Transitions of care between jail-based medications for opioid use disorder and ongoing treatment in the community: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Offering medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) in carceral settings significantly reduces overdose. However, it is unknown to what extent individuals in jails continue MOUD once they leave incarceration. We aimed to assess the relationship between in-jail MOUD and MOUD continuity in the month following release. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of linked NYC jail-based electronic health records and community Medicaid OUD treatment claims for individuals with OUD discharged from jail between 2011 and 2017. We compared receipt of MOUD within 30 days of release, among those with and without MOUD at release from jail. We tested for effect modification based on MOUD receipt prior to incarceration and assessed factors associated with treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: Of 28,298 eligible incarcerations, 52.8 % received MOUD at release. 30 % of incarcerations with MOUD at release received community-based MOUD within 30 days, compared to 7 % of incarcerations without MOUD (Risk Ratio: 2.62 (2.44-2.82)). Most (69 %) with MOUD claims prior to incarceration who received in-jail MOUD continued treatment in the community, compared to 9 % of those without prior MOUD. Those who received methadone (vs. buprenorphine), were younger, Non-Hispanic Black and with no history of MOUD were less likely to continue MOUD following release. CONCLUSIONS: MOUD maintenance in jail is strongly associated with MOUD continuity upon release. Still, findings highlight a gap in treatment continuity upon-reentry, especially among those who initiate MOUD in jail. In the wake of worsening overdose deaths and troubling disparities, improving MOUD continuity among this population remains an urgent priority.

Impact of jail-based methadone or buprenorphine treatment on non-fatal opioid overdose after incarceration.

BACKGROUND: Non-fatal overdose is a leading predictor of subsequent fatal overdose. For individuals who are incarcerated, the risk of experiencing an overdose is highest when transitioning from a correctional setting to the community. We assessed if enrollment in jail-based medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is associated with lower risk of non-fatal opioid overdoses after jail release among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of adults with OUD who were incarcerated in New York City jails and received MOUD or did not receive any MOUD (out-of-treatment) within the last three days before release to the community in 2011-2017. The outcome was the first non-fatal opioid overdose emergency department (ED) visit within 1 year of jail release during 2011-2017. Covariates included demographic, clinical, incarceration-related, and other characteristics. We performed multivariable cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to compare the risk of non-fatal opioid overdose ED visits within 1 year after jail release between groups. RESULTS: MOUD group included 8660 individuals with 17,119 incarcerations; out-of-treatment group included 10,163 individuals with 14,263 incarcerations. Controlling for covariates and accounting for competing risks, in-jail MOUD was associated with lower non-fatal opioid overdose risk within 14 days after jail release (adjusted HR=0.49, 95% confidence interval=0.33-0.74). We found no significant differences 15-28, 29-56, or 57-365 days post-release. CONCLUSION: MOUD group had lower risk of non-fatal opioid overdose immediately after jail release. Wider implementation of MOUD in US jails could potentially reduce post-release overdoses, ED utilization, and associated healthcare costs.

Jail-based medication for opioid use disorder and patterns of reincarceration and acute care use after release: A sequence analysis.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with methadone and buprenorphine medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) during incarceration may lead to better community re-entry, but evidence on these relationships have been mixed. We aimed to identify community re-entry patterns and examine the association between in-jail MOUD and a pattern of successful reentry defined by rare occurrence of reincarceration and preventable healthcare utilization. METHODS: Data came from a retrospective, observational cohort study of 6066 adults with opioid use disorder who were incarcerated in New York City jails and released to the community during 2011-14. An outcome was community re-entry patterns identified by sequence analysis of 3-year post-release reincarceration, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations. An exposure was receipt of in-jail MOUD versus out-of-treatment (42 % vs. 58 %) for the last 3 days before discharge. The study accounted for differences in baseline demographic, clinical, behavioral, housing, and criminal legal characteristics between in-jail MOUD and out-of-treatment groups via propensity score matching. RESULTS: This study identified five re-entry patterns: stability (64 %), hospitalization (23 %), delayed reincarceration (7 %), immediate reincarceration (4 %), and continuous incarceration (2 %). After addressing confounding, 64 % and 57 % followed the stability pattern among MOUD and out-of-treatment groups who were released from jail in 2011, respectively. In 2012-14, the prevalence of following the stability pattern increased year-by-year while a consistently higher prevalence was observed among those with in-jail MOUD. CONCLUSIONS: Sequence analysis helped define post-release stability based on health and criminal legal system involvement. Receipt of in-jail MOUD was associated with a marker of successful community re-entry.

Early Effects of the New York City Paid Safe and Sick Leave Law.

CONTEXT: Paid sick leave (PSL) is a public health strategy associated with benefits for workers, businesses, and consumers. In the absence of a federal law, in 2014, New York City (NYC) joined other state and municipal governments with local PSL policies. OBJECTIVES: To examine changes in PSL after the implementation of NYC's 2014 Paid Safe and Sick Leave Law and to assess which communities remain less likely to use PSL. DESIGN: This study uses data from multiple panels of the NYC Longitudinal Survey of Wellbeing (NYC-LSW)-a population-representative study of NYC adults-to track changes in PSL, using data collected before and after NYC's Paid Safe and Sick Leave Law was implemented. We use weighted cross-tabulations and multinomial logistic regression models to assess changes in payment for sick leave since the implementation of the law. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The study includes 2985 NYC adults aged 18 to 64 years who reported working for pay in the year preceding the survey where PSL questions were asked (2014-2019). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Use of sick leave and payment for sick leave. RESULTS: Weighted descriptive results show a 7-percentage-point increase ( P = .02) in the rate of being paid for all sick days and a 6-percentage-point decrease ( P = .02) in not being paid for any sick days. Results from multinomial logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders, show that after implementation of the law, workers with low levels of education, who are younger, Latino, and foreign-born remain less likely than their peers to use PSL. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that the PSL mandate expanded access for employees but not evenly across groups. These results offer guidance to other jurisdictions implementing PSL policies, suggesting the need for targeted education and enforcement efforts to ensure policies reach sectors where low-wage workers are most prevalent.

Increases In COVID-19 Vaccination Among NYC Municipal Employees After Implementation Of Vaccination Requirements.

In July 2021 New York City (NYC) instituted a requirement for all municipal employees to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or undergo weekly testing. The city eliminated the testing option November 1 of that year. We used general linear regression to compare changes in weekly primary vaccination series completion among NYC municipal employees ages 18-64 living in the city and a comparison group of all other NYC residents in this age group during May-December 2021. The rate of change in vaccination prevalence among NYC municipal employees was greater than that of the comparison group only after the testing option was eliminated (employee slope = 12.0; comparison slope = 5.3). Among racial and ethnic groups, the rate of change in vaccination prevalence among municipal employees was higher than the comparison group for Black and White people. The requirements were associated with narrowing the gap in vaccination prevalence between municipal employees and the comparison group overall and between Black municipal employees and employees from other racial and ethnic groups. Workplace requirements are a promising strategy for increasing vaccination among adults and reducing racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination uptake.

Behavioral and social determinants of early childhood caries among Palestinian preschoolers in Jerusalem area: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: This study came to determine the prevalence of Early Childhood Carries (ECC) among preschoolers in a marginalized population and describe the influence of behavioral and social determinants on the development of ECC. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that was carried out in four random preschools in the Jerusalem Governorate of the Occupied Palestinian Territories. All children aged 3-5 years old in the selected schools were screened for ECC using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (dmft). Data on children's socio-economic, feeding habits, hygiene habits, access to care, parental level of stress, social support, and locus of control were collected by a validated questionnaire sent to the children's main caregivers. Descriptive statistics were generated and bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to explain the influence of different behavioral and social determinants on ECC levels. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty-seven preschoolers completed the questionnaire and the clinical screening. Ninety-seven percent (n = 447) had experienced dental decay, with an average dmft score of 6.6 ± 4.3. After accounting for potential confounding, parents' internal locus of control was associated with lower dental caries among children (IRR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.97, 0.98). Having routine, preventive visits versus never seeing a dentist were associated with lower dmft scores (IRR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.52). Night feeding habits (putting things other than water in the baby bottle at night, having children sleep while being breastfed at night) were positively associated with children's dental caries (IRR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.09: IRR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.29, respectively). Not adding sugar to the bottle was negatively associated with children's dental caries (IRR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.74, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: Preschoolers in this study suffered from high dental caries experience. Although infant feeding habits were key factors in explaining the elevated level of the disease, system and socio-psychological factors were also detrimental to ECC prevalence. Policies and interventions to alleviate the burden of ECC need to address socioeconomic determinants of health in addition to feeding and hygiene practices.

Emotional distress and risk of dental caries: Evaluating effect modification by chronic conditions among low-income African American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan.

