Unusual presentation of Kaposi sarcoma in an HIV-negative woman.

Kaposi sarcoma typically presents as violaceous macules and papules in immunocompromised, specifically HIV-positive, patients. Its distinct clinical features often facilitate rapid diagnosis. In this article, we report a case of Kaposi sarcoma presenting as a concerning yet nondescript lesion in an HIV-negative woman. Although Kaposi sarcoma is frequently part of the differential diagnosis for skin lesions affecting HIV-positive patients, it is less frequently considered in HIV-negative individuals. Additionally, this case differs from the classic clinical presentation of Kaposi sarcoma by resembling a squamous cell carcinoma or superficial basal cell carcinoma. Therefore, it illustrates the importance of suspicious lesion biopsies to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Management of Primary Small-Vessel Vasculitis.

Small-vessel vasculitides (SVV) are a group of disorders that occur due to primarily systemic inflammation or as sequelae of an infection, malignancy, or other rheumatic disease. Arising in any organ including the skin, the clinical features of SVV encompass a variety of manifestations. A comprehensive diagnostic assessment should be performed as management protocols widely differ. Although rare, physicians should be familiar with the common types of SVV to ensure prompt management and prevention of severe, life-threatening end-organ damage. Given the variable manifestations and associated etiologies of SVV, the following review aims to discuss the pathogenesis of more prevalent SVVs, highlight distinguishing features to aid in patient evaluation and diagnosis, and examine evidence-based management options for treatment and care.

Management of Ichthyosis: A Brief Review

The ichthyoses, also termed the disorders of keratinization, are a heterogenous group of skin diseases in which a distinctive horny layer arises secondary to excessive transepidermal water loss. Although occasionally acquired, the majority of ichthyoses are inherited and can be pinpointed to characteristic genetic mutations. Management depends on disease severity and includes topical agents and lifestyle modifications with or without oral retinoids. Genetic counseling is also an important consideration. This review aims to highlight advances in our understanding of disease pathogenesis as well as the holistic approach necessary to adequately manage ichthyosis patients.

Brief Update on Dermatologic Uses of Methotrexate

Methotrexate (MTX), an agent originally intended for anti-neoplastic use, has been successfully employed in the treatment of a variety of dermatologic conditions. In addition to its multiple clinical indications, variable dosing and modes of administration make it a viable option for patients of all ages and most comorbidities. MTX is a folate analog that antagonizes dihydrofolate reductase, thus inhibiting thymidylate synthesis and, ultimately, the production of pyrimidine. Depending on dosage, MTX can function as an anti-inflammatory agent, immunomodulator, or antimetabolite. Patients suffering from psoriasis have benefited from MTX in addition to those with atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, cutaneous sarcoidosis, and mycosis fungoides. Although patients with these conditions can benefit from MTX treatment, the drug can cause adverse sequelae, including hematologic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and hepatic side effects. Therefore, the drug should be administered under careful physician supervision.

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Induces DNA Damage Response.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine cancer of the skin with high rates of metastasis and mortality. Besides well-established factors including genetic mutations and UV-induced DNA damage in Merkel cell carcinogenesis, the recent discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has shed light on the viral etiology of MCC. In the current study, we provide novel evidence that MCPyV small T (sT) antigen induces the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Our data show that in human MCC cells, the presence of MCPyV is associated with hyperphosphorylation of histone H2AX, a marker for DNA damage. We observed that overexpression of MCPyV sT antigen induced the phosphorylation of histone H2AX as well as the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutant (ATM), an upstream kinase important for H2AX phosphorylation. Moreover, we observed that MCPyV sT expression also induced the hyperphosphorylation of other ATM downstream molecules (including 53BP1 and CHK2) as well as the hypermethylation of histone 3 and histone 4. These findings disclose a novel link between MCPyV sT and the DDR pathway in MCC. Given that measurement of DDR is clinically useful for evaluating treatment response to radio- and chemotherapy, our findings warrant further investigation to evaluate the potential implications of this pathway for MCC management.

