMP9 expression in macrophages through AXL receptors. The increased MMP9 activity resulted in the proteolytic shedding of MICA, leading to the release of soluble MICA (sMICA) and the subsequent facilitation of tumor immune escape.
RESUMEN
In this work, we propose a bipolar complementary pulse width modulation strategy based on the differential signaling system, and the modulation-demodulation methods are introduced in detail. The proposed modulation-demodulation strategy can effectively identify each symbol's start and end time so that the transmitter and receiver can maintain correct bit synchronization. The system with differential signaling has the advantages of not requiring channel state information and reducing background radiation. To further reduce the noise in the system, a multi-bandpass spectrum noise reduction method is proposed according to the spectrum characteristics of the received modulation signals. The proposed modulation method has an error bit rate of 10-5 at a signal-to-noise ratio of 7 dB. The fabricated optical communication system can stably transfer voice and text over a distance of 5.6 km.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: CHK1 is considered a key cell cycle checkpoint kinase in DNA damage response (DDR) pathway to communicate with several signaling pathways involved in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in numerous cancers. However, the mechanism of CHK1 signaling regulating TME in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. METHODS: CHK1 expression in HCC tissue was determined by IHC staining assay. DNA damage and apoptosis in HCC cells induced by cisplatin or CHK1 inhibition were detected by WB and flow cytometry. The interaction of CHK1 and IRF1 was analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequence, WB, and immunoprecipitation assay. The mechanism of IRF1 regulating MICA was investigated by ChIP-qPCR. RESULTS: CHK1 expression is upregulated in human HCC tumors compared to the background liver. High CHK1 mRNA level predicts advanced tumor stage and worse prognosis. Cisplatin and CHK1 inhibition augment cellular DNA damage and apoptosis. Overexpressed CHK1 suppresses IRF1 expression through proteolysis. Furthermore, single-cell RNA-sequence analyses confirmed that MICA expression positively correlated with IRF1 in HCC cells. Immunoprecipitation assay showed the binding between CHK1 and IRF1. Cisplatin and CHK1 inhibition upregulate MICA expression through IRF1-mediated transcriptional effects. A novel specific cis-acting IRF response element was identified at -1756 bp in the MICA promoter region that bound IRF1 to induce MICA gene transcription. MICA may increase NK cell and CD8+T cell infiltration in HCC. CONCLUSIONS: DNA damage regulates the interaction of CHK1 and IRF1 to activate anti-tumor immunity via the IRF1-MICA pathway in HCC.
RESUMEN
In order to localize the viewers' eyes, a high-speed and robust infrared-guiding multiuser eye localization system was fabricated in this paper for a binocular autostereoscopic display, which can project a pair of parallax images to corresponding eyes. The system is composed of a low-resolution thermal infrared camera, a pair of high-resolution left and right visible spectral cameras, and an industrial computer. The infrared camera and the left visible spectral camera, and the left and right visible spectral camera, can both form the binocular vision system. The thermal infrared camera can capture the thermography images. The left and right visible spectral cameras can capture the left and right visible spectral images, respectively. Owing to the temperature difference between the face and background, the features of the face in thermography images are prominent. We use the YOLO-V3 neural network to detect the viewers' faces in thermography images. Owing to the different features of the pseudo and real faces in the infrared spectral, in the thermography images, the pseudo-faces can be easily eliminated. According to the positions and sizes of potential bounding boxes of the detected faces in the thermography images, the industrial computer can be guided to determine the left candidate regions in the left visible spectral image. Then, the industrial computer can determine the right candidate regions in the right visible spectral image. In the left candidate regions, the industrial computer detects the faces and localize the eyes by using the SeetaFace algorithm. The template matching is performed between the left and right candidate regions to calculate the accurate distance between the viewer and the system. The average detection time of the proposed method is about 3-8 ms. Compared with traditional methods, the localization time is improved by 86.7%-90.1%. Further, the proposed method is hardly influenced by the pseudo-faces and the strong ambient light.