Background/aim: Limited research has been conducted regarding the association between mental illness and dental caries. We studied the impact of emotional distress on current and new dental caries among low-income African-American caregivers in Detroit, Michigan and if this association was mediated by poor oral hygiene and sugar consumption and modified by a chronic health condition. Methods: Data came from Detroit Dental Health Project, a prospective cohort study of low-income African American caregivers and their children. We focused on baseline (n = 1,021) and 4-year follow-up participants (n = 614). Dental caries were assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. The study outcomes included two baseline caries outcomes (counts of non-cavitated lesions, baseline counts of cavitated lesions) and two outcomes of new caries over 4 years (new cavitated lesions and new non-cavitated lesions). The exposure was emotional distress. We performed multivariable quasi-Poisson regression analysis to test the association between emotional distress and caries. We tested effect modification by stratifying data by chronic health conditions and performed causal mediation analysis to test an indirect effect of oral hygiene and sugar consumption. Results: Ninety six percent of the caregivers were female, and their average age was 28 years old. Thirteen percent reported emotional distress at baseline. After accounting for potential confounding, emotional distress was positively associated with cavitated lesions at baseline (IRR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.70). Among those with a chronic health condition, stronger association was observed (IRR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.27, 2.35). After 4 years, those with emotional distress and chronic health conditions had an increased risk of developing non-cavitated carious lesions (IRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.88). Poor oral hygiene explained 51% of the association between emotional distress and baseline cavitated lesions (natural indirect effect = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.33), but there was no evidence for an indirect effect of sugar consumption. Conclusion: In this group of young, African-American caregivers with low socioeconomic status, dental caries was associated with emotional distress. This association was explained by poor oral hygiene and strengthened among those who reported a chronic health condition.

Evaluation of New York/New York III permanent supportive housing program.

In 2005, the city and state of New York launched New York/New York III (NY/NY III), a permanent supportive housing program for individuals experiencing homelessness or at risk of homelessness with complex medical and behavioral health issues. This review paper summarizes a decade of findings (2007-2017) from the NY/NY III evaluation team, to analyze this program's impact on various housing and health outcomes. The evaluation team linked NY/NY III eligible persons with administrative data from two years pre- and two years post-eligibility and compared housing and health outcomes between placed and unplaced groups using propensity score analysis. Placement into NY/NY III housing was associated with improved physical and mental health outcomes, increased housing stability, and statistically significant cost savings per person after one year of placement. The evaluation team recommends that municipalities invest in supportive housing as a means for mitigating homelessness and improving health outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Pfizer-BioNTech Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection Among Long-term Care Facility Staff With and Without Prior Infection in New York City, January-June 2021.

BACKGROUND: Evidence is accumulating of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine effectiveness among persons with prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS: We evaluated the effect against incident SARS-CoV-2 infection of (1) prior infection without vaccination, (2) vaccination (2 doses of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) without prior infection, and (3) vaccination after prior infection, all compared with unvaccinated persons without prior infection. We included long-term care facility staff in New York City aged <65 years with weekly SARS-CoV-2 testing from 21 January to 5 June 2021. Test results were obtained from state-mandated laboratory reporting. Vaccination status was obtained from the Citywide Immunization Registry. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounding with inverse probability of treatment weights. RESULTS: Compared with unvaccinated persons without prior infection, incident SARS-CoV-2 infection risk was lower in all groups: 54.6% (95% confidence interval, 38.0%-66.8%) lower among unvaccinated, previously infected persons; 80.0% (67.6%-87.7%) lower among fully vaccinated persons without prior infection; and 82.4% (70.8%-89.3%) lower among persons fully vaccinated after prior infection. CONCLUSIONS: Two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by ≥80% and, for those with prior infection, increased protection from prior infection alone. These findings support recommendations that all eligible persons, regardless of prior infection, be vaccinated against COVID-19.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave-heated lunar simulants at different input powers under vacuum.

To achieve a sustainable human presence on the Moon, it is critical to develop technologies utilising the local resources (a.k.a. in-situ resource utilisation or ISRU) for construction and resource extraction. In this study, we investigate the viability of microwave heating of two lunar soil simulants (JSC-1A and OPRH3N) under vacuum conditions, to simulate a lunar surface environment compared to previous studies performed at atmospheric pressure. All simulants are thermally treated in a bespoke 2.45 GHz microwave apparatus using three input powers: 1000 W, 600 W and 250 W. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the microwaved samples are analysed to identify their potential applications. Our key findings are: (i) higher input powers generate materials in shorter fabrication times with higher mechanical strengths and higher yields despite the same total energy input; (ii) the microstructures of the microwaved samples under vacuum are very different from those under atmospheric conditions due to the widespread vesicles/bubbles; and (iii) different heating rates caused by different input powers can be utilised for specific ISRU purposes: higher input powers for extra-terrestrial construction and lower input powers for resource extraction. Findings from this study have significant implications for developing a microwave-heating payload for lunar ISRU demonstration missions.

Association between jail-based methadone or buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder and overdose mortality after release from New York City jails 2011-17.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Opioid overdose is a leading cause of death during the immediate time after release from jail or prison. Most jails in the United States do not provide methadone and buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder (MOUD), and research in estimating its impact in jail settings is limited. We aimed to test the hypothesis that in-jail MOUD is associated with lower overdose mortality risk post-release. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective, observational cohort study of 15 797 adults with opioid use disorder who were released from New York City jails to the community in 2011-2017. They experienced 31 382 incarcerations and were followed up to 1 year. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcomes were death caused by accidental drug poisoning and all-cause death. The exposure was receipt of MOUD (17 119 events) versus out-of-treatment (14 263 events) during the last 3 days before community re-entry. Covariates included demographic, clinical, behavioral, housing, health-care utilization and legal characteristics variables. We performed a multivariable, mixed-effect Cox regression analysis to test association between in-jail MOUD and deaths. FINDINGS: The majority were male (82%) and their average age was 42 years. Receiving MOUD was associated with misdemeanor charges, being female, injection drug use and homelessness. During 1 year post-release, 111 overdose deaths occurred and crude death rates were 0.49 and 0.83 per 100 person-years for in-jail MOUD and out-of-treatment groups, respectively. Accounting for confounding and random effects, in-jail MOUD was associated with lower overdose mortality risk [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.08-0.46] and all-cause mortality risk (aHR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.11-0.42) for the first month post-release. CONCLUSIONS: Methadone and buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder during incarceration was associated with an 80% reduction in overdose mortality risk for the first month post-release.

Early intervention and special education in New York City: Patterns of service use and disparities affecting children of colour.

BACKGROUND: Compliance with the requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in the United States is monitored through review of cross-sectional reports from three discrete, age-defined programmes (early intervention [EI], early childhood special education [ECSE)] and school-age special education [SE]) to promote the timely, efficient and effective delivery of appropriate services to all eligible children. Analysis of longitudinal data is required to discern how children use services across programmes to provide the necessary context for IDEA oversight and to identify areas for programme or policy interventions to reduce barriers to service use and promote equity. METHODS: We applied sequence analysis to a data linkage across five public record systems among 15 626 New York City children born in 1998 who had records from birth through third grade. RESULTS: Five predominant patterns of service use were identified: (1) multiple therapies across EI/ECSE/SE (13%), (2) EI without transition to Department of Education schools or services (24%), (3) EI and intermittent ECSE/SE (16%), (4) older entry into EI and both speech and occupational therapy throughout ECSE/SE (9%) and (5) limited EI use and mostly speech therapy in ECSE/SE (38%). Each pattern had distinct demographics (e.g., pattern 2 was disproportionately White and from low poverty neighbourhoods; pattern 4 was disproportionately male and Black; pattern 5 was disproportionately Latino) and academic outcomes (e.g., pattern 1 had largest proportion in a SE school and not tested in third grade; pattern 3 had third grade tests scores that were similar to overall citywide mean scores). CONCLUSIONS: The differences in demographic profiles across the five patterns of service use illustrate the systemic inequities in the delivery of these important services. Delayed entry and limited use of EI services among children of colour underscore the need for equity goals to increase early referral and optimize service use.

Reduced Odds of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection After Vaccination Among New York City Adults, July 2021-November 2021.

BACKGROUND: Belief that vaccination is not needed for individuals with prior infection contributes to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy. Among individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before vaccines became available, we determined whether vaccinated individuals had reduced odds of reinfection. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study among adult New York City residents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and had not died or tested positive again >90 days after an initial positive test as of 1 July 2021. Case patients with reinfection during July 2021-November 2021 and controls with no reinfection were matched (1:3) on age, sex, timing of initial positive test in 2020, and neighborhood poverty level. Matched odds ratios (mORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 349 827 eligible adults, 2583 were reinfected during July 2021-November 2021. Of 2401 with complete matching criteria data, 1102 (45.9%) were known to be symptomatic for COVID-19-like illness, and 96 (4.0%) were hospitalized. Unvaccinated individuals, compared with individuals fully vaccinated within the prior 90 days, had elevated odds of reinfection (mOR, 3.21; 95% CI, 2.70 to 3.82), of symptomatic reinfection (mOR, 2.97; 95% CI, 2.31 to 3.83), and of reinfection with hospitalization (mOR, 2.09; 95% CI, .91 to 4.79). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination reduced odds of reinfections when the Delta variant predominated. Further studies should assess risk of severe outcomes among reinfected persons as new variants emerge, infection- and vaccine-induced immunity wanes, and booster doses are administered.

The Impact of Supportive Housing on Liver-Related Outcomes Among Persons With Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection disproportionately impacts people experiencing homelessness. Hepatitis C virus can lead to negative health outcomes, including mortality. We evaluated the impact of a permanent supportive housing (PSH) program (ie, "treatment") on liver-related morbidity and mortality among persons with chronic homelessness and HCV infection. METHODS: We matched records for persons eligible for a New York City PSH program (2007-2014) with Heath Department HCV and Vital Statistics registries and Medicaid claims. Among persons diagnosed with HCV before or 2 years posteligibility, we added stabilized inverse probability of treatment weights to negative binomial regression models to compare rates for liver disease-related emergency department visits and hospitalizations, and hazard ratios for mortality, by program placement 2 and 5 years posteligibility. RESULTS: We identified 1158 of 8783 placed and 1952 of 19 019 unplaced persons with laboratory-confirmed HCV infection. Permanent supportive housing placement was associated with significantly reduced liver-related emergency department visits (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .61-.95), hospitalizations (aRR = 0.62, 95% CI = .54-.71), and all-cause (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.65, 95% CI = .46-.92) and liver-related mortality (aHR = 0.72, 95% CI = .09-.83) within 2 years. The reduction remained significant for hospitalizations after 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Placement into PSH was associated with reduced liver-related morbidity and mortality among persons with HCV infection and chronic homelessness.

The role of housing characteristics in racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity among New York City adults: A population representative study.

Black and Latino populations have been disproportionately burdened by COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. Subsidized housing, crowding, and neighborhood poverty might be associated with increased COVID-19 transmission and play a role in observed racial and ethnic disparities, yet research is limited. Our study investigated whether these housing variables mediate the relationship between race and ethnicity and SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity among New York City (NYC) adults. We analyzed data from a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey (n = 1074), nested within the 2020 cross-sectional NYC Community Health Survey (June-October 2020). We defined SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity as either a positive blood test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or a self-reported positive test result. We used causal mediation analyses to test whether subsidized housing, crowding, and neighborhood poverty mediate a relationship between race and ethnicity and seropositivity. After controlling for potential confounding, we found elevated prevalence ratios of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among Black (APR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.10-2.73) and Latino (APR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.05-2.37) residents compared with White residents and for those living in crowded housing (APR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.03-2.12) and high-poverty neighborhoods (APR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.12-2.11) but not for subsidized housing. We observed statistically significant natural direct effects for all three mediators. While living in crowded housing and high-poverty neighborhoods contributed to racial and ethnic disparities in seropositivity the estimated contribution from living in subsidized housing was -9% (Black) and - 14% (Latino). Our findings revealed racial and ethnic disparities in seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among NYC adults. Unlike crowding and neighborhood poverty, living in subsidized housing did not explain racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19-Like Illness and Impacts of Social Distancing and Working from Home.

Objectives: To examine racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19-like illness (CLI) during March - August 2020 in New York City, and to test effect modification by age, nativity, and working from home vs outside the home, and mediation via social distancing behavior. Design: Analysis of the monthly Community Health Survey datasets. Setting: New York City. Participants: 5,305 adults living in New York City. Main Outcome Measures: A binary indicator of having new onset of CLI in the past 30 days. Methods: Prevalence of having CLI was compared among racial and ethnic groups using multivariable log-linear regression. Stratified and causal mediation analyses were conducted to test effect modification and mediation, respectively. Results: Overall percentage of CLI decreased from 25% during March-May to 14% during June-August. In both periods, there was no increased prevalence of CLI among Black or Latino New Yorkers compared with White New Yorkers. However, in stratified analyses, Latino vs White New Yorkers had 2.05 times (95%CI=1.09, 3.83) higher prevalence of CLI among adults working outside the home. Mediation via social distancing was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Excess burden of CLI among Latino adults working outside the home underscores inequitable impacts of COVID-19 in New York City.

The use of electronic health records to inform cancer surveillance efforts: a scoping review and test of indicators for public health surveillance of cancer prevention and control.

INTRODUCTION: State cancer prevention and control programs rely on public health surveillance data to set objectives to improve cancer prevention and control, plan interventions, and evaluate state-level progress towards achieving those objectives. The goal of this project was to evaluate the validity of using electronic health records (EHRs) based on common data model variables to generate indicators for surveillance of cancer prevention and control for these public health programs. METHODS: Following the methodological guidance from the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, we conducted a literature scoping review to assess how EHRs are used to inform cancer surveillance. We then developed 26 indicators along the continuum of the cascade of care, including cancer risk factors, immunizations to prevent cancer, cancer screenings, quality of initial care after abnormal screening results, and cancer burden. Indicators were calculated within a sample of patients from the New York City (NYC) INSIGHT Clinical Research Network using common data model EHR data and were weighted to the NYC population using post-stratification. We used prevalence ratios to compare these estimates to estimates from the raw EHR of NYU Langone Health to assess quality of information within INSIGHT, and we compared estimates to results from existing surveillance sources to assess validity. RESULTS: Of the 401 identified articles, 15% had a study purpose related to surveillance. Our indicator comparisons found that INSIGHT EHR-based measures for risk factor indicators were similar to estimates from external sources. In contrast, cancer screening and vaccination indicators were substantially underestimated as compared to estimates from external sources. Cancer screenings and vaccinations were often recorded in sections of the EHR that were not captured by the common data model. INSIGHT estimates for many quality-of-care indicators were higher than those calculated using a raw EHR. CONCLUSION: Common data model EHR data can provide rich information for certain indicators related to the cascade of care but may have substantial biases for others that limit their use in informing surveillance efforts for cancer prevention and control programs.

Receipt of Early Intervention Services Before Age 3 Years and Performance on Third-Grade Standardized Tests Among Children Exposed to Lead.

IMPORTANCE: Research has shown that early intervention programs can improve academic outcomes of children with developmental delays. It has been suggested that similar programs may combat the deleterious effects of lead on children's neurodevelopment. However, to our knowledge, there are no published studies examining this possibility. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between receipt of early intervention services and third-grade standardized test scores among children exposed to lead before age 3 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort study including children born in New York City, New York, from 1994 to 1998 within an administrative data linkage of birth, lead monitoring, early intervention, and education data systems. Participants had a blood lead level of 4 µg/dL or greater at any point before age 3 years and later attended public school in New York City. EXPOSURES: Any use of early intervention services from birth through age 3 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Children who did or did not receive early intervention services were matched using propensity scores. Linear and log-binomial regression were used to estimate the association between receipt of early intervention services before age 3 years and standardized test scores in math and English-language arts in third grade. RESULTS: There were 2986 children exposed to lead who received early intervention services before age 36 months. Of these children, 2757 were propensity score-matched to 8160 children who did not receive services. Children who received early intervention services did 7% (95% CI, 3%-12%) of an SD better on math and 10% (95% CI, 5%-14%) of an SD better on English-language arts tests than children who did not receive services. In addition, children who received services were 14% (95% CI, 9%-19%) and 16% (95% CI, 9%-23%) more likely to meet test-based standards in math and English-language arts, respectively, than children who did not receive services. These associations became larger in magnitude when analyses were restricted to children with higher blood lead levels. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: By leveraging existing public health data, this study found evidence that receipt of early intervention services may benefit the academic performance of children exposed to lead early in life.

Dynamic residential movement and depression among the World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees.

PURPOSE: Residential instability is associated with poor mental health, but its causal inference is challenging due to time-varying exposure and confounding, and the role of changing social environments. We tested the association between frequent residential moving and depression risk among adults exposed to the 9/11 disaster. METHODS: We used four waves of survey data from the World Trade Center Health Registry. We measured residential movement and depression using geocoded annual address records and the Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale, respectively, for a prospective cohort of 38,495 adults. We used the longitudinal Targeted Maximum Likelihood Method to estimate depression risk by frequent residential moving and conducted causal mediation analysis to evaluate a mediating role of social environments. RESULTS: Most enrollees (68%) did not move in 2007-2014, and 6% moved at least once every 4 years. The remaining 26% moved less frequently (e.g., only moving in 2007-2010). Frequent moving versus no moving was associated with risk of depression in 2015-16 (RR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.37). Frequent residential moving-depression pathway was mediated by high social integration (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.90, 0.97). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the importance of social networks in understanding increased risk of depression associated with housing instability.