Shingrix for Herpes Zoster: A Review

Herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, results from reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which commonly causes chickenpox in childhood. Greater than 90% of adults are infected with this virus, putting them at risk for reactivation. HZ presents as a painful, vesicular rash distributed in a unilateral and dermatomal pattern along dorsal root or cranial nerve ganglia. The rash often presents with prodromal symptoms and progresses to include clear vesicular clusters, evolving through stages of pustulation, ulceration, and crusting. HZ therapy currently involves the use of antiviral agents and pain management; however, HZ prophylaxis has been strongly recommended in older adults through vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine, Zostavax®. A new recombinant subunit vaccine, HZ/su (Shingrix®), is the subject of this review. In clinical trials, HZ/su demonstrated an overall vaccine efficacy of 97.2% among participants 50 years of age or older, indicating a significantly reduced risk of HZ in these individuals. Shingrix® was approved by the US FDA in October 2017 as HZ prophylaxis.

Topical Diacerein Ointment for Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: A Review

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare mucocutaneous fragility disorders often presenting in infancy and early childhood with painful blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. The severity of EB blister burden varies by disease subtype. Studies have shown that patients with generalized severe epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a variant characterized by extreme fragility, develop blisters in the setting of overproduced, mutated K14 protein, a component of the intermediate filament integral in keratinocyte stability, and constitutive activation of interleukin (IL)-1 , a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Diacerein, a rhein prodrug and anthraquinone, has been shown to reduce expression of K14 and inhibit IL-1 converting enzyme. In clinical trials, topical 1% diacerein was shown to be an effective and safe, non-invasive treatment for patients suffering from EBS. This review examines the clinical trials of topical diacerein and its role in EBS. Diacerein ointment was granted US FDA Rare Pediatric Disease designation in May 2018 and Fast Track development designation in August 2018.

Zonisamide for Cluster Headache Prophylaxis: A Case Series.

OBJECTIVE: There is very little literature surrounding the prophylactic use of zonisamide in cluster headaches. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of zonisamide for prophylaxis of cluster headache in patients with chronic or episodic cluster headache. BACKGROUND: Both chronic and episodic cluster headaches are debilitating disorders which are often refractory to multiple prophylactic medication regimens. There is a scarcity of research in this area, and current prophylactic options for patients are fairly limited, which is troublesome for affected patients. Zonisamide is an established antiepileptic with a multifactorial mechanism of action which has shown to be useful in other headache disorders such as migraine. METHODS: Twenty cluster headache patients, both episodic (n = 12; ICHD 3.1.1) and chronic (n = 8; ICHD 3.1.2), who had been or currently were treated with zonisamide, were retrospectively evaluated. Effectiveness of the medication was assessed and identified as headache remission or a reduction in severity or frequency of cluster headache of greater than 50%. Responder status, side effects, and dosage were recorded. RESULTS: Fourteen (70%) patients responded to zonisamide treatment, while 6 (30%) did not. Recorded effective plasma zonisamide levels ranged from 10.2 to 31.9 µg/mL. Of the 6 non-responders, 2 stopped the medication due to ineffectiveness, while 4 discontinued the medication secondary to intolerable side effects ranging from gastrointestinal upset to malaise. No more serious adverse events occurred. Eight patients total experienced weight loss/anorexia which many perceived as a positive effect; they lost an average of 10.5% of their body weight in the first 6 months of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Zonisamide appears to be an effective prophylactic treatment for patients with chronic and episodic cluster headache disorders. Further research in this area is clearly warranted.

Glycopyrronium Tosylate (Qbrexza) for Hyperhidrosis

Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweat production beyond which is physiologically necessary for thermal regulation. Affecting over 4.8% of the United States population, studies have shown that severe primary hyperhidrosis interferes with daily activities and can be considered intolerable, negatively impacting a patient's quality of life. Glycopyrronium tosylate is a topical anticholinergic agent that reduces sweat production by blocking the activation of acetylcholine receptors in peripheral sweat glands. In clinical trials, topical glycopyrronium tosylate, a pre-moistened cloth containing 2.4% glycopyrronium solution, was shown to be an effective, safe and non-invasive treatment for patients suffering from primary hyperhidrosis. This review examines the clinical trials of topical glycopyrronium tosylate and its role in primary hyperhidrosis. Glycopyrronium tosylate was recently US FDA-approved (as of June 2018) to manage patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis.