A Novel Parallel Wire-based Antegrade Dissection Re-entry Technique for Failed Retrograde Attempt of Coronary Chronic Total Occlusions with Risk Nomogram Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Rapid development in coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) interventional techniques and devices have achieved a greater success rate with favorable outcomes. Antegrade dissection re-entry (ADR) technique is an important CTO crossing strategy and a desirable approach for long CTOs with good distal landing zone. However, unsuccessful procedures in contemporary CTO-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remain, especially in lesions with non-interventional collaterals. METHOD: Based on a single center experience, a hybrid interventional algorithm, parallel wire-based ADR (PW-ADR) combines the advantages of parallel wire technique (PWT) and device-based ADR to target CTO lesions with failed retrograde approach. A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent PW-ADR was performed. A risk nomogram was created to identify patients at high risk for technical failure. RESULTS: A total of 57 patients treated with PW-ADR were ultimately included in the present study. A total of 46 (80.7%) cases achieved technical success and procedural success, with low incidence of in-hospital complications or 1-year major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The risk nomogram identified 3 predictor variables associated with technical failure of PW-ADR, including tortuous vessel, J-CTO score, and times of antegrade coronary angiography (CAG) during ADR, with promising accuracy (AUROC 0.947). CONCLUSION: The novel hybrid CTO-PCI algorithm, PW-ADR, provided an alternative interventional approach for complex CTO lesions with a promising success rate. The risk nomogram served as a prompter for high-risk cases, which may warrant a change in treatment strategy.

The present study reported a new hybrid-PCI strategy with a promising success rate for the treatment of CTO from a single center experience, over last 5 years. A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent PW-ADR was performed. A risk nomogram was created to identify patients at high risk for technical failure. 80.7% of patients treated with PW-ADR were achieved technical success and procedural success, with low incidence of in-hospital complications or 1-year MACE in the present study. A total of 3 predictor variables were identified to be associated with technical failure of PW-ADR, including tortuous vessel, J-CTO score, and times of antegrade CAG during ADR. This prediction tool may allow early identification of more complex and difficult CTO cases that require a timely switch in strategic approach or termination of the procedure to avoid unnecessary surgical risk.

Soluble interleukin-2 receptor predicts acute kidney injury and in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common and critical complication in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study aims to evaluate the significance of elevated soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) levels in predicting AKI and mortality. METHODS: A total of 446 patients with AMI were enrolled between January 2020 and July 2022, including 58 patients with AKI and 388 without AKI. The sIL-2R levels were measured using a commercially available chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the risk factors for AKI. Discrimination was assessed based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The model was internally validated using 10-fold cross-validation. RESULTS: During hospitalization, 13% of patients developed AKI following AMI, with higher sIL-2R levels (0.61 ± 0.27 U/L vs. 0.42 ± 0.19 U/L, p = 0.003) and in-hospital all-cause mortality (12.1% vs. 2.6%, P < 0.001). The sIL-2R levels emerged as an independent risk factor for both AKI (OR = 5.08, 95% CI (1.04-24.84, p < 0.045) and in-hospital all-cause mortality (OR = 73.57,95% CI 10.24-528.41, p < 0.001) in AMI patients. The sIL-2R levels were found to be useful biomarkers in prediction of AKI and in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients with AMI (AUC: 0.771 and 0.894, respectively). The respective cutoff values for sIL-2R levels in predicting AKI and in-hospital all-cause mortality were determined to be 0.423 U/L and 0.615 U/L. CONCLUSIONS: The level of sIL-2R was an independent risk factor and predictor for both AKI and in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients with AMI. These findings highlight the potential of sIL-2R as a valuable tool for identifying high-risk patients regarding AKI and in-hospital mortality.

A novel tapered guide extension catheter facilitated successful completion of complex percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Guide extension catheters (GEC) are widely applied to cope with insufficient backup support in complex percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the study, we aim to evaluate the feasibility and safety with a novel 5-4F tapered GEC used in complex lesion. METHODS: The single-center retrospective study enrolled a total of 615 patients, in whom the 5F or 5-4F Expressman GEC was used to facilitate PCI procedure. Demographic and procedural data were collected. RESULTS: 5F GEC was used in 295 patients and 5-4F tapered GEC in 320 patients. The average age was 63.6 ± 11.0 years and 81.6% of the patients were male. Severe calcification and chronic total occlusion (CTO) were the commonest indication for the GEC use. The 5-4F tapered GEC was frequently used in active greeting technique (AGT) during CTO intervention procedure than 5F GEC (6.1% vs. 13.1%, p < 0.001). The average depth of intubation was 41.5 ± 19.6 mm for the 5-4F tapered GEC and 24.4 ± 15.1 mm for 5F GEC (p < 0.001). The rate of successful device delivery with 5-4F GEC was higher than 5F GEC (95.6% vs. 98.4%, p = 0.037). Pressure damping with 5F GEC occurred frequently than 5-4F GEC (7.4% vs. 2.5%, p < 0.05). Similarly, the incidence of intraoperative hypotension was higher in 5F GEC than 5-4F GEC (4.7% vs.1.9%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The novel 5-4F tapered GEC was superior to the 5F GEC in facilitating successful completion of PCI in the majority of patients with complex lesions via transradial approach.

Early Goal-Directed Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Patients with Cardiorenal Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to clarify the efficacy of early goal-directed renal replacement therapy (GDRRT) for treatment of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) patients after acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS: In the retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 54 patients in the early GDRRT group and 63 patients in the late GDRRT group. Baseline characteristics, clinical data at initiation renal replacement therapy time, and the clinical outcome were collected and several parameters were compared and analyzed between 2 groups. RESULTS: The urine volume at GDRRT initiation time in the early group was higher than that in the late GDRRT group (1,060.3 ± 332.1 vs. 300.5 ± 148.3 mL, p < 0.001). Hemodynamic parameters such as mean artery pressure were higher (70.06 ± 32.99 vs. 54.34 ± 40.88 mm Hg, p = 0.012), the heart rate was slower (80.17 ± 15.26 vs. 99.21 ± 25.45 bpm, p = 0.002), and the diameter of inferior vena cava was narrower (22.00 ± 1.91 vs. 25.77 ± 5.5 mm, p = 0.04) in early GDRRT. Primary end point was inhospital all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality, which was obviously lower in the early GDRRT group (respectively 24.1 vs. 60.3%, p = 0.002 and 20.3 vs. 50.8%, p = 0.005). The second end point of kidney recovery in the early GDRRT group was much better than that in the latter GDRRT group (p = 0.018). Moreover, urine volume after GDRRT of the early group was more significant than that of the late group (1,432 ± 172 vs. 702 ± 183 mL, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study clarified the effectiveness of the early GDRRT strategy in ADHF patients suffered from CRS, which reduced inhospital mortality and improved the urine output and clinical kidney recovery outcome.

Plasma Heat Shock Protein 70 Is Associated With the Onset of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Total Occlusion in Target Vessels.

Background: Whether the role of plasma heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is protective or detrimental remains debated, and the relationship between HSP70 and total occlusion remains elusive. Methods: A total of 112 patients with primary diagnosis of AMI and 52 patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) were enrolled into the study. Plasma HSP70 level was determined by ELISA on day 1 and day 7 after the onset of AMI and was examined before angiography in patients with CCS. Peak NT-proBNP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin T (cTnT), and left ventricular ejection fraction were measured. Results: Plasma HSP70 was significantly higher in CCS than AMI (P < 0.0001), and it showed a significant decrease from day 1 to day 7 after AMI (P < 0.01). Elevated HSP70 was associated with decreased levels of LDL-C (P < 0.05), peak cTnT (R = -0.3578, P < 0.0001), peak NT-proBNP (R = -0.3583, P < 0.0001), and peak CRP (R = -0.3539, P < 0.0001) and a lower diagnosis of AMI (R = -0.4016, P < 0.0001) and STEMI (R = -0.3675, P < 0.0001), but a higher diagnosis of total occlusion in target vessels (R = 0.1702, P < 0.05). HSP70 may provide certain predictive value for the diagnosis of AMI, STEMI, and total occlusion in target vessels, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.7660, 0.7152, and 0.5984, respectively. HSP70 was also negatively associated with in-hospital stay (P < 0.001) and positively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at 1-year follow-up (P < 0.05), despite no association with in-hospital major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Conclusion: Plasma HSP70 level was found to decrease from day 1 to day 7 post-AMI, but the overall level of patients with AMI was lower than that of patients with CCS. However, the ability of HSP70 to identify clinically significant AMI and STEMI was moderate, and the predictive value to total occlusion was slight.

A reverse Mulholland-type inequality in the whole plane.

We present a new reverse Mulholland-type inequality in the whole plane with a best possible constant factor by introducing multiparameters, applying weight coefficients, and using the Hermite-Hadamard inequality. Moreover, we consider equivalent forms and some particular cases.

Endothelial­to­mesenchymal transition in human idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left ventricular dilation and cardiac fibrosis. Emerging evidence indicated that endothelial­to­mesenchymal transition (Endo­MT) is a crucial event during organ fibrosis. This study was performed to clarify whether Endo­MT contributed to the progression of cardiac fibrosis in DCM. Cardiac samples from patients with DCM and control were obtained. The presence of endothelial markers, cluster of differentiation (CD)31 and vascular endothelial (VE)­cadherin, and mesenchymal markers, α smooth muscle actin (SMA) and fibroblast­specific protein 1 (FSP1) was performed using immunohistochemistry. Co­localization of endothelial markers and mesenchymal markers were identified using confocal immunofluorescence staining. Serum procollagen type I carboxy­terminal propeptide (PICP) and procollagen type III amino­terminal propeptide (PIIINP) were measured by ELISA. Protein levels of Wnt, ß­catenin and Snail were determined using western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry and double­immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the expression of CD31 and VE­cadherin were significantly decreased in DCM samples, whereas the FSP­1, and αSMA were significantly increased. CD31 and VE­cadherin labeling indexes were respectively negatively correlated with left ventricular end­diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (CD31 r=­0.82, P<0.01; VE­cadherin r=-0.73, P<0.01), while FSP­1 and αSMA were positively associated with LVEDD (αSMA r=0.65, P<0.01, FSP1 r=0.53, P<0.01) and left ventricular ejection fraction (αSMA r=­0.18, P<0.05; FSP1 r=­0.21, P<0.05). Furthermore, PICP and PIIINP levels were positively associated with the co­expression labeling indexes (CD31/SMA co­labeling index and PICP r=0.727, P<0.01; CD31/SMA co­labeling index and PIIINP r=0.741, P<0.01; VE­Cadherin/FSP­1 co­labeling index and PICP r=0.716, P<0.01; VE­cadherin/FSP­1 co­labeling index and PIIINP r=0.648, P<0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that proteins levels of Wnt signaling and snail were significantly increased in DCM samples. These results suggested that Endo­MT is potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial fibrosis and remodeling during the development of DCM, indicating a potential therapeutic target for DCM treatment.

On Hardy-type integral inequalities with the gamma function.

By means of real analysis and weight functions, we obtain a few equivalent conditions of two kinds of Hardy-type integral inequalities with the non-homogeneous kernel and parameters. The constant factors related to the gamma function are proved to be the best possible. We also consider the operator expressions and some cases of homogeneous kernel.

Olmesartan attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and improves cardiac diastolic function in spontaneously hypertensive rats through inhibition of calcineurin pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether olmesartan ameliorates cardiac diastolic dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) through calcineurin pathway. METHODS: Twenty-four male SHRs of 6 months were divided into saline- (n = 12) and olmesartan-treated (n = 12) groups. Age-matched WKY (n = 12) rats served as controls. Saline (10 mL·kg·d) or the same volume of olmesartan liquor (2.5 mg·kg·d) was administered by gavage for 3 months. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, cardiac structure, and function and histological studies were determined. Expression of calcineurin and downstream NFAT3 were also detected. RESULTS: Compared with age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats, SHRs of 6 months exhibited evident cardiac hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction as demonstrated by elevated systolic blood pressure and E/E', decreased E/A and E'/A', while F, left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening remained unimpaired. Treatment with olmesartan significantly decreased systolic blood pressure and ventricular hypertrophy, attenuated fibrosis, and improved diastolic function (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, both calcineurin and NFAT3 expressions were downregulated in olmesartan group compared with the other 2 groups (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the beneficial effect of olmesartan on cardiac structure and diastolic dysfunction, and it may be mediated through calcineurin pathway. This indicates a new therapeutic target for diastolic dysfunction.

Impaired cardiac microvascular endothelial cells function induced by Coxsackievirus B3 infection and its potential role in cardiac fibrosis.

CVB3 virus tropism and tissue access are modulated by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMVECs) in the context of microvasculature. This study was designed to examine biological behaviors of CMVECs following CVB3 infection and its possible effects on cardiac remodeling. Data demonstrated that CVB3 increased caspase-3 activities, Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and TGF-ß1 levels in CMVECs, accompanying with elevated microvascular permeability. Double immunofluorescence revealed co-localization of endothelial markers (CD31 and VE-cadherin) and mesenchymal markers (FSP1 and αSMA) in infected CMVECs. Western blot demonstrated that CVB3 significantly decreased the expression of endothelial markers and increased the expression of mesenchymal markers, which were reversed by SB431542 (inhibitor of TGF-ß1), indicating that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition following CVB3 infection was probably induced by CMVECs-derived TGF-ß1. Excess extracellular matrix was produced by myocardial cells incubated with supernatants of infected CMVECs. Our results displayed that CVB3 induced notable biological changes of CMVECs, which may contribute to cardiac fibrosis.

Transfer of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells influences vascular remodeling and calcification after balloon injury in hyperlipidemic rats.

Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were found to markedly increase atherosclerotic lesion size. The aim of this paper was to investigate whether BM-MSCs contribute to vascular remodeling and calcification after balloon injury in hyperlipidemic rats. Labeled BM-MSCs were found in the lesion of hyperlipidemic rats after balloon injury. Comparing injury group, transferred BM-MSCs significantly triggered vascular negative remodeling, characterized by the changes of remodeling index (0.628 ± 0.0293 versus 0.544 ± 0.0217), neointimal area (0.078 ± 0.015 mm(2) versus 0.098 ± 0.019 mm(2)), PCNA index (23.91 ± 6.59% versus 43.11 ± 5.31%), and percentage of stenosis (18.20 ± 1.09% versus 30.58 ± 1.21%). Apparent vascular calcification was detected in medial layers at 6 weeks after balloon angioplasty, which may be associated with upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Our data indicated that unselected BM-MSCs transfer may induce vascular remodeling and calcification after balloon injury in hyperlipidemic rats.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 deficiency aggravates cardiac dysfunction elicited by endoplasmic reticulum stress induction.

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) has been characterized as an important mediator of endogenous cytoprotection in the heart. This study was designed to examine the role of ALDH2 knockout (KO) in the regulation of cardiac function after endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Wild-type (WT) and ALDH2 KO mice were subjected to a tunicamycin challenge, and the echocardiographic property was examined. Protein levels of six items--78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit α (p-eIF2α), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), phosphorylation of Akt, p47(phox) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and 4-hydroxynonenal--were determined by using Western blot analysis. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were estimated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and caspase-3 activity, respectively. ALDH2 deficiency exacerbated cardiac contractile dysfunction and promoted ER stress after ER stress induction, manifested by the changes of ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In vitro study revealed that tunicamycin significantly upregulated the levels of GRP78, p-eIF2α, CHOP, p47(phox) NADPH oxidase and 4-hydroxynonenal, which was exacerbated by ALDH2 knockdown and abolished by ALDH2 overexpression, respectively. Overexpression of ALDH2 abrogated tunicamycin-induced dephosphorylation Akt. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase using LY294002 did not affect ALDH2-conferred protection against ER stress, although LY294002 reversed the antiapoptotic action of ALDH2 associated with p47(phox) NADPH oxidase. These results suggest a pivotal role of ALDH2 in the regulation of ER stress and ER stress-induced apoptosis. The protective role of ALDH2 against ER stress-induced cell death was probably mediated by Akt via a p47(phox) NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. These findings indicate the critical role of ALDH2 in the pathogenesis of ER stress in heart disease.