Efficient Carrier Multiplication in Self-Powered Near-Ultraviolet γ-InSe/Graphene Heterostructure Photodetector with External Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 161.

Carrier multiplication (CM) in semiconductors, the process of absorbing a single high-energy photon to form two or more electron-hole pairs, offers great potential for the high-response detection of high-energy photons in the ultraviolet spectrum. However, compared to two-dimensional semiconductors, conventional bulk semiconductors not only face integration and flexibility bottlenecks but also exhibit inferior CM performance. To attain efficient CM for ultraviolet detection, we designed a two-terminal photodetector featuring a unilateral Schottky junction based on a two-dimensional γ-InSe/graphene heterostructure. Benefiting from a strong built-in electric field, the photogenerated high-energy electrons in γ-InSe, an ideal ultraviolet light-absorbing layer, can efficiently transfer to graphene without cooling. It results in efficient CM within the graphene, yielding an ultrahigh responsivity of 468 mA/W and a record-high external quantum efficiency of 161.2% when it is exposed to 360 nm light at zero bias. This work provides valuable insights into developing next-generation ultraviolet photodetectors with high performance and low-power consumption.

Low-Dimensional-Materials-Based Photodetectors for Next-Generation Polarized Detection and Imaging.

The vector characteristics of light and the vectorial transformations during its transmission lay a foundation for polarized photodetection of objects, which broadens the applications of related detectors in complex environments. With the breakthrough of low-dimensional materials (LDMs) in optics and electronics over the past few years, the combination of these novel LDMs and traditional working modes is expected to bring new development opportunities in this field. Here, the state-of-the-art progress of LDMs, as polarization-sensitive components in polarized photodetection and even the imaging, is the main focus, with emphasis on the relationship between traditional working principle of polarized photodetectors (PPs) and photoresponse mechanisms of LDMs. Particularly, from the view of constitutive equations, the existing works are reorganized, reclassified, and reviewed. Perspectives on the opportunities and challenges are also discussed. It is hoped that this work can provide a more general overview in the use of LDMs in this field, sorting out the way of related devices for "more than Moore" or even the "beyond Moore" research.

Underwater Biomimetic Lateral Line Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Dynamic Pressure Monitoring and Trajectory Perception.

Developing desirable sensors is crucial for underwater perceptions and operations. The perceiving organs of marine creatures have greatly evolved to react accurately and promptly underwater. Inspired by the fish lateral line, this study proposes a triboelectric dynamic pressure sensor for underwater perception. The biomimetic lateral line sensor (BLLS) has high sensitivity to the disturbance amplitude/frequency, good adaptability to underwater environments and (relative) low cost. The sensors are deployed at the bottom of the test basin to perceive various moving objects, such as a robotic fish, robotic seal, etc. By analyzing the electrical signal of the sensor, the motion parameters of the objects passed over can be obtained. By monitoring signal variations across multiple sensors, the ability to sense different disturbance movement trajectories, including linear and angular trajectories, is achievable. The study will prove significant in forming an unconventional underwater perceiving method, which can back-up the sonic/optical sensors when are impaired in complex underwater environments.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of high temperatures, heat waves, and population distribution risk in China from 1951 to 2019.

Understanding the relationships between high temperatures (HT) and heat waves (HW) is vital for enhancing human health, especially in areas with dense population. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of different HT and HW intensities, their spatial influence, and the population distribution risk at different HW intensities for 844 meteorological stations between 1951 and 2019. The results indicate that (1) HT and extreme temperature (ET) days are symmetrically distributed along the Huhuanyong Line, from southeast to northwest China. The times, days, and accumulated temperatures of HW, the times, days, and accumulated temperature of strong heat waves (SHW), and the times, days, and accumulated temperature of extreme heat waves (EHW) were distributed similarly; (2) with the increase in high temperatures or heat waves from HT to ET or from HW to SHW, the proportion of stations with an upward trend was always greater in China, while stations with a downward trend were mainly located in the North China Plain and Huai River Basin. For HW, SHW, and EHW, the increasing range of times and days were less than the accumulated temperatures; (3) between 1990 and 2019, there was an expansion of the HW and SHW distribution area with an annual average of more than 10 days, and the EHW distribution area with an annual average of more than 3 days. Moreover, the number of people exposed to HW, SHW, and EHW also increased during this period; and (4) considering the population distribution characteristics and the regional HT and HW characteristics, society needs to form regional adaptation actions for different HT and HW intensities.

Self-powered and broadband opto-sensor with bionic visual adaptation function based on multilayer γ-InSe flakes.

Visual adaptation that can autonomously adjust the response to light stimuli is a basic function of artificial visual systems for intelligent bionic robots. To improve efficiency and reduce complexity, artificial visual systems with integrated visual adaptation functions based on a single device should be developed to replace traditional approaches that require complex circuitry and algorithms. Here, we have developed a single two-terminal opto-sensor based on multilayer γ-InSe flakes, which successfully emulated the visual adaptation behaviors with a new working mechanism combining the photo-pyroelectric and photo-thermoelectric effect. The device can operate in self-powered mode and exhibit good human-eye-like adaptation behaviors, which include broadband light-sensing image adaptation (from ultraviolet to near-infrared), near-complete photosensitivity recovery (99.6%), and synergetic visual adaptation, encouraging the advancement of intelligent opto-sensors and machine vision systems.

Parental detection of neonatal jaundice using a low-cost colour card: a multicentre prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Since most infants are usually discharged before age 48-72 hours, peak bilirubin levels will almost always occur after discharge. Parents may be the first to observe the onset of jaundice after discharge, but visual assessment is unreliable. The jaundice colour card (JCard) is a low-cost icterometer designed for the assessment of neonatal jaundice. The objective of this study was to evaluate parental use of JCard to detect jaundice in neonates. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study in nine sites across China. A total of 1161 newborns ≥35 weeks of gestation were enrolled in the study. Measurements of total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels were based on clinical indications. The JCard measurements by parents and paediatricians were compared with the TSB. RESULTS: JCard values of parents and paediatricians were correlated with TSB (r=0.754 and 0.788, respectively). The parents' and paediatricians' JCard values 9 had sensitivities of 95.2% vs 97.6% and specificities of 84.5% vs 71.7% for identifying neonates with TSB ≥153.9 µmol/L. The parents' and paediatricians' JCard values 15 had sensitivities of 79.9% vs 89.0% and specificities of 66.7% vs 64.9% for identifying neonates with TSB ≥256.5 µmol/L. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of parents for identifying TSB ≥119.7, ≥153.9, ≥205.2, and ≥256.5 µmol/L were 0.967, 0.960, 0.915, and 0.813, respectively, and those of paediatricians were 0.966, 0.961, 0.926 and 0.840, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.933 between parents and paediatricians. CONCLUSION: The JCard can be used to classify different levels of bilirubin, but it is less accurate with high bilirubin levels. The JCard diagnostic performance of parents was slightly lower than that of paediatricians.

Priority areas and benefits of ecosystem restoration in Beijing.

Ecological restoration can significantly improve ecosystem services and human well-being and provide a basis for regional coordinated development and ecological security. To guide restoration efforts, information on the potential benefits of restoration was required to efficiently target investments. Although the number of studies focusing on ecosystem restoration has increased in recent decades, priority areas that integrate ecological and economic benefits have yet to be identified. We developed and applied a prioritization approach to identify potential priority sites in Beijing. We used the historical environmental data on Beijing to identify areas of degradation and to assess the feasibility of restoration. Ecosystem service and quality degradation, low ecosystem quality, and soil erosion were integrated into one index to indicate the restoration importance. Potential restoration benefits were mapped using the monetary value of six ecosystem services. Based on the importance and benefits of restoration, three scenarios were developed to identify priority restoration areas. In Beijing, restoring 30% of the degraded area (1531 km2) in priority areas by 2050 could increase the annual ecological benefit by more than 5 billion yuan, or approximately 787 million USD, and could decrease the ecological degradation index by 50%. By integrating explicit spatial information on restoration importance and restoration benefits, this methodology provides a feasible way to identify restoration priority areas and assess restoration benefits.

Federated Multiagent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach via Physics-Informed Reward for Multimicrogrid Energy Management.

The utilization of large-scale distributed renewable energy (RE) promotes the development of the multimicrogrid (MMG), which raises the need of developing an effective energy management method to minimize economic costs and keep self energy sufficiency. The multiagent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) has been widely used for the energy management problem because of its real-time scheduling ability. However, its training requires massive energy operation data of microgrids (MGs), while gathering these data from different MGs would threaten their privacy and data security. Therefore, this article tackles this practical yet challenging issue by proposing a federated MADRL (F-MADRL) algorithm via the physics-informed reward. In this algorithm, the federated learning (FL) mechanism is introduced to train the F-MADRL algorithm, thus ensures the privacy and the security of data. In addition, a decentralized MMG model is built, and the energy of each participated MG is managed by an agent, which aims to minimize economic costs and keep self energy sufficiency according to the physics-informed reward. At first, MGs individually execute the self-training based on local energy operation data to train their local agent models. Then, these local models are periodically uploaded to a server and their parameters are aggregated to build a global agent, which will be broadcasted to MGs and replace their local agents. In this way, the experience of each MG agent can be shared and the energy operation data are not explicitly transmitted, thus protecting the privacy and ensuring data security. Finally, experiments are conducted on Oak Ridge National Laboratory distributed energy control communication laboratory MG (ORNL-MG) test system, and the comparisons are carried out to verify the effectiveness of introducing the FL mechanism and the outperformance of our proposed F-MADRL.

Spatiotemporal variations, influence factors, and simulation of global cooling degree days.

The cooling degree days (CDDs) can indicate the hot climatic impacts on energy consumption and thermal environment comfort effectively. Nevertheless, seldom studies focused on the spatiotemporal characteristics, influence factors, and simulation of global CDDs. This study analyzed the spatial-temporal characteristics of global CDDs from 1970 to 2018 and in the future, explored five determinants, and simulated CDDs and their interannual changing rates. The results showed that the global CDDs were generally higher at lower latitudes and altitudes. Many places experienced significant positive changes of CDDs (p < 0.05), and the rates became larger at lower latitudes and attitudes. In the future, most CDDs had the sustainability trends. Besides, significant negative partial correlations existed between not only CDDs but also their variation rates with latitude, altitude, and average enhanced vegetation index in the summer, while positive with the annual PM2.5, distance to large waterbodies (p = 0.000). Moreover, the values and variation rates of CDDs can be deduced using the generalized regression neural network method. The root-mean-square errors were 231.73 °C * days and 1.71 °C * days * year-1, respectively. These conclusions were helpful for the energy-saving for cooling with the climate change and optimization of thermal environment.

A review of the flood management: from flood control to flood resilience.

Climate change and socioeconomic developments are increasing the frequency and severity of floods. Flood management is widely recognized as an effective way to reduce the adverse consequences, and a more resilient and sustainable flood management approach has been the goal in recent studies. This study used a detailed bibliometric analysis of keywords, terms and timelines in the research field of the flood research. It provides new insight into the flood research trends, by examining the research frontiers from 2000 to 2021. We conclude that the trend of flood research has experienced a transition from flood control to flood resilience. The review shows that flood research has moved from traditional flood management, which provides mitigation strategies, to flood risk management, which provides an adaptation approach-adjusting mitigation measures, to flood resilience management, which provides a more resilient and sustainable plan to cope with flood disasters. We also present a detailed overview of the field of flood research, and review the definition of risk, risk analysis methods, flood management, flood risk management, flood resilience, and corresponding implementation strategies. We conclude that integrating the concept of resilience into the framework of risk management is a better approach in future flood management directions. Consequently, appropriate options and decisions prior to disaster, during disaster, and post-disaster will effectively reduce the adverse consequences using the theory of risk, resilience, and sustainability.

Engineering Relaxation-Paths of C-Exciton for Constructing Band Nesting Bypass in WS2 Monolayer.

Transition-metal dichalcogenides exhibit strong photon absorption characteristics in the band nesting region (denoted as C-exciton) due to intrinsic van Hove singularities despite being atomically thin. However, because of unique parallel band structure and ineluctably unfavorable recombination process, only a small fraction of the hot carriers from C-excitons are converted into optically active band-edge excitons via inherent relaxation-paths. The resultant photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is severely suppressed for the resonant excitation of C-exciton. To overcome this limitation, we have designed double type-I band alignments to construct a band nesting bypass in a monolayer WS2/CdS quantum dot heterostructure for cooling the C-excitons. Transient optical measurements confirmed that the hot carriers from the C-excitons were effectively transferred from WS2 to CdS with an efficiency of 50% and subsequently back to the WS2 band-edge to form A-excitons over an ultrafast subpicosecond time scale, accompanied by a record high PLQY of ∼11.1% for near-resonance C-exciton excitation.

Directed exfoliating and ordered stacking of transition-metal-dichalcogenides.

Two-dimensional van der Waals crystals provide a limitless scope for designing novel combinations of physical properties by controlling the stacking order or twist angle of individual layers. Lattice orientation between stacked monolayers is significant not only for breaking the engineering symmetry but also for the study of many-body quantum phases and band topology. Thus far the state-of-the-art exfoliation approaches focus on the achievements of quality, size, yield, and scalability, while lacking sufficient information on lattice orientation. Consequently, interlayer alignment is usually determined by later experiments, such as the second harmonic generation spectroscopy, which increase the number of trials and errors for a designed artificial ordering and hampered the efficiency of systematic study. Herein, we report a lattice orientation distinguishable exfoliation method via gold favor epitaxy along the specific atomic step edges, meanwhile, fulfilling the requirements of high-quality, large-size, and high-yield monolayers. Hexagonal- and rhombohedral-stacking configurations of bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides are built directly at once as a result of foreseeing the lattice orientation. Optical spectroscopy, electron diffraction, and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy are used to study crystal quality, symmetric breaking, and band tuning, which support the exfoliating mechanism we proposed. This strategy shows the ability to facilitate the development of ordering stacking especially for multilayers assembling in the future.

CRB-SWATH: A Method for Enhancing Untargeted Precursor Ion Extraction and Automatically Constructing Their Tandem Mass Spectra from SWATH Datasets by Chromatographic Retention Behaviors.

Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra (SWATH) as a typical data-independent acquisition (DIA) strategy is favorable for untargeted metabolomics. It could theoretically acquire product ions of all precursor ions, including precursor ions showing chromatographic peaks of rather poor qualities. However, existing data processing methods present limited capabilities in capturing poor-quality peaks of precursor ions. Thus, although their product ions could be acquired, their precursor ions are absent. Here, we present a new strategy, chromatographic retention behavior-SWATH (CRB-SWATH), that could unbiasedly capture poor-quality peaks and provide high resolutions of multiplexed mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) spectra in SWATH datasets. CRB-SWATH monitors CRBs of SWATH-MS signals under a series of altered elution gradients. As signals of compounds differ from noise by showing CRBs, both the precursor and fragment ions are captured, while ignoring their peak qualities. Moreover, CRB-SWATH offers good chances to resolve highly multiplexed MS/MS spectra in SWATH datasets because precursor ions coeluted in a single elution gradient often present different CRBs. In the untargeted metabolic analysis of Hela cell extracts, CRB-SWATH showed the advantage in exclusively capturing 2645 ions of poor-quality peaks (i.e., tiny peaks, discontinuous ion traces, tailing peaks, zigzag peaks, etc.), accounting for 34.4% of all the untargeted precursor ions extracted. Therein, it is noteworthy that among 2116 negative ions detected in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode, 1284 poor-quality ion peaks (>60%) were exclusively captured by CRB-SWATH. As CRB-SWATH automatically captures a large sum of true ion peaks of poor qualities, extracts MS/MS spectra of high purities, and provides chromatographic retention behaviors of untargeted metabolites for identification and classification, it could be a useful metabolomics tool for understanding biological phenomena better.

Spatial-Temporal Changes and Associated Determinants of Global Heating Degree Days.

The heating degree days (HDDs) could indicate the climate impact on energy consumption and thermal environment conditions effectively during the winter season. Nevertheless, studies on the spatial-temporal changes in global HDDs and their determinants are scarce. This study used multi-source data and several methods to explore the rules of the spatial distribution of global HDDs and their interannual changes over the past 49 years and some critical determinants. The results show that global HDDs generally became larger in regions with higher latitudes and altitudes. Most global change rates of HDDs were negative (p < 0.10) and decreased to a greater extent in areas with higher latitudes. Most global HDDs showed sustainability trends in the future. Both the HDDs and their change rates were significantly partially correlated with latitude, altitude, mean albedo, and EVI during winter, annual mean PM2.5 concentration, and nighttime light intensity (p = 0.000). The HDDs and their change rates could be simulated well by the machine learning method. Their RMSEs were 564.08 °C * days and 3.59 °C * days * year-1, respectively. Our findings could support the scientific response to climate warming, the construction of living environments, sustainable development, etc.

Matching Ecosystem Services Supply and Demand through Land Use Optimization: A Study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Megacity.

Shortfalls and mismatches between the supply and demand of ecosystem services (ES) can be detrimental to human wellbeing. Studies focused on these problems have increased in recent decades, but few have applied land use optimization to reduce such spatial mismatches. This study developed a methodology to identify ES mismatches and then use these mismatches as objectives for land use optimization. The methodology was applied to the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao "Greater Bay Area" (GBA), a megacity of over 70 million people and one of the world's largest urban agglomerations. Considering the demand for a healthy and secure living environment among city-dwellers, we focused on three ES: heat mitigation, flood mitigation, and recreational services. The results showed large spatial heterogeneity in supply and demand for these three ES. However, compared to current conditions in the GBA, our model showed that optimized land use allocation could better match the supply and demand for heat mitigation (number of beneficiaries increased by 15%), flood mitigation (amount of population exposed to flood damage decreased by 37%), and recreation (number of beneficiaries increased by 14%). By integrating land use allocation and spatial mismatch analysis, this methodology provides a feasible way to align ES supply and demand to advance urban and regional sustainability.

A Review of Studies Involving the Effects of Climate Change on the Energy Consumption for Building Heating and Cooling.

The world is faced with significant climate change, rapid urbanization, massive energy consumption, and tremendous pressure to reduce greenhouse gases. Building heating and cooling is one primary source of energy consumption and anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. First, this review presents previous studies that estimate the specific amount of climate change impact on building heating and cooling energy consumption, using the statistical method, physical model method, comprehensive assessment model method, and the combination method of statistical and physical model methods. Then, because the heating and cooling degree days indices can simply and reliably indicate the effects of climate on building heating and cooling energy consumption, previous studies were reviewed from the aspects of heating and cooling degree days indices, regional spatial-temporal variations in degree days and related indices, influencing factors of the spatial distributions of degree days, and the impacts of urbanization on degree days. Finally, several potential key issues or research directions were presented according to the research gaps or fields that need to be studied further in the future, such as developing methods to simply and accurately estimate the specified amounts of climate change impact on building cooling and heating energy consumption; using more effective methods to analyze the daytime, nighttime, and all-day spatial-temporal changes in different seasons in the past and future under various environment contexts by considering not only the air temperature but also the relative humidity, solar radiation, population, etc., and further exploring the corresponding more kinds of driving forces, including the various remotely sensed indices, albedo, nighttime light intensity, etc.; estimating the daytime, nighttime, and all-day impacts of urbanization on heating degree days (HDDs), cooling degree days (CDDs), and their sum (HDDs + CDDs) for vast cities in different environmental contexts at the station site, city, regional and global scales; producing and sharing of the related datasets; and analyzing the subsequent effects induced by climate change on the energy consumption for building heating and cooling, etc.

Evaluating Cultural Ecosystem Services of Urban Residential Green Spaces From the Perspective of Residents' Satisfaction With Green Space.

Green spaces in residential areas provide multiple cultural ecosystem services (CES), which can contribute to human health by increasing the frequency of residents' visits. We evaluated the CES of residential green spaces by assessing residents' satisfaction with these spaces in the city of Zhengzhou, China. The data reveal the supply capacity of CES in residential green spaces: the results suggest that the level of recreational services is low, whereas the residents' satisfaction with the sense of place and neighborhood relations is high. The lower the frequency of residents who visit a park outside the residential area, the higher the satisfaction with the CES. This suggests that residential green spaces can effectively compensate for the lack of nearby parks owing to their proximity to residents' living quarters. The CES in residential communities increased as vegetation coverage increased, indicating that natural vegetation is a source of CES. In addition, the results showed that residents' perceptions of plant decoration, landscape patterns, and management and infrastructure in particular can effectively improve the level of CES, and this could compensate for CES that have shrunk owing to low green space coverage. This study has practical significance and value for the planning and design of residential green spaces, offering suggestions for urban landscape planners and decision makers. Future research should combine the residents' perception of demand and supply of CES and should clarify the gap and trade-off between them.

Enhanced Carrier-Exciton Interactions in Monolayer MoS2 under Applied Voltages.

Carrier-exciton interactions in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is one of the crucial elements for limiting the performance of their optoelectronic devices. Here, we have experimentally studied the carrier-exciton interactions in a monolayer MoS2-based two-terminal device. Such two-terminal device without a gate electrode is generally considered as invalid to modulate the carrier concentration in active materials, while the photoluminescence peak exhibits a red shift and decay with increasing applied voltages. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy and photoluminescence multipeak fittings verify that such changes of photoluminescence peaks result from enhanced carrier-exciton interactions with increasing electron concentration induce the charged exciton increasing. To characterize the level of the carrier-exciton interactions, a quantitative relationship between the Raman shift of out-of-plane mode and changes in electron concentration has been established using the mass action model. This work provides an appropriate supplement for understanding the carrier-exciton interactions in TMD-based two-terminal optoelectronic devices.

Spatial-temporal risk assessment of urbanization impacts on ecosystem services based on pressure-status - response framework.

Rapid urbanization is a global phenomenon that has altered many ecosystems, generating ecological risks such as causing a decline in many ecosystem services. In this study, ecosystem service oriented risk assessment combined with PSR were quantifying how urbanization influences the ecosystem services about Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration of China between 2000 year and 2010 year. The mean value of ecosystem services in three gradient (rural areas, suburban, and urban area) declined from 4.12 Yuan/m2 to 1.75 Yuan/m2 in 2000 year, while the mean value in 2010 year showed significant decrease and also represented urban-rural gradient. The average of pressure in PSR framework increased from 0.145 to 0.162 between two periods, while the average of status decrease from 0.378 to 0.311, and the status value decrease from 0.096 to 0.087. The higher risk degree V increased 6.95% between two periods, while the lower risk degree I decrease 6.89%. Two main types including high value gathering field and low value gathering field existed between two periods, the higher gathering field owned the ratio of 9.85%, mainly distributed around the urban area of Beijing and Tianjin, while the lower gathering field possess the ratio of 10.69%, mainly distributed in the northern and western in region. Overall, the analytical framework proposed in this study can provide comprehensive information to evaluate the impacts of complex practice in land-use planning and region ecosystem management.

Engineering fluorescence intensity and electron concentration of monolayer MoS2 by forming heterostructures with semiconductor dots.

In this work, novel 2D/0D hybrid heterostructures with facilely adjustable fluorescence intensity and carrier concentration are achieved by decorating monolayer MoS2 (1L-MoS2) flakes with semiconductor-dots (carbon-dots or ZnO-dots). By carbon-dot decoration, the fluorescence intensity of 1L-MoS2 is significantly suppressed due to the n-type doping effect of electron transfer from carbon-dots to 1L-MoS2. In contrast, 1L-MoS2 decorated with ZnO-dots exhibits remarkably enhanced photoluminescence, because of the effective p-type doping modulation of electron transfer from 1L-MoS2 to ZnO-dots. The different charge transfer directions lie in the distinct energy band alignment of the two heterostructures. Raman, time-resolved photoluminescence and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies prove the effective charge transfer between 1L-MoS2 and carbon-dots/ZnO-dots. Semi-quantitative estimations based on a mass-action-model demonstrate that the electron concentration in 1L-MoS2 can be controllably tuned from 1012 to 1014 cm-2via the p-type/n-type doping effect of these hybrid heterostructures